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Promotor DURBAN the ROLE of INDIAN POLICEMEN in THE THE ROLE OF INDIAN POLICEMEN IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE FORCE by EDWARD EMMANUEL POODHUN Sul.:mitted in pa.Pt fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Depa'l'tment of Criminology in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Durban-Westville Promotor Professor RR Graser Head : Department of Criminology University of Durban-Westville DURBAN FEBRUARY 1983 To my wife, ROSEMARY and ou:r chiZdren ASHWIN, SHARITHA and SHEROIN , 1111a• 83053b ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the following individuals and institutions for their valued assistance in making this research project possible. I want to use this opportunity of expressing my deep thanks to my promotor Professor RR Graser for all the help and advice he has given to me to make this thesis possible. Without his invaluable assistance, this undertaking would have been a much more difficult task. But his constant and guiding hand and encouragement at crucial stages eventually made my studies a pleasant task. I am greatly indebted to him for his interest, continuous encouragement, constant support, constructive criticism and endless patience. My grateful thanks is extended to the Corrmissioner of the South African Police for his kind permission to conduct this research and to the members of his staff for their support and assistance. To the Head of the Department of Police Science of the University of South Africa, Professor T J van Heerden I wish to convey my heartfelt thanks for his kind assistance, advice and support given to me during my studies. I would also like to thank Dr M van Wyk for his assistance in the theoretical sections of this research. Posthumously, I offer my gratitude to the late Lt. Col. S. Pillai who was Officer Commanding, South African Police Training College, Austerville, Durban, for the many long hours he had spent reading through the manuscript and for the constructive suggestions he had offered. Professor J F Butler-Adams, Director of the Institute for Social and Economic Research of the University of Durban-Westville, and to Mr RD Ramkisson of the Department of Psychology I wish to offer my sincere thanks for their advice on the empirical study of this research. To Mrs Lucille also for her enthusiasm and efficiency in the typing of this thesis, I offer my thanks. Further, it is my great pleasure to thank my wife and children for their encouragement and assistance rendered me throughout my period of study. i CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 THE PURPOSE, SCOPE ANO INVESTIGATION OF THE PRESENT STUDY 1 The Investigation 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Purpose of the Investigation 3 1.3 Delimitation of the Inquiry 4 1.4 Authority to Proceed with the Research 4 1.5 Methodology 4 1. 5.1 Socio-Historical Method 4 1. 5.2 The Case Analysis Method 6 1.5.2.1 Collection of Personal Evidence 7 1.5.2.2 Exposing Experience and Attitudes 8 1.5.2.3 Pointers for Further Research 8 1.5.2.4 The Interview 8 1.5.2.5 The Questionnaire 9 1. 5.3 Sampling Methods 10 1.5.4 Statistical Method 12 1.6 Review of Literature 14 1. 7 Official Documents 25 1. 7 .1 Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Police from 1860-1912 25 1. 7 .2 Annual Report of the Comnissioner of the South African Police from 1913-1981 25 1. 7 .3 Regulations for the South African Police contained in Government Notice No. R203 in Government Gazette Ordinary No. 719 25 1. 7 .4 Standing Orders of the South African Police 26 1. 7. 5 Police Act 26 ii Page 1. 7 .6 Acts of Parliament 26 1.8 Scientific Journals 26 1. 