Transport drogowy i szynowy The Analysis of Threats Arising from the Relations of Dangerous Cargoes and the Rail-Road Infrastructure Illustrated by the Case of Selected Regions of Analizy zagrożeń wynikających z przewozów ładunków niebezpiecznych w infrastrukturze drogowo-kolejowej na przykładzie wybranych regionów Polski

Marek Jaśkiewicz Zbigniew Matuszak Agnieszka Michaluk

dr hab. inż. dr hab. inż. mgr inż. Kielce University of Technology, Maritime University of Szczecin, Maritime University of Szczecin, Department of Vehicles and Faculty of Marine Engineering Faculty of Marine Engineering Transport

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Józef Stokłosa Karol Zielonka

dr inż. mgr inż.

High School of Economics and Automotive Industry Institute Innovation in (PIMOT)

[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: On the example of south-eastern region of Poland (Zamość district), the study characterized the transportation of dangerous cargos via rail-road infrastructure in this area. It presented a general road and rail infrastructure in this region. In selected period of time, it shows the amount of transported dangerous cargos. Moreover, it characterized type of transported loads and directions (relations) of these cargos. It presents the amount of cargos transported via road and rail means of transport. It indicated places of transshipment / unloading of dangerous goods, such workplaces as in the Zamość district with accumulated goods.

Keywords: Dangerous cargos; Truck transport; Railway transport; Road infrastructure; Railway infrastructure.

Streszczenie: Na przykład w południowo-wschodniego regionu Polski (powiat zamojski), przeanalizowano transport ładunków niebez- piecznych za pośrednictwem infrastruktury kolejowo-drogowego. Przedstawiono ogólną charakterystykę infrastruktury drogowej i kolejo- wej w tym regionie. W wybranym okresie pokazano ilość przewożonych ładunków niebezpiecznych. Uwzględniono rodzaj przewożonych ładunków i kierunków przewozowych. Przedstawiono ilość ładunków transportowanych przez drogowe i kolejowe środki transportu. Wska- zano miejsca przeładunku / rozładunku towarów niebezpiecznych, w wybranych miejscach w powiecie zamojskim.

Słowa kluczowe: Ładunki niebezpieczne; Transport ciężarowy; Transport kolejowy; Infrastruktura drogowa; Infrastruktura kolejowa.

Transport of dangerous cargos via gulations for the international railway ment. The carriage of dangerous car- land means of transport requires a transport of dangerous goods as An- gos in large quantities via land means very specifi c and detailed knowledge nex 2 to the regulations concerning of transport poses a potential threat to from participants of transport in order the carriage of dangerous goods to both people, road users, animals and to realize the transport of materials the Agreement on International Go- the environment. Humans employ- in safe manner without endangering ods Transport by Rail (SMGS). It should ed in the production, storage, trans- the environment, animals and pe- be also remembered about the CIM/ portation or distribution are exposed ople. Each dangerous cargo has indi- COTIF agreement concerning the in- to the harmful eff ects of chemicals. vidual properties [3]. Participants of ternational carriage of goods by rail. A Transportation of dangerous cargos dangerous cargos transport via road person, who undertakes to transport is determined by the provisions and means of transport are bound by the dangerous cargos, should not only restrictions and it is subject to speci- European agreement concerning the know the regulations for the transpor- fi c restrictions that limit their release transport of dangerous loads called tation of these goods, but above all to to the transport, packaging, marking ADR ( Accord Dangereuses Route ). On follow them and apply them properly along with requirements for the quali- the other hand, carriers of the railway in practice in order to prevent hazards fi cations of the carrier, selection of the transport use the RID provisions- re- against life, health and the environ- appropriate means of transport or the

