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For Peer Review HOLOCENE On-site data cast doubts on the hypothesis of shifting cultivation in the Late Neolithic (c. 4300–2400 cal. BC). Landscape management as an alternative paradigm Journal:For The HolocenePeer Review Manuscript ID HOL-15-0147.R1 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Jacomet, Stefanie; University of Basel, Switzerland, Environmental Sciences IPAS Ebersbach, Renate; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Akeret, Örni; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences, IPAS Antolin, Ferran; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Baum, Tilman; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Bogaard, Amy; Oxford University, School of Archaeology Brombacher, Christoph; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Bleicher, Niels; Office for Urbanism, Centre for Underwater Archaeology Heitz-Weniger, Annekäthi; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Hüster-Plogmann, Heide; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Gross, Eda; Direktion des Innern, Amt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie des Kantons Zug Kühn, Marlu; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Rentzel, Philippe; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Schibler, Joerg; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Steiner, Bigna; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Wick, Lucia; University of Basel, Environmental Sciences IPAS Central Europe, wetland settlements, archaeobotany, archaeozoology, type Keywords: of farming, niche construction, use of fire This article brings together in a comprehensive way, and for the first time, on- and off-site palaeoenvironmental data from the area of the Central European lake dwellings (a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site since 2011). The types of data considered are: high-resolution off-site pollen cores, including micro-charcoal counts, and on-site data, including botanical macro- and micro-remains, hand-collected animal bones, remains of microfauna, and data on woodland management (dendrotypology). The Abstract: period considered is the Late Neolithic (c. 4300–2400 cal. BC). For this period, especially for its earlier phases, discussions of land-use patterns are contradictory. Based on off-site data, slash-and-burn – as known from tropical regions – is thought to be the only possible way to cultivate the land. On-site data however show a completely different picture: all indications point to the permanent cultivation of cereals (Triticum spp., Hordeum vulgare), pea (Pisum sativum), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene Page 1 of 141 HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 opium-poppy (Papaver somniferum). Cycles of landscape use are traceable, including coppicing and moving around the landscape with 5 animal herds. Archaeobiological studies further indicate also that hunting 6 and gathering were an important component and that the landscape was 7 manipulated accordingly. Late Neolithic land-use systems also included the 8 use of fire as a tool for opening up the landscape. Here we argue that 9 bringing together all the types of palaeoenvironmental proxies in an 10 integrative way allows us to draw a more comprehensive and reliable 11 picture of the land-use systems in the Late Neolithic than had been 12 reconstructed previously largely on the basis of off-site data. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 For Peer Review 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE Page 2 of 141 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 On-site data cast doubts on the hypothesis of shifting cultivation in the Late 10 11 Neolithic (c. 4300–2400 cal. BC). Landscape management as an alternative 12 13 paradigm 14 15 16 17 18 Review article 19 For Peer Review 20 21 22 Abstract 23 24 This article brings together in a comprehensive way, and for the first time, on- and 25 26 27 off-site palaeoenvironmental data from the area of the Central European lake 28 29 dwellings (a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site since 2011). The types of data 30 31 considered are: high-resolution off-site pollen cores, including micro-charcoal 32 33 34 counts, and on-site data, including botanical macro- and micro-remains, hand- 35 36 collected animal bones, remains of microfauna, and data on woodland 37 38 management (dendrotypology). The period considered is the Late Neolithic (c. 39 40 4300–2400 cal. BC). For this period, especially for its earlier phases, discussions of 41 42 43 land-use patterns are contradictory. Based on off-site data, slash-and-burn – as 44 45 known from tropical regions – is thought to be the only possible way to cultivate 46 47 the land. On-site data however show a completely different picture: all indications 48 49 point to the permanent cultivation of cereals (Triticum spp., Hordeum vulgare), pea 50 51 52 (Pisum