DOCSLIB.ORG

Information to Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI film s the text directly &om the original or co^y submitted. Tbus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in Qpewriter face, while others may be from ai^ type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandardmargins, and in^)roper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiü indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overly. F-ach original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for ai^ photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell information Company 300 North Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.-761-4700 800.521-0600 POLITICAL PROGRAM AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY IN CICERO’S PRO MILONE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Summer Haskins Stevens, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by William W. Batstone Charles L. Babcock Adviser Department of Classics Kirk Freudenburg UNI Number: 9544696 Copyright 1995 by Stevensr Summer Haskins All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9544696 Copyright 1995, by OMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Summer Haskins Stevens 1995 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express sincere appreciation to Professor William W. Batstone for his guidance and insight throughout the research and writing process. Thanks go also to the other members of my advisory committee, Professors Charles L. Babcock and Kirk Freudenburg, for their helpful suggestions and comments. I would also like to thank Professor Christopher P. Craig who, as a real member of the dissertation committee, provided careful and insightful readings of each chapter, but as an outside reader was disqualified by graduate school regulations from signing the completed dissertation. 11 VITA 1987.................. B.A., University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 1989.................. M.A., University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Major Field of Study: Classics 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................ii VITA..................................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER PAGE I. PUBLICATION AND LITERATURE........................................... 1 II. LOGOS AND THE PROSECUTION OF CLODIUS.................................. 53 III. ETHOS AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY................................................................ 86 IV. PATHOS AND CONSOLATIO.................................................................... 141 V. CONCLUSION................................................................................................ 179 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................ 188 IV CHAPTER I Publication and Literature Before beginning an analysis of the Pro Milone. it will be useful to examine the issue with which much of the scholarly discussion about the speech has been preoccupied, namely the relationship between the extant text (the version of the speech which Cicero himself published) and the oration delivered by the orator at the trial of Milo. It is my intention in this first chapter to sort through the questions raised by this issue and to consider its influence on the present state of scholarship on the Pro Milone. This chapter will not represent an attempt to resolve this insoluble issue, however, so much as it will serve as a background against which to introduce my reader-targeted approach to the speech as a work of literature aimed at a variety of audiences. The question of the extent of the revisions which were made between the delivery and publication of the speeches of the ancient orators is a subject which has been addressed by scholars since the time of Quintilian (Inst. Orat. 12.10.49-561. The Pro Milone is especially susceptible to scrutiny in this area since it arose out of extraordinary and unprecedented circumstances, which will be discussed later in this chapter and has been dogged by rumors and reports of an alternate "original" version since ancient times. Before considering the Pro Milone specifically, however, a brief overview of the publication practices of the ancient orators will help to place Cicero’s practice of speech publication in the context of the tradition within which he was operating. The Greek Practice In the publication of his speeches, Cicero followed the practice begun among the Attic orators as early as the late fifth century B.C. The logographoi. or speech writers, composed orations for their clients to deliver on their own behalf in the Athenian law courts, and often published them, perhaps to advertise their talents to prospective clients.' Self-advertisement has been generally regarded as one of the motives for the sophist Gorgias’ writing and circulation of his speeches. One passage in particular which has been read this way occurs in the Encomium to Helen, in which the power of logos is compared to that of a drug in its influence over people.- 'George Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece (Princeton, 1963), p. 128. See also A.N.W. Saunders, Greek Political Oratory (New York, 1970), p. 13. ^This view has received a strong challenge from Thomas Cole, The Origins of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece (Baltimore, 1991), who offers this revision to the conventional reading: "His [Gorgias’] position is that of an experimenter in the use of mind-altering drugs testifying on behalf of someone (Helen) who has commmitted a crime under their influence. A fairly lengthy expatiation on the power of such drugs to make a person do things he or she would not do otherwise is perfectly appropriate in such a situation, but one would not expect a general eulogy of them, much less an attempt on the part of the speaker to impress on the audience the exceptional power of his own pharmacological expertise confers." pp. 146-7. In other words, Gorgias can attest to the powers of persuasive speech, but should not be interpreted as offering an advertisement of his own expert ability to mislead through these powers. 