20 przegląd komunikacyjny 1 / 2017 Transport drogowy i szynowy realization of transport in order to en- in conditions when the carriage is of carriage of dangerous goods by rail sure the adequate level of security for directed by aspects of the coun- between Member States of the COTIF people and the environment. The car- try’s defense and the public order; Convention [3]. riage of dangerous loads is subject to - realization or supervision of the United Nations Committee of the special provisions concerning the transportation by certain emer- Experts grouped the dangerous go- admission of goods for transport, its gency services, which are aimed ods into classes according to the type packaging, marking, classifi cation and at saving lives or human health, of created dominant risk. Typically, requirements for means of transport, dealing with consequences of di- each dangerous material is characte- as well as realization of the transport sasters, natural disaster or other rized by two or even three diff erent process due to the need to ensure the cases specifi ed in the agreement. threats of diff erent concentrations. safety of both people and the environ- In Poland, the transportation of dan- At the beginning, this division was ment. gerous cargos via railway transport is dependent on decreasing intensity The fundamental act regulating the based on the provisions of the Trans- and impact range of the material on transportation of dangerous materials port Law Act of 15 November 1984 . the environment as a result of hazards in the road transport in the European Conditions concerning the adequate occurring during the transportation. agreement concerning the Internatio- transport of materials by rail were de- These included among others risk of nal Carriage of Dangerous Goods by scribed in the Ordinance of the Minister fi re, explosion, as well as oxidizing, to- Road (ADR), which since the signing of Communications of 6 October 1987 xic or corrosive action. In accordance of 30 September 1957 in Geneva has about the list of dangerous times exclu- with this division, classes were divided been regularly amended. Poland ac- ded from the carriage by rail , as well as into subclasses of dangerous mate- ceded to the ADR agreement on 6 special conditions for carriage of dan- rials. Along with the development of June 1975 [3]. Provisions concerning gerous goods allowed to be carried. land transport, subclasses have been the carriage of dangerous cargos are On the basis of this Ordinance, the transformed into classes (with the applied to all transport participants provisions of the Regulations for the exception of subclasses belonging to from the sender and recipient to other International Carriage of Dangerous Go- the 1st class) and created 13 classes persons participating in this process. ods by Rail (RID) have been introduced. of dangerous materials [2, 7, 9]. Due It is prohibited to transport hazardous RID provisions are the legal basis both to the fact that hazardous materials materials, which are determined in the for transport in domestic and interna- often characterize by more than one ADR agreement as cargos not appro- tional communication. The provisions risk, their division is made on the basis ved for the international carriage. Only of the RID form an Annex I relating to of the dominant risk. Such a classifi ca- the carriage of dangerous loads under the uniform rules on the Agreement tion of dangerous goods is designed the terms determined in the agre- for the International Carriage of Go- to enable a precise choice of the con- ement is possible. There can be some ods by Rail (CIM), forming an Annex ditions of carriage in order to guaran- derogations from the ADR agreement B to the Convention concerning the tee a certain level of transport safety. that allow the transport of dangerous International Carriage by Rail (COTIF). cargos. These derogations include [1]: During the carriage of dangerous go- Road structure and railway - vehicles at the disposal of the ods by rail transport, provisions and structure of the Zamość district Armed Forces of the Republic of internal instructions laid down by the Poland – under the terms and Polish State Railways are also used. Zamość district is located in the so- conditions of separate provisions, RID regulations concerns conditions uthern part of (Fig. 1) and covers 15 gminas (including 3 urban gminas) with the area of 872.27 km 2. It includes such geographical areas and the Lublin Upland (Zamojski

