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The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise

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The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE VOLUME XI OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORTS MEDICINE AN IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION PUBLICATION IN COLLABORATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SPORTS MEDICINE EDITED BY WILLIAM J. KRAEMER AND ALAN D. ROGOL THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE VOLUME XI OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORTS MEDICINE AN IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION PUBLICATION IN COLLABORATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SPORTS MEDICINE EDITED BY WILLIAM J. KRAEMER AND ALAN D. ROGOL © 2005 International Olympic Committee Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of the Authors to be identified as the Authors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The endocrine system in sports and exercise / edited by W.J. Kraemer and A.D. Rogol. p. ; cm. a (The encyclopaedia of sports medicine ; v. 11) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3017-2 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3017-2 (alk. paper) 1. Endocrine glands. 2. ExerciseaPhysiological aspects. 3. SportsaPhysiological aspects. [DNLM: 1. Exerciseaphysiology. 2. Endocrine Systemaphysiology. 3. Sportsa physiology. QT 260 E556 2005] I. Kraemer, William J., 1953– II. Rogol, Alan David, 1941– III. Series. QP187.3.E93E53 2005 612.4—dc22 2004026395 ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3017-2 ISBN-10: 1-4051-3017-2 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 9/12pt Palatino by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in India by Gopsons Papers Ltd, Noida Commissioning Editor: Andy Robinson Project Manager: Alice Nelson Development Editor: Nick Morgan Production Controller: Kate Charman For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Contents List of Contributors, viii 7 Growth Hormone Variants and Human Exercise, 77 Foreword, xii wesley c. hymer, richard e. grindeland, bradley c. nindl and Preface, xiii william j. kraemer 8 Growth Hormone Binding Proteins, 94 1 Introduction, 1 gerhard baumann alan d. rogol and william j. kraemer 9 Resistance Exercise: Acute and Chronic Changes in Growth Hormone Concentrations, 2 Basic Principles and Mechanisms of 110 Endocrinology, 8 william j. kraemer, bradley c. nindl michael r. deschenes and and scott e. gordon keiichiro dohi 10 The Growth Hormone Response to Acute and 3 Exercise Testing: a Bridge Between the Chronic Aerobic Exercise, 122 High-Tech and the Humanathe Need for arthur l. weltman, laurie wideman, Innovative Technologies, 25 judy y. weltman and johannes d. dan m. cooper veldhuis 4 Measurement of Peptide Hormones, 36 11 Proopiomelanocortin and Exercise, 134 martin bidlingmaier, zida wu and heinz w. harbach and christian j. strasburger gunter hempelmann 5 Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Substances 12 Introduction to the Insulin-Like Growth Factor in Doping Control, 47 Signaling System, 156 mario thevis and wilhelm schänzer charles t. roberts, jr 6 The Reproductive Axis, 69 13 Exercise, Training and the GH–IGF-I Axis, 165 johannes d. veldhuis and alon eliakim, dan nemet and arthur l. weltman dan m. cooper v vi contents 14 The Role of MGF and Other IGF-I Splice 23 Resistance Exercise and Testosterone, 319 Variants in Muscle Maintenance and atko viru and mehis viru Hypertrophy, 180 geoffrey goldspink, shi yu yang, 24 Exercise Response of β-Endorphin mahjabeen hameed, stephen and Cortisol: Implications on Immune harridge and pierre bouloux Function, 339 allan h. goldfarb 15 Adrenal Gland: Fight or Flight Implications for Exercise and Sports, 194 25 Neuroendocrine Modulation of the Immune michael kjær System with Exercise and Muscle Damage, 345 mary p. miles 16 The Adrenal Medulla: Proenkephalins and Exercise Stress, 200 26 The Impact of Exercise on Immunity: jill a. bush and n. travis triplett the Role of Neuroendocrine–Immune Communications, 368 andrea m. mastro and 17 Exercise and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary– robert h. bonneau Adrenal Axis, 217 warrick j. inder and gary a. wittert 27 Exercise Regulation