3 The practice of publishing political speeches likely originated also in the late fifth century among residents of Athens who were not Athenian citizens, such as Lysias and Thrasymachus, and were thus prevented by custom from addressing the Assembly, but published political speeches in order to disseminate their political views for the purpose of influencing Athenian policy.^ This practice was continued by Isocrates who, for personal reasons, was accustomed to publish political speeches rather than deliver them/ The speeches of Isocrates were, as Kennedy points out, "literary products worked out in detail at leisure."^ Unlike those orators whose speeches were delivered and/or published for political reasons, Isocrates’ reason for the publication of his political speeches is taken by Kennedy to be more like the purpose of epideixis. "He is neither a political theorist like Aristotle nor a practical politician like Demosthenes. What he is concerned with are the means of expression of political thought...how to demonstrate what ought to be done, how to marshall arguments, how to say some­ thing new on the same theme.® However, one of the goals of political rhetoric, as interpreted by Isocrates, is to provide a model of statesmanship to be followed by coming generations (Antidosis. 277). The importance which he placed on rhetoric and its role in society indicates that for Isocrates, who himself was not an active politician, the publication of speeches was more than ^Kennedy, Art of Persuasion in Greece, p. 204. ''Phil. 81; Panath. 10; Epist. 1.9, 8.7; Antid. 151. ^Kennedy, Art of Persuasion in Greece, p. 175. ®lbid. p. 198. 4 simply a means of demonstrating the rhetorical tools by means of which political ideas might be expressed, but actually was "a means to a political presence."’ It was not until the mid-fourth century that Demosthenes initiated the custom of publishing political speeches which had already been delivered in front of the Assembly, and other orators followed suit, although their speeches do not survive.* In the case of Demosthenes, we not only possess a number of extant speeches, but we also have some evidence of the type and extent of revisions which were made between the delivery and publication of his speeches, provided by the texts of the Fourth Philippic and On the Chersonese. One scholarly examination of the texts of these two speeches has
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ABSTRACT Savannah Dehart. BRACTEATES AS INDICATORS OF
    ABSTRACT Savannah DeHart. BRACTEATES AS INDICATORS OF NORTHERN PAGAN RELIGIOSITY IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES. (Under the direction of Michael J. Enright) Department of History, May 2012. This thesis investigates the religiosity of some Germanic peoples of the Migration period (approximately AD 300-800) and seeks to overcome some difficulties in the related source material. The written sources which describe pagan elements of this period - such as Tacitus’ Germania, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, and Paul the Deacon’s History of the Lombards - are problematic because they were composed by Roman or Christian authors whose primary goals were not to preserve the traditions of pagans. Literary sources of the High Middle Ages (approximately AD 1000-1400) - such as The Poetic Edda, Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda , and Icelandic Family Sagas - can only offer a clearer picture of Old Norse religiosity alone. The problem is that the beliefs described by these late sources cannot accurately reflect religious conditions of the Early Middle Ages. Too much time has elapsed and too many changes have occurred. If literary sources are unavailing, however, archaeology can offer a way out of the dilemma. Rightly interpreted, archaeological evidence can be used in conjunction with literary sources to demonstrate considerable continuity in precisely this area of religiosity. Some of the most relevant material objects (often overlooked by scholars) are bracteates. These coin-like amulets are stamped with designs that appear to reflect motifs from Old Norse myths, yet their find contexts, including the inhumation graves of women and hoards, demonstrate that they were used during the Migration period of half a millennium earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • Cicero's Life
    Cicero Philippic II Cicero’s Life Lives of Cicero of all lengths and depths abound; what follows is intended to highlight the main landmarks in Cicero’s career. A separate table chronicles the events of 44 BC in more detail. Date (BC) Cicero and his circle Rome 107 Marius elected consul for the first time 106 Birth of Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey), later called ‘Magnus’; both equestrians. 104 – 100 Marius consul for five successive years. 104/2 Birth of Cicero’s brother, Quintus. 90s Cicero is educated at Rome in house of L. Licinius Crassus and later continues his studies with the augur Q. Mucius Scaevola. 91 – 88 Cicero and Pompey both serve under The Social War, in which Rome’s Sulla, Pompey as a successful Italian allies fight against Rome’s general. predominance and win citizenship. 88 – 84 Occupation of Rome first by Sulla (88) and then by Marius and Cinna (87 – 6). Marius dies in 86, Cinna continues to control affairs until his death in 84. ?86 Cicero writes a rhetorical treatise, de Inventione. 82 Sulla marches on Rome and is made dictator. Proscriptions follow (in 81). He retires from office in 79 and dies in 78. Date (BC) Cicero and his circle Rome 81 Cicero’s first civil case, pro Quinctio Sulla’s reforms curtailing powers of (which he probably loses). tribunate, increasing size of senate and constituting seven senatorial courts. 80 Cicero’s first criminal case, pro Roscio Amerino (which he wins). 79 – 77 Cicero marries Terentia and travels abroad, including to Athens for six months to study rhetoric under Apollonius Molo.