9 Conference Material 27 1.10 Definition of Conceets 28 1.11 Difficulties Encountered in the Research 29 1.12 Presentation of Material 30 References 33 S E C T I O N A CHAPTER 2 THE PHILOSOPHY OF POLICING 2 The Meaning, Role and Roots of Policing ana its Deve1opment in 5outn ~rrica ue to 1913 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 The Meaning and Role of Policing 41 2.2.1 The Legislature 41 2.2.2 The Judiciary 42 2.2.3 The Executive 42 2.2.4 The Term 11 Police Force 11 44 2.2.5 A "Police Service" 44 2.2.6 The Role of the Police 46 2.2.6.1 The 11 Guardian of Society" Role 46 2.2.6.2 The Public Servant Role 47 2.2.6.3 The Policeman in his Role as the Instrument of the Law 47 iii Page 2.3 The Roots of Policing 49 2.3.l Traditional Police Work 49 2.3.2 The Development of Police Services in England 54 2.3.2.1 Anglo Saxon Policing 54 2.3.2.2 Norman Policing 56 2.3.2.3 The Westminister Period of Policing 57 2.3.2.4 The Period of Watch and Ward, the Bow Street Runners and Parochial and Commercial Police 58 2.3.2.5 The Work of Henry Fielding 60 2.3.2.6 The Work of Sir Robert Peel 62 2.4 South Africa 64 2.4.1 Early Development 65 2.4.2 The Cape Regiment 71 2.4.3 The Imperial Cape Mounted Riflemen Corps 72 2.4.4 The Cape Po 1ice 72 2.4.5 Other Police Forces 73 2.4.6 The Transvaal Police 74 2.4.7 Orange Free State 75 2.4.8 Natal 76 2.4.9 Police Forces after the Union of South Africa - 1910 76 2.4.9.1 The First Regiment 78 2.4.9.2 The Second and Third Regiments 78 2.4.9.3 The Fourth Regiment 78 2,4.9.4 The Fifth Regiment 78 2.5 Conclusion 80 References 82 iv Page CHAPTER 3 THE GENERAL AIMS AND FUNCTIONS OF POLICE ORGAN I SAT IONS 3 Organisation and Administration 94 3 .1 Introduction 94 3.2 The Nature of Or~anisations 95 3.2.1 Definition 95 3.2.2 Principles of Organisation 96 3.2.3 The Characteristics of Police Organisations 99 3.2.4 The Nature of Police Organisations 100 3.2.5 Types of Police Organisations 101 3.2.5.1 .Line Organisation 101 3.2.5.2 Staff Organisation 102 3.2.5.3 The Line-Staff Organisation 102 3.2.6 The Grouping of Similar Tasks 103 3.2.6.1 Organisation by Function 103 3.2.6.2 Organisation by Time 104 3.2.6.3 Organisation by Place 105 3.2.6.4 Organisation by Level of Authority 106 3.2.7 Specialisation 108 3.2.8 Lines of Authority and Cha in of Command 110 3.2.9 Unity of Corrmand 110 3.2.10 Span of Control 111 3.2.11 Delegation of Authority 112 3.2.12 Distribution of Responsibility 113 3.2.13 Work Load 113 3.2.14 Co-ordination 114 V Page 3.3 Administration 114 3.3.1 The Bases of Administrative Organisation 116 3.3.1.1 Major Purpose of Function 116 3.3.1.2 Process or Profession 116 3.3.1.3 Clientele or Commodity 116 3.3.1.4 Area or Territory 117 3.3.2 Line and Staff Personnel 117 3.3.3 Command of Authority 118 3.3.3.1 Superior Articulation 118 3.3.3.2 Technical Competence 118 3.3.3.3 Command Through Status 118 3.3.3.4 Command Through Sanctions 119 3.3.3.5 Co!TITland of Default 119 3.3.3.5.1 The Executive Head 119 3.3.3.5.2 The Head of Department 120 3.3.3.5.3 Assistant Heads 121 3.3.3.5.4 Captains 121 3.3.3.5.5 Lieutenants 121 3.3.3.5.6 Detectives 121 3.3.3.5.7 Sergeants 122 3.3.3.5.8 Policemen 122 3.3.4 Functions 123 3.3.4.1 Primary Services 123 3.3.4.1.1 The Patrol Division 123 3.3.4.1.2 The Detective Division 123 3.3.4.1.3 The Vice Division 124 vi Page 3.3.4.1.4 The Youth Division 124 3.3.4.1.5 The Traffic Division 125 3.3.4.2 Ancilliary Services 125 3.3.4.2.1 Records and Communication 125 3.3.4.2.2 Service and Maintenance 126 3.3.4.2.3 Laboratory 126 3.3.4.2.4 Detention Facilities 127 3.3.4.2.5 Property Control 127 3.3.4.3 Administrative Services 127 3.3.4.3.1 Planning 128 3.3.4.3.2 Research 128 3.3.4.3.3 Direction and Co-ord i nation 128 3.3.4.3.4 Direction 129 3.3.4.3.5 Co-ordination 129 3.3.4.3.6 Reporting 130 3.3.4.3.7 Budgeting 131 3.4 The Quasi-Militarl Organisation of the Po 1i ce Force 131 3.5 Conclusion 133 References 135 S E C T I O N B CHAPTER 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE SERVICES 4 An Analysis of Police Services in Natal 143 4.1 The Development of Policing in the Pre-Union Period in Natal 144 vii Page 4.1.1 Composition of the Force 146 4.1. 2 The Object of the Police Force 146 4.1.3 Defence of the Colony 146 4 .1.4 The Mounted Police in Natal 147 4.1.
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