of Insulin Action in Skeletal Muscle, 388 richard c. ho, oscar alcazar and 18 Influence of Energy Availability on laurie j. goodyear Luteinizing Hormone Pulsatility and Menstrual Cyclicity, 232 anne b. loucks 28 Hormone and Exercise-Induced Modulation of Bone Metabolism, 408 clifford j. rosen 19 Oral Contraceptive Use and Physical Performance, 250 29 Diet and Hormonal Responses: Potential jaci l. vanheest, carrie e. mahoney Impact on Body Composition, 426 and carol d. rodgers jeff s. volek and matthew j. sharman 20 Energy Balance and Exercise-Associated Menstrual Cycle Disturbances: Practical and 30 Neurohumoral Responses and Adaptations Clinical Considerations, 261 During Rest and Exercise at Altitude, 444 nancy i. williams and beth a. beidleman, janet e. staab mary jane de souza and ellen l. glickman 21 Regulation of Testicular Function: Changes 31 Neuroendocrine Influences on Temperature in Reproductive Hormones During Exercise, Regulation in Hot Environments, 466 Recovery, Nutritional Deprivation and lawrence e. armstrong and Illness, 279 jack a. boulant shalender bhasin 32 Alterations in Arginine Vasopressin with 22 Hormonal and Growth Factor-Related Exercise, Environmental Stress and Other Mechanisms Involved in the Adaptation of Modifying Factors, 487 Skeletal Muscle to Exercise, 306 carl m. maresh and fawzi kadi daniel a. judelson contents vii 33 Human Endocrine Responses to 36 Growth Hormone and Sport, 544 Exercise–Cold Stress, 499 jennifer d. wallace and john w. castellani and ross c. cuneo david w. degroot 37 Endocrinology of Overtraining, 578 34 Growth, Maturation and Hormonal andrew c. fry, juergen m. Changes During Puberty: Influence of steinacker and romain meeusen Sport Training, 512 james n. roemmich 38 Endocrinology of Sport Competition, 600 jay r. hoffman 35 Effects of Testosterone and Related Androgens on Athletic Performance in Men, 525 karl e. friedl Index, 613 List of Contributors OSCAR ALCAZAR PhD, Research Division, Joslin PIERRE BOULOUX MD, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Royal Free and University College Medical School, Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA University of London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK LAWRENCE E. ARMSTRONG PhD, Departments of Kinesiology and Physiology-Neurobiology, JILL A. BUSHPhD, Laboratory of Integrated University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA GERHARD BAUMANN MD, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, JOHN W. CASTELLANI PhD, Thermal and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute Veterans Administration Chicago Health Care System, 303 for Environmental Medicine, 42 Kansas Street, Natick, MA East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA 01760-5007, USA BETH A. BEIDLEMAN DSc, Biophysics and DAN M. COOPER MD, Center for the Study of Biomedical Modeling Division, US Army Research Institute Health Effects of Exercise in Children, Department for Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA of Pediatrics, Irvine College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA SHALENDER BHASIN MD, UCLA School of Medicine, Drew-UCLA Reproductive Science Research ROSS C. CUNEO PhD, Department of Diabetes Center, Division of Endocinology, Metabolism and and Endocrinology, University of Queensland, Princess Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Alexandra Hospital, 4102 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA MARTIN BIDLINGMAIER MD, DAVID W. DEGROOT MS, Thermal and Neuroendocrine Unit, Medizinische Klinik—Innenstadt, Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute Klinikum der LMU, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, for Environmental Medicine, 42 Kansas Street, Natick, MA Germany 01760-5007, USA ROBERT H. BONNEAU PhD, Department of MICHAEL R. DESCHENES PhD, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State of Kinesiology, The College of William and Mary, University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA MARY JANE DE SOUZA PhD, Women’s JACK A. BOULANT PhD, Department of Exercise and Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University College Education and Health, 52 Harbord Street, University of of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2W6, Canada viii
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