    [Show full text]
  • Marcus Tullius Cicero, on Old Age (De Senectute) [44 BC]
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Marcus Tullius Cicero, On Old Age (De Senectute) [44 BC] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • SPEECH in DEFENCE of TITUS ANNIUS MILO Marcus Tullius Cicero
    52 BC SPEECH IN DEFENCE OF TITUS ANNIUS MILO Marcus Tullius Cicero translated by Charles Duke Yonge, A.B. Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC) - Rome’s greatest orator, philosopher, and rhetorician, he developed a style of speaking that was emulated for centuries thereafter. Cicero was influential in the development of Latin as more than just a utilitarian language. Speech in Defence of Titus Annius Milo (52 BC) - Milo, a candidate for consulship, and Clodius, a candidate for the praetorship, were in- volved in a streetfight in which Clodius was slain. Milo was tried for his murder. THE ARGUMENT Titus Annius Milo, often in the following speech called only Titus Annius, stood for the consulship while Clodius was a candidate for the praetorship, and daily quarrels took place in the streets between their armed retainers and gladiators. Milo, who was dictator of Lanuvium, his native place, was forced to go thither to appoint some priests, etc.; and Clodius, who had been to Africa, met him on his road. Milo was in his carriage with his wife, and was accompanied by a numerous retinue, among whom were some gladiators. Clodius was on horseback, with about thirty armed men. The followers of each began to fight, and when the tumult had become general, Clodius was slain, probably by Milo himself. The disturbances at Rome became so formidable that Pompey was created sole consul; and soon after he entered on his office, A.U.C. 702, Milo was brought to trial. This speech, however, though composed by Cicero, was not spoken, for he was so much alarmed by the violence of Clodius’s friends, that he did not dare to use the plain language he had proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Treatise on Democratic Rhetoric and Rhetorical Democracy
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-1-2013 The Nature of Authentic Governance: A Treatise on Democratic Rhetoric and Rhetorical Democracy Daniel L. Foster University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the History Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Foster, Daniel L., "The Nature of Authentic Governance: A Treatise on Democratic Rhetoric and Rhetorical Democracy" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 205. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/205 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. THE NATURE OF AUTHENTIC GOVERNANCE: A TREATISE ON DEMOCRATIC RHETORIC AND RHETORICAL DEMOCRACY __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Daniel L. Foster August 2013 Advisor: Dr. Darrin Hicks ©Copyright by Daniel L. Foster 2013 All Rights Reserved Author: Daniel L. Foster Title: THE NATURE OF AUTHENTIC GOVERNANCE: A TREATISE ON DEMOCRATIC RHETORIC AND RHETORICAL DEMOCRACY Advisor: Dr. Darrin Hicks Degree Date: August 2013 ABSTRACT Democracy is a form of governance that allows for the flourishing of human potentiality. Unfortunately, democracy has become less of a means of governance and more of a rhetorical device to secure the consent of the people to be ruled by the elite few.
