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The Church of Hagia Sophia in Bizye (Vize): Results of the Fieldwork Seasons 2003 and 2004

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The Church of Hagia Sophia in Bizye (Vize): Results of the Fieldwork Seasons 2003 and 2004 Dumbarton Oaks Papers Number Sixty, 2006 Published by Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2007 The Church of Hagia Sophia in Bizye (Vize): Results of the Fieldwork Seasons 2003 and 2004 Franz Alto Bauer and Holger A. Klein ocated in Turkish Thrace on the southwestern slopes of the Strandža mountains (Yıldız Dağları), the ancient city of Bizye (modern Vize) is well known not only as a place of exile during the early Byzantine period, but also as the home and cult center of St. Mary the Younger, a pious woman of Armenian origin who died there in 902 and was subsequently buried in the city’s cathedral.1 Relying on an inscription recorded by Georgios Lampousiades, the region’s super- intendent of antiquities during the Greek occupation of Thrace from 1920 to 1922, Cyril Mango was the first to suggest that the Byzantine church still standing on the acropolis of Vize, now known as Ayasofya or Süleyman Paşa Camii, should be identified as Bizye’s Byzantine cathedral and location of the saint’s first tomb as mentioned in herLife .2 Citing similar cross-domed churches such as Dereağzı in Lycia, Mango concluded that the former church of Hagia Sophia at Vize may well pertain to “the period of Byzantine expansion in the Balkans in the late eighth and ninth centuries, a period that is…very poorly represented in terms of architectural monuments, but which <m>ay also have pro- duced St. Sophia at Salonica.”3 While the building’s imposing size of circa twenty-five by twelve meters seems to support Mango’s hagio- graphical arguments for identifying the church as the city’s Byzantine cathedral, his dating of the structure to the eighth or ninth century has not remained unchallenged. When Semavi Eyice published the results of his survey of Byzantine monuments in Eastern Thrace, he compared 1 For information on the history of the in Vize: Bericht über die Arbeiten im Jahr For the Life of St. Mary the Younger, city, see E. Oberhummer, “Bizye,” RE 3.1 2003,” 22. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı see BHG 1164, AASS Novembris, 4 (Brussels, (1897): 552; A. Th. Samothrakis, Λεξικὸν (Ankara, 2004), 2:31–40 and “Vize’de 1925), 692–705, as well as the English γεωγραφικὸν καὶ ἱστορικὸν τῆς Θρᾴκης, 2nd Ayasofya (Süleyman Paşa Camii): 2004 Yılı translation with introduction by A. Laiou ed. (Athens, 1963), 104b–106b; and ODB Çalışmaları Raporu,” 23. Araştırma Sonuçları in Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints’ 1:292–93. Additional information has Toplantısı (Ankara, 2005), 2:337–50. Lives in English Translation, ed. A.-M. been provided by V. Velkov, “Die thrakische For early references to the city as Talbot, Byzantine Saints’ Lives in English Stadt Bizye,” in Studia in honorem Veselini a place of exile, see Socrates Scholasticus, Translation 1 (Washington, DC, 1996), 239– Beševliev (Sofia, 1978), 174–81; J. Jurukova, Kirchengeschichte, ed. G. C. Hansen, GCS, 89, with further bibliographical references. Griechisches Münzwerk: Die Münzprägung n.s., 1 (Berlin, 1995), 244; Sozomenus, For the presumed date of Mary’s death, see von Bizye, Schriften zur Geschichte und Kirchengeschichte, ed. J. Bidez and G. C. T. Pratsch, “Das Todesdatum der Maria (der Kultur der Antike 18 (Berlin, 1981), 1–8. Hansen, GCS, n.s., 4 (Berlin, 1995), 254–55. Jüngeren) von Bizye (BHG 1164): 16. Februar For a summary account, see F. A. Bauer For Maximos the Confessor’s exile in Bizye, 902,” BZ 97 (2004): 567–69. and H. A. Klein, “Die Hagia Sophia in Vize: see Scripta saeculi VII vitam Maximi 2 “The Byzantine Church at Vize (Bizye) Forschungsgeschichte – Restaurierungen – Confessoris illustrantia, ed. P. Allen and in Thrace and St. Mary the Younger,” 1ZRVI 1 Neue Ergebnisse,” Millennium 1 (2004): B. Neil, CCSG 39 (Turnhout, 1999), 49. (1968): 9–13. 407–37, esp. 407–10. On the church of See also P. Allen and B. Neil, Maximus the 3 Ibid., 13. Hagia Sophia, see most recently idem, Confessor and His Companions: Documents “Die Hagia Sophia (Süleyman Paşa Camii) from Exile (Oxford, 2002), 72–73. the architecture of Ayasofya to that of the domed basilicas of Arta and Mistras and concluded that it likewise must have been built in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.4 Since the publication of Mango’s and Eyice’s studies, scholars have remained divided over the question of dating the church. While Eyice’s typological arguments have been accepted by Nazan Yavuzoğlu and James Morganstern, other schol- ars like Yıldız Ötüken, Robert Ousterhout, and Vincenzo Ruggieri have followed Mango’s lead and argued for a late eighth- or early ninth-century date of the church.5 A more recent study by Ayşegül Kahramankaptan and Özkan Ertuğrul even argued for two distinct building phases: one in the tenth century, still visible in the