1. Zamość district [12] 2. Metallurgical Broad-Gauge Line (in Polish LHS) [13]

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Padół, Dział Grabowiecki, Zachodnio- Tab. 1. Transport and engineering structures in the area of Zamość district [according 11] wołyńska Upland (Grzędy Sokalskie) Bridges Viaducts Footbridges Tunnels Culverts Total and Roztocze (Western and Central). Zamość pieces 26 2 5 0 36 69 Through the Zamość district, dangero- region Length [m] 472,7 158,64 48,73 0 584,12 1264,19 us goods are transported by road and Surface [m2] 5855,71 1937,09 124,62 0 1373,61 9291,03 rail. Road Transport of hazardous go- ods is based on the provisions of the The aim of this overpass is to pass 1520 mm known as the Metallur- ADR, while the rail transport under the the normal gauge track No. 72 wi- gical Broad-Gauge Line (MBGL - in provisions of the SMGS and RID. Each thout collision; Polish LHS) (Fig. 2). This line runs class of cargos is characterized by in- - viaduct on the Powiatowa Street, from the Polish-Ukrainian border dividual properties and the structure which serves the same function as crossing Izov/Hrubieszów to Sław- of a substance. This district has two ro- the viaduct located on the Lubel- ków in the Dabrowa Basin, where utes, which enable the transportation ska Street. it ends its course. The broad gau- of dangerous goods. The fi rst route is The summary of engineering struc- ge line has national signifi cance. It the national road No. 17 Hrebenne- tures in the area of Zamość district is leads the freight traffi c, bypassing -Lublin and the rail road – Metallurgi- presented in Table 1. city boundaries. In Bortatycze (Za- cal Broad-Gauge Line (MBGL - in Polish The city of Zamość has three ring mość district), there are: LHS) [10] (fi g. 1). roads: - reloading terminal, which has a Zamość district is an important - Western Ring Road. This road is track system “S” (1520 mm) and “N” node of national importance for the located in the western part of (1435 mm) suitable for reloading Lublin Voivodeship. Two national ro- the city between buildings of the liquid gases; ads run through this region: Orzeszkowej-Reymonta Housing - lateral loading ramp located be- 1. National road No. 17 E372, War- Estate and buildings of the Karo- tween two track gauges – 1435 saw-Lublin-Zamość-Tomaszów lówka Housing Estate; mm and 1520 mm; Lubelski-Hrebenne (border cros- - Hetmańska Ring Road. It is located - electronic track scales on the track sing) to Lviv. This road is a part of on the north-eastern areas of the with a width of 1435 mm. the Via Intermare corridor running city. This ring road is the continu- from Gdansk through Warsaw-Lviv ity of the national road No. 17 and Analysis of dangerous cargos’ to Odessa. partially the national road No. 74, carriage on the example of the 2. National road No. 74 Sulejów near so it is not necessary to drive thro- Zamość district Piotrków Trybunalski–Kielce–Kra- ugh the city center; śnik–Zamość–Hrubieszów – Zosin - Śródmiejska Ring Road known as In the area of Zamość district, there (border crossing), part of the for- the Little Ring Road. It goes thro- are two freight stations: Zamość–Bor- mer Royal Route from Prague and ugh the city center, but it bypas- tatycze MBGL/LHS station and Szcze- Krakow to Kiev. ses the exact center of Zamość [6]. brzeszyn MBGL/LHS station. There are The road infrastructure of the Zamość Two railways lines pass through the ramps and freight yards, reloading ter- district also includes 3 provincial Zamość district: minals, bonded warehouses, storage roads: - railway line No. 72 (normal gauge halls and track scales. Zamość–Bor- - 837 - Zamość-Żółkiewka-Piaski ro- track) with a track gauge of 1435 tatycze MBGL/LHS station deals with ute; mm on the route Zawada–Za- the transshipment of bulk goods by - 843 - Zamość–Skierbieszów- mość–Hrubieszów (city). This line means of scoops, palletized goods (in -Chełm route; deals with passenger and freight bundles, big bags, palletized), wood - 849 - Zamość-Józefów-Wola Ob- traffi c; and liquid gases. In the area of Za- szańska route. - railway line No. 65 (broad-gauge mość district, there is also the second In Zamość, there are 10 bridges over railway line) with a track gauge of railway station – Szczebrzeszyn MBGL/ the Łabuńka river and 1 bridge over Tab. 2. List of dangerous goods transported by the national road No. 17 (as of 31.12.2010) [4] the river. They connect No. Route Type of goods Annual number of transports [t] banks of small rivers with quite narrow river-beds. Ammonia 8 There are also 3 bigger viaducts in Chlorine 11 Zamość: Sulfuric acid 2,2 National road No. 17 Sodium hydroxide 4 - viaduct on the Lubelska Street. 1. The function of this overpass is to Hrebenne-Lublin Nitric acid 3,5 pass the MBGL/LHS line without Petroleum products – motor and heating fuels 44 000 collision; Propane-butane 13 000 - viaduct on the Wyszyński Street. Ammunition 4