    [Show full text]
  • Herodotus and the Origins of Political Philosophy the Beginnings of Western Thought from the Viewpoint of Its Impending End
    Herodotus and the Origins of Political Philosophy The Beginnings of Western Thought from the Viewpoint of its Impending End A doctoral thesis by O. H. Linderborg Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Engelska Parken, 7-0042, Thunbergsvägen 3H, Uppsala, Monday, 3 September 2018 at 14:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Docent Elton Barker (Open University). Abstract Linderborg, O. H. 2018. Herodotus and the Origins of Political Philosophy. The Beginnings of Western Thought from the Viewpoint of its Impending End. 224 pp. Uppsala: Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-506-2703-9. This investigation proposes a historical theory of the origins of political philosophy. It is assumed that political philosophy was made possible by a new form of political thinking commencing with the inauguration of the first direct democracies in Ancient Greece. The pristine turn from elite rule to rule of the people – or to δημοκρατία, a term coined after the event – brought with it the first ever political theory, wherein fundamentally different societal orders, or different principles of societal rule, could be argumentatively compared. The inauguration of this alternative-envisioning “secular” political theory is equaled with the beginnings of classical political theory and explained as the outcome of the conjoining of a new form of constitutionalized political thought (cratistic thinking) and a new emphasis brought to the inner consistency of normative reasoning (‘internal critique’). The original form of political philosophy, Classical Political Philosophy, originated when a political thought launched, wherein non-divinely sanctioned visions of transcendence of the prevailing rule, as well as of the full range of alternatives disclosed by Classical Political Theory, first began to be envisioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Isocrates and the Rhetorical Creation of Europe: the Medium As
    Isocrates & Europe - 1 Isocrates and the Rhetorical Creation of Europe: The Medium as Message I. Introduction: Overview The idea that Isocrates helped create the concept of transnationalism that fostered Europe both as an idea and as an eventual political union is common fare in rhetorical studies. De Romilly (1992) writes that “Isocrates was perhaps the first in antiquity to focus his political theories on the idea of Europe” (p. 2). Isocrates anticipated “the idea of Europe” (Hariman, 2004, p. 231) and used the words Europen and Europes 13 times in his essays. But, to date, critical exploration of Isocrates’ role in developing the idea of Europe has primarily dealt with the content of his works – with his eloquent and relentless focus on panhellenism and the related conflict between Europe and Asia. This paper, however, will focus on medium rather than message. It will focus on Isocrates’ pioneering use of a new medium – written documents/syggrammata – and the role that the new rhetorical medium played in forming Europe. The most famous passage in the Isocratean canon, the so-called Hymn to Logos (Jaeger, 1944/1971), which first appeared in Nicocles (5-9) and was repeated in Antidosis (253-257), holds that speech/logos is a civic and political unifier, by means of which “we have come together and founded cities and made laws and invented arts” (Nicocles 6). Yet before Isocrates, who was “the first individual who could be termed a ‘writer’ in the modern sense of the term” (Lentz, 1989), logos and its community-building powers Isocrates & Europe - 2 traveled primarily orally: Cities, alliances, arts, and laws were built through face-to-face communication.
    [Show full text]
  • BELVEDERE Titus Annius Milo Védelmében1
    2009/XXI. 3–4. BELVEDEREMERIDIONALE 65 SZemTanú MARCUS TULL I US CI C E RO Titus Annius Milo védelmében1 Fordította és jegyzetekkel ellátta Nótári Tamás I. (1) Noha attól tartok, bírák, hogy tolong körülöttünk, azon őrségek, amelyeket szégyenteljes, hogy egy hős férfi védelmé- minden templom előtt láttok – noha ezeket ben félve kezdjek beszélni,2 és legkevésbé erőszak elhárítására állítottak fel, mégis sem helyénvaló, hogy magát az állam sorsa olyan hatást keltenek, hogy mind a forumon, jobban aggasztja T. Anniust, mint a sajátja, mind a törvényszék előtt, ha hasznos és én azonban nem tudok ezen ügyhöz kellően szükséges, hogy az őrség oltalma vett körül, emelkedett lélekkel viszonyulni – eme szo- valamiképpen félelemmel szabadulunk meg katlan jellegű bíráskodás szorongással tölt félelmünktől. Ha úgy gondolnám, hogy el, hiszen bármerre is fordítsam tekintetemet, Milo ellen állították fel őket, meghajolnék a hiába keresem a régi forumi hagyományokat körülmények előtt, bírák, mert nem hinném, és a bíráskodás ősi rendjét. (2) Ugyanis – a hogy ilyen nagy fegyveres erő mellett helye szokástól eltérően – nem a polgárok gyűrűje volna a szónoklásnak. Bátorít, és megerősít öleli körül üléseteket, nem a szokott sokaság azonban a bölcs és igazságos Cn. Pompeius Szemtanú 66 BELVEDEREMERIDIONALE 2009/XXI. 3–4. döntése, hiszen nem tartaná összeegyeztet- erényetek és bölcsességetek által végre meg- hetőnek sem igazságérzetével, hogy egy bírói szabaduljunk a gyalázatos polgárok hosszas ítélet alatt álló vádlottat kiszolgáltasson a ka- zaklatásaitól. (5)
    [Show full text]
  • Pro Milone: the Purposes of Cicero’S Published Defense Of