sativum), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and opium-poppy (Papaver 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene Page 3 of 141 HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 somniferum). Cycles of landscape use are traceable, including coppicing and 10 11 moving around the landscape with animal herds. Archaeobiological studies further 12 13 indicate also that hunting and gathering were an important component and that 14 15 the landscape was manipulated accordingly. Late Neolithic land-use systems also 16 17 18 included the use of fire as a tool for opening up the landscape. Here we argue that 19 For Peer Review 20 bringing together all the types of palaeoenvironmental proxies in an integrative 21 22 way allows us to draw a more comprehensive and reliable picture of the land-use 23 24 systems in the Late Neolithic than had been reconstructed previously largely on 25 26 27 the basis of off-site data. 28 29 30 31 Keywords 32 33 34 Central Europe, wetland settlements, archaeobotany, archaeozoology, type of farming, niche 35 construction, use of fire 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Introduction 43 44 45 The main purpose of this article is to contribute to a long-standing and ongoing 46 47 debate on the type of land use in the Late Neolithic (LN hereafter; c. 4300–2400 48 49 cal. BC; Figure OSM 1) in the regions bordering the Alps (Figure 1). There are 50 51 generally two extreme positions, which can be summarized as ‘permanently 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene HOLOCENE Page 4 of 141 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 cultivated plots’ versus ‘shifting cultivation’ models. The first hypothesis is based 10 11 on archaeobiological on-site-data (for definitions see Jacomet, 2007a) and 12 13 ethnographic sources, the second rests to a large degree on off-site data, but also 14 15 experimental work. Whereas off-site evidence is primarily based on pollen and 16 17 18 micro-charcoal, on-site evidence relies on archaeobotanical and isotope analyses 19 For Peer Review 20 of a whole range of materials, notably botanical macro- and micro-remains, 21 22 especially weeds and crops, archaeozoological remains and animal dung, as well as 23 24 wood remains (for a more thorough description of the evidence and citations, see 25 26 27 OSM text, chapter ‘State of research and interpretation tools)’. 28 29 For many years various researchers have stated that empirical on-site data suggest 30 31 32 that slash-and-burn cultivation was not practised (at least not regularly) during 33 34 the LN in the alpine foreland (see e.g. Brombacher and Jacomet, 1997, p. 270 f.; 35 36 Hosch and Jacomet, 2004, p. 128 ff.). They favour the idea of a sophisticated 37 38 landscape management, which also included the use of fire. Fields, once cleared, 39 40 41 are thought to have been used relatively permanently and worked intensively, and 42 43 this included weeding and perhaps even manuring. Yet the idea of shifting 44 45 cultivation is surprisingly resilient, despite much empirical data against it. The 46 47 main reason for this is that the more marginal landscapes, including the hilly and 48 49 50 mountainous areas of the Alps themselves and the regions bordering them, are 51 52 considered as less amenable to agriculture, for reasons related to climate and/or 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 3 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/holocene Page 5 of 141 HOLOCENE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 poorer soil quality (Schier, 2009; Kreuz et al., 2014). This is seen in contrast to 10 11 Early and partly Middle Neolithic settlement areas (Altsiedellandschaften), which 12 13 were established from 5500 cal. BC onwards on the most fertile loess soils of 14 15 Central Europe (see Kreuz, 2012) where slash-and-burn is thought to have been 16 17 18 unnecessary because the natural soil fertility was high enough. The alpine areas 19 For Peer Review 20 are thought to have been settled only relatively late (after around 4400 cal. BC) by 21 22 agro-pastoral communities and the only option to farm in such landscapes would 23 24 have been shifting cultivation (see the so called ‘tertiary neolithisation’ or ‘tertiäre 25 26 27 Neolithisierung’ after Schier, 2009, p. 19 ff.). Recently however, systematic surveys 28 29 have illustrated that the prealpine midlands of France and Switzerland were 30 31 settled by Middle Neolithic communities from 4800 cal. BC onwards (Boisaubert et 32 33 al, 2001; Ebersbach et al., 2012; Kreuz et al., 2014; Martin, 2014; Martin, 2015). 34 35 36 37 38 39 <INSERT FIGURE 1> 40 41 42 43 44 In this article we undertake for the first time a comprehensive and critical 45 46 comparison of the two types of palaeoenvironmental data (Figure 2) for the central 47 48 European lake-dwelling area, which should enable us to assess which of the two 49 50 51 existing hypotheses are the more plausible or probable.
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