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LHS station, which has a reloading ter- Tab. 3. List of dangerous cargos transported by railway (as of 31.12.2010) [4] minal allowing the transshipment of No. Route Type of goods Annual number of transports [t] goods in the open air and in the sto- Propane-butane 282 006 rage hall. This terminal does not sup- Propane 97 413 port the transshipment of dangerous Butane 56 772 goods [8]. Dangerous cargos are transpor- Pomace of oil plants 180 423 ted through the Zamość district via Naphthalene 38 the national road No. 17. Summary Ferro-silicone 4 860 of transported cargos, their type and Dinitrotoluene 58 amount is presented in Table 2. Aniline 1 829 In the area of Zamość district, the Flammable liquid 10 carriage of dangerous cargos by rail is Corrosive solid material 134 realized through the broad gauge ra- Adhesives 92 ilway line with a spacing of rails 1520 Metallurgical Broad- Pitch 3 373 1. mm. MBGL/LHS broad gauge line -Gauge Line/LHS Methylamine 30 performs commercial transports of Nitrotoluene 173 dangerous goods in accordance with Hydrogen peroxide 168 the RID/SMGS regulations. List of dan- Vinyl acetate 1 404 gerous goods carried by the rail trans- Liquid cresol 28 port is detailed in Table 3. Commercial transports of dangerous cargos by the Trichlorosilane 244 LHS Ltd. is presented in detail in Ta- Diacetate toluene 1 417 ble 4. dimethylamine 130 List of dangerous cargos imported Benzene 998 in 2010 by the LHS Ltd. to the Za- Polyisobutylene 94 mość–Bortatycze station is presented Hydroxide 427 in Table 5. Hexane 77 There are many plants presenting a risk in the area of Zamość district. Two Tab. 4. Commercial transports of dangerous cargos by the LHS Ltd. for the year 2010 [5] of them pose high and increased risk Year 2010 (total) of serous industrial accident, i.e. STA- Including international transport Specification total TOIL POLAND Ltd., warehouse LPG export import Zamość and LAMPOGAS.Pl Ltd. (state- [t] [tkm] [t] [tkm] [t] [tkm] ment of threats – Table 6). Total 626 028 156 898 483 10 993 3 971 884 615 035 152 926 599 In addition to plants, where there Explosive substances and 0 0 0 0 0 0 is a signifi cant or high degree of risk articles relating to the serious industrial failu- Gases 432 584 149 580 822 130 51 870 4 32 454 149 528 952 re, there are plants that pose a threat Flammable liquids 5 355 1 643 355 3 218 869 659 2 137 773 696 outside their facilities. Among these Flammable solids 38 15 162 0 0 38 15 162 plants, we can distinguish among other things [4]: Pyrophoric materials 176 040 879 341 0 0 176 040 879 341 Materials emitting flammable 4281 1 695 533 0 0 4281 1 695 533 - CHŁODNIA MORS (Zamość), whe- gases in contact with water rein the ammonia is stored in fi xed Oxidizing substances 1 623 647 577 1 623 647 577 0 0 tanks. It is also used in the cooling Toxic materials 2 049 2 807 551 1 964 2 773 636 85 33 915 installation; - SPOMASZ Zamość – sulfuric acid Infectious substances 0 0 0 0 0 0 and phosphoric acid are stored in Radioactive substances 0 0 0 0 0 0 fi xed tanks; Corrosive materials 591 235 809 591 235 809 0 0 Various dangerous materials - OSM Krasnystaw – a manufactu- 3 467 1 383 333 3 467 1 383 333 0 0 and articles ring facility, which has such ha- zardous substances as ammonia, tanks; - oleochemical plants in Bodaczów nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, am- - PROFESIONAL P.W. – hazardous – there is six hazardous substan- monia water. These substances substance in the form of ammonia ces: ammonia, hexane, sulfuric are stored in the cooling installa- is stored in cooling installations acid (95%), phosphoric acid (50%), tion, stationary tanks and portable and stationary tanks. ferrous sulfate. These substances