    PRO MILONE: THE PURPOSES OF CICERO’S PUBLISHED DEFENSE OF T. ANNIUS MILO by ROBERT CHRISTIAN RUTLEDGE (Under the Direction of James C. Anderson, Jr.) ABSTRACT This thesis explores the trial of T. Annius Milo for the murder of P. Clodius Pulcher, which occurred in Rome in 52 BC, and the events leading up to it, as well as Marcus Tullius Cicero’s defense of Milo and his later published version of that defense. The thesis examines the purposes for Cicero’s publication of the speech because Cicero failed to acquit his client, and yet still published his defense. Before specifically examining Cicero’s goals for his publication, this thesis considers relationships between the parties involved in the trial, as well as the conflicting accounts of the murder; it then observes the volatile events and novel procedure surrounding the trial; and it also surveys the unusual topographic setting of the trial. Finally, this thesis considers the differences between the published speech and the speech delivered at trial, the timing of its publication, and possible political and philosophical purposes. INDEX WORDS: Marcus Tullius Cicero, Pro Milone, Titus Annius Milo, Publius Clodius Pulcher, Pompey, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Roman Courts, Roman Trials, Roman Criminal Procedure, Ancient Criminal Procedure, Roman Rhetoric, Latin Rhetoric, Ancient Rhetoric, Roman Speeches, Roman Defense Speeches, Roman Topography, Roman Forum, Roman Philosophy, Roman Stoicism, Roman Natural Law, Roman Politics PRO MILONE: THE PURPOSES OF CICERO’S PUBLISHED DEFENSE OF T. ANNIUS MILO by ROBERT CHRISTIAN RUTLEDGE B.A. Philosophy, Georgia State University, 1995 J.D., University of Georgia, 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2006 © 2006 Robert Christian Rutledge All Rights Reserved PRO MILONE: THE PURPOSES OF CICERO’S PUBLISHED DEFENSE OF T.
    [Show full text]
  • Cicero-Milo-Lsf-As-Schools.Pdf
    Extracts from Persuasive Language in Cicero’s Pro Milone Introduction for Teachers The material which follows consists of extracts from a 2013 book published by the Institute of Classical Studies, which will soon be available on-line on an Open Access basis. Access is also here provided to those sections of the book pertaining specifically to the selections from the speech on the current OCR syllabus (H043 & H443), in the hope that the linguistic focus of the work may make it useful for teachers guiding AS & A Level students through the complexities of Ciceronian Latin, even though the work was not originally designed with schools in mind. The main body of the book consists of a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the speech covering gram- matical structure and contribution to argument. This analysis is different in several respects from traditional commentaries, but shares with them a focus on language and on small details. It aims for a consistency in providing some information for every sentence in the text, specifically: • Each sentence is printed in such a way that the syntactic structure is to some extent visible on the page. • The number and type of clauses in each sentence is listed. • Each sentence is paraphrased and/or its function in terms of contribution to the argument is described. Similar consistency has not been attempted in providing comments on individual phrases; those that do appear tend to focus on themes important to the overall argument of the book, such as Cicero’s use of first- and second-person grammatical elements. The purpose of this tightly-focused analysis of language and content was originally, in research terms, to support an argument about the nature of the text which is outlined below.
    [Show full text]
  • Prosopopoeia in Ciceronian Oratory
    Prosopopoeia in Ciceronian Oratory Tyler Broome A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Classics University of Otago March 2021 Abstract This thesis examines the form and function of prosopopoeia in Cicero’s speeches. Prosopopoeia – the rhetorical device in which an orator fabricates and delivers a discourse as another character – offers an alternative to the orator’s own speech for the communication of information and emotion. The most recent study on the device, D.S. Mayfield’s Variants of Rhetorical Ventriloquism, suggests that “it is always significant rhetorically in whose mouth words are being put – at what time, in which context and whose presence, by which means, and (above all) in the interest of what or whom” (Mayfield 2019, 147-148). This study seeks to evaluate Mayfield’s claim in the practice of Ciceronian oratory by examining when Cicero used the device, whom he portrayed, and how the device contributed to his persuasive aims. A preliminary examination of extant rhetorical theory up to and including Quintilian provides context for Cicero’s practice, identifying a range of potential effects the device could enact. Ancient theory also raises several questions about taxonomical distinctions between types of prosopopoeia, which are briefly discussed to further contextualise Cicero’s practice. Following this, eight of Cicero’s speeches are discussed in chronological order: Pro Quinctio; Pro Roscio Amerino; In Verrem 2.5; the First Catilinarian; Pro Caelio; In Pisonem; Pro Plancio; and Pro Milone. Notable prosopopoeiae in these speeches are identified and evaluated in relation to their persuasive effect on the audience, identifying a diverse range of uses for the device such as generating indignation or pity, and the delineation of characters.
    [Show full text]