basilican structure of the ground floor, and another in the thirteenth or four- teenth century, in which the galleries and the dome were added.6 The apparent difficulties in establishing even an approximate date for the construction of the church at Vize indicate not only the restric- tions of comparative architectural analysis but also the limits of our knowledge and understanding of the building’s physical makeup. Since the structure has suffered dramatically from decades of neglect, van- dalism, and a recent, heavy-handed restoration conducted under the supervision of the Edirne Vakıflar Bölge Müdürlüğü, a joint archaeo- logical survey project has been established by the authors of this report to examine thoroughly the building’s fabric and to document compre- hensively the various architectural spolia scattered around the site. The first fieldwork campaign at Vize, carried out during July and August of 2003, aimed at providing accurate plans for the ground and gallery levels of the church as well as detailed longitudinal and transverse sections.7 In addition, a catalogue of architectural spolia—some incorporated in the fabric of the present structure, some scattered inside and outside the building—was compiled, fragments measured, photographed, and 4 “Trakya’da Bizans devrine ait eserler,” AnatSt9 (1989): 3 121–49, esp. 138; Ruggieri, Yıllığı 3 (1961): 18–20, pl. 1, with an English Belleten 33 (1969): 325–58, esp. 331–32. Byzantine Religious Architecture (582–867): translation at 47–49: “Church of St.-Sophia Eyice repeated his arguments in two later Its History and Structural Elements, OCA 237 (Süleyman Paşa) at Vize.” A somewhat articles: “Les monuments byzantins de la (Rome, 1991), 233; V. Ruggieri, L’architettura more accurate plan for the ground floor Thrace turque,” CorsiRav 18 (1971): 293–308, religiosa nell’Impero Bizantino (fine VI–IX and gallery level of the church was provided esp. 293–97, and “Ayasofya’lar,” Ayasofya secolo) (Messina, 1995), 132–35. A somewhat by Semavi Eyice in 1969: “Trakya,” res. 4 Müzesi Yıllığı 11 (1990): 1–17, esp. 15–17, more cautious position is taken by H. and 5, repr. in his “Monuments,” fig. 1, and with an English translation at 18–37: “The Buchwald, “Lascarid Architecture,” JÖB8 2 “Ayasofya’lar,” res. 9. other ‘Ayasofyas’.” (1979): 261–96, esp. 296 n. 99, who nonethe- 5 Yavuzoğlu, “Vize’deki Bizans eserleri” less favors an early date. (MA diss., İstanbul Üniversitesi, 1975), 6 “Vize’den tarih fışkırıyor,” Mozaik 1 10–21; Morganstern, The Byzantine Church (1995): 18–33, esp. 28 and 31. at Dereağzı and its Decoration, Istanbuler 7 Feridun Dirimtekin was the first to Mitteilungen, Beiheft 29 (Tübingen, 1983), provide a rough ground plan and an eleva- 84 n. 254; Mango, Byzantine Architecture tion drawing (north façade) for the church. (Milan, 1985); Ötüken and Ousterhout, See F. Dirimtekin, “Vize’deki Ayasofya “Notes on the Monuments of Turkish Thrace,” Kilisesi (Süleyman Paşa),” Ayasofya Müzesi 250 franz alto bauer and holger a. klein drawn for publication.8 The second season of fieldwork at Vize, sup- Fig. 1 Vize, Hagia Sophia, exterior from ported by a Dumbarton Oaks project grant, was conducted during west, 2003 (this and all unattributed photos June and July of 2004 and resulted in a photogrammetric evaluation by the authors) of the building’s exterior façades as well as a preliminary examination of the remains of an earlier ecclesiastical structure.9 History and State of Preservation The Byzantine church commonly known as Ayasofya (Hagia Sophia) or Süleyman Paşa Camii is situated within the confines of the fortifica- tion walls on the southwestern slopes of the acropolis of Bizye (fig. 1).10 Both its size and commanding presence overlooking the Thracian plain seem to indicate that it was once the city’s principal place of worship, presumably Bizye’s cathedral.11 Unfortunately, little is known about the early history of Bizye’s Christian community and their cathedral. 8 See photographs below, esp. figs. 5–6. 9 The remains were partly uncovered on 10 On the fortifications of Vize, see Eyice, The site’s architectural spolia have previously the south, north, and east sides of the present “Trakya,” 336–37, and “Monuments,” 299. been mentioned only in passing. See most building during the Vakıflar restoration. 11 See Mango, “Byzantine Church,” 12 recently Ötüken and Ousterhout, “Notes,” The brick foundations of a large semicircular (n. 2 above); Eyice, “Trakya,” 327, and 138. Responsible for the cataloguing of archi- apse to the east were first described by “Monuments,” 293; Ötüken and Ousterhout, tectural spolia during the 2003 fieldwork Ötüken and Ousterhout, who identified it as “Notes,” 138. campaign were Roberta Casagrande, MA “the eastern end of an early Christian church” (Columbia University, New York) and Dr. and suggested that “the present building was Kirstin Noreen (Louisiana State University, constructed on the site of its predecessor.” Baton Rouge). See Ötüken and Ousterhout, “Notes,” 138–39.
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