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are stored in stationary undergro- Tab. 5. List of transported dangerous materials by the year 2010; und and terrestrial tanks, portable Arrival-Import: Zamość-Bortatycze station [5] containers and technological in- Cistern, in Amount Country of Name of goods Class UN No. bulk, unit of Wagons / consign- stallation. Tons TWR shipment Containers ment Example of the carriage of I quarter Gaseous hydrocarbons dangerous goods realized through 2 1965 Cistern 108 3 632 X Kazakhstan the broad-gauge railway line Condensed mixture Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1978 Cistern 4 130 X Kazakhstan Condensed mixture PKP Broad Gauge Metallurgical Rail- Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1965 Cistern 183 6 344 X Russia way Line Limited Liability Company Condensed mixture performs tasks of the carrier and the Butane 2 1011 Cistern 1 27 X Russia railway manager. Dangerous cargo is Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1965 Cistern 8 203 X Belarus sent in the initial station in Ukraine. Condensed mixture Subsequently, there is a technical and II quarter commercial briefi ng. The sealed goods Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1965 Cistern 284 251 X Russia are placed in an appropriate wagon Condensed mixture along with transport documents. Then Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1965 Cistern 128 4 271 X Kazakhstan the goods are transported on a wide Condensed mixture track to Poland crossing the border III quarter Gaseous hydrocarbons crossing in Izov-Hrubieszów (Ukraine- 2 1965 Cistern 4 101 X Ukraine -Poland). At the Hrubieszów LHS (ra- Condensed mixture ilway border crossing), the goods are Butane 2 1011 Cistern 15 431 X Ukraine Gaseous hydrocarbons taken over from the representatives of 2 1965 Cistern 267 8 787 X Russia Ukrainian railways. Condensed mixture Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1965 Cistern 13 327 X Belarus The charge is thoroughly checked, Condensed mixture weighed on electronic wagon sca- Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1965 Cistern 33 1 081 X Kazakhstan les SCHENECK in order to determine Condensed mixture the exact weight of the goods. This Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1978 Cistern 28 844 X Kazakhstan procedure is fi nished by the comple- Condensed mixture te customs clearance. Then, the train Butane 2 1011 C 26 861 X Kazakhstan with cargo moves on the destination IV quarter station – e.g. to the Zamość-Borta- Gaseous hydrocarbons 2 1965 Cistern 240 8 199 X Russia tycze LHS station. At the destination Condensed mixture Gaseous hydrocarbons station (Zamość-Bortatycze LHS STA- 2 1965 Cistern 15 389 X Belarus TOIL) there is a possibility to transship Condensed mixture Gaseous hydrocarbons liquid gases in railway or car cisterns. 2 1965 Cistern 3 3 177 X Kazakhstan Condensed mixture Reloading of bulk materials with the Propane 2 1978 Cistern 26 825 X Kazakhstan use of scoops or piece goods (in bun- dles, big bags, palletized) is made on Butane 2 1011 Cistern 21 550 X Ukraine the Zamość-Bortatycze LHS station or Total X X X X 40 430 X X Szczebrzeszyn LHS station. After this Tab. 6. List of plants with dangerous substances, which present high or increased risk of major indu- transshipment, the carriage of goods strial accident (as of 31.12.2010) [4] through the LHS is fi nished. If, howe- Name of the Type of dangerous District Degree of hazard Max. amount [t] Method of storage ver, it is not possible to overload the company substance cargo, the goods are sent to other de- STATOIL POLAND Zamość large Propane-butane 1 360 Railway cisterns stination stations located on the bro- Ltd.; LPG Zamość ad-gauge line to the Wola Baranowska LAMPOGAS.Pl Ltd.; Terrestrial static tanks, Zamość increased Propane-butane 164,3 LHS, where bulk materials are trans- Gas Bottling Plant railway cisterns shipped or the Gołuchowa LHS, whe- gauge railway line. After reaching the Final remarks re the transshipment of liquid gases is destination station, the cargo is sub- realized or the Sędziszów LHS, where jected to fi nal operations, as well as The analysis of the dangerous go- there is a possibility to change the run- technical and commercial briefi ng [5]. ods’ transportation via land means of ning gear from 1520 mm to 1435 mm. The process of carriage the dange- transport on the example of Zamość Consequently, the goods are sent to rous goods by the LHS Company is district was intended to illustrate land the destination station on a standard presented in Fig. 3. corridors, which enable the carriage of

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dawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączno- Loading of dangerous ści, Warszawa (2009). goods in Ukraine: [8] http://www.lhs.com.pl. - Sealing - Issuance of shipping [23.03.2016] documents [9] http://www.transport.gov.pl. [23.03.2016] [10] http://www.w-lubelskie.pl. [28.03.2016] Izov-Hrubieszów border [11] http://www.gddkia.gov.pl. crossing: [28.03.2016] - Weighing of the cargo [12] http://mapa.targeo.pl/powiat/Po- - Control of documents - Complete customs wiat%20zamojski. [28.03.2016] clearance [13] http://www.lhs.com.pl. [2.03.2016] [14] Regulations for the International SBdziszów LHS train Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Zamo V4 -Bortatycze LHS station: Rail (RID) with Annex C to Conven- - Control of cargo Zamo V4 -Bortatycze train station: - Control of documents LHS train station: - Control of cargo tion Concerning the International - Change of the - Control of cargo - Control of documents Carriage by Rail (COTIF 1999) since - Control of documents - Transshipment of liquid undercarriage (from 1520 2006. mm to 1435 mm) - No possibility of gases transshipment - Weighing after the transshipment Autostrada A2 Destination station będzie miała trzeci pas! (normal gauge railway Destination station on Norbert Kowalski, Głos Wielkopolski, 9.11.2016 line): the LHS route (e.g. - Control of cargo Sławków): Regionalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Środowiska - Control of cargo - Control of documents wydała decyzję środowiskową dotyczącą bu- - Reloading of goods - Control of documents - Reloading of goods dowy trzeciego pasa ruchu na autostradzie A2 na odcinku Poznań Krzesiny - Poznań Zachód. Chociaż nie jest jeszcze prawomocna, to jest to 3. Transport of dangerous goods via rail transport by the LHS Company duży krok ku rozbudowie tego fragmentu dro-

goods. Performed analysis has shown References gi. - Najważniejsze były dla nas kwestie zwią- mini przegląd the importance of Zamość district in zane z hałasem. Braliśmy pod uwagę wnioski the region and in the Lublin Voivode- [1] M. Gałusza, H. Wojciechowska- okolicznych mieszkańców, rad osiedli, stowa- rzyszeń oraz miasta. W większości przypadków ship. Moreover, it presented an exam- -Piskorska, A. Uzarczyk, BHP w Transporcie. Poradnik, Wydawca były one zbieżne i dotyczyły jak największej ple of transportation by railway rolling ochrony przed hałasem - mówi Łukasz Dąb- „Tarbonus” Sp. z o.o., Kraków - Tar- stock between neighboring countries kowski, rzecznik Regionalnej Dyrekcji Ochrony with the use of Broad Gauge Metallur- nobrzeg (2011). Środowiska (...). gy Line (LHS), which is based on the [2] M. Kizyn, Poradnik przechowywa- provisions of the RID and SMGS agre- nia substancji niebezpiecznych Trasa S5 gotowa za dwa lata komunikacyjny ement. It should be noted that the zgodnie z wytycznymi unijnymi Norbert Kowalski, Głos Wielkopolski, safety of dangerous goods’ transport REACH i CLP, Wydawca Instytut 15.11.2016 signifi cantly depends on the road Logistyki i Magazynowania, Biblio- and railway infrastructure, on which teka Logistyka, Poznań (2011). Do połowy 2019 roku wielkopolski odcinek tra- sy ekspresowej S5 powinien zostać ukończony. the cargo is transported. In reloading [3] D. Marciniak-Neider, J. Neider, Pod- ręcznik spedytora, Polish Interna- To usprawni ruch do Wrocławia i Bydgoszczy. places, technical quality of reloading Budowa drogi ekspresowej S5 jest jedną z naj- tional Freight Forwarders Associa- equipment, which is not always a part ważniejszych inwestycji drogowych w Wielko- of the transport infrastructure, has a tion, Gdynia (2002). polsce. Chociaż prace nad tą trasą trwają już large importance. Another issue (bey- [4] Source materials of the City He- od jakiegoś czasu, kierowcy muszą się jeszcze ond the subject matter of this elabo- adquarters of the State Fire Service uzbroić w cierpliwość. Budowa całego wielko- ration) is the problem of loading and in Zamość. polskiego odcinka tej drogi ma zakończyć się unloading of dangerous cargos in the [5] Source materials from the LHS Ltd. dopiero w połowie 2019 roku. To jednak nie place of their production and recep- [6] Source materials of the Roads oznacza, że w międzyczasie nie pojawią się tion. Management District in Zamość, żadne ułatwienia. Trasa S5 docelowo ma prze- (2010-2012). biegać od Wrocławia, przez Leszno, Poznań, [7] T. Pusty, Przewóz towarów niebez- Gniezno, Bydgoszcz do Grudziądza (...). piecznych. Poradnik kierowcy, Wy-

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