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Hand-Made Pottery in the Prehistoric and Roman Period in Northern England and Southern Scotland

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Hand-Made Pottery in the Prehistoric and Roman Period in Northern England and Southern Scotland Durham E-Theses Native Pottery: hand-made pottery in the prehistoric and Roman period in northern England and southern Scotland Plowright, Georgina How to cite: Plowright, Georgina (1978) Native Pottery: hand-made pottery in the prehistoric and Roman period in northern England and southern Scotland, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9824/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 NATIVE POTTERY: HAND-MADE POTTERY IN THE PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN PERIOD IN NORTHERN ENGLAND AND SOUTHERN SCOTLAND 'Thesis presented for the Degree of M.A. University of Durham Georgina Plowright October 1978 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Abstract The thesis is a survey and catalogue of most of the pottery found in the area between the Clyde and Solway and the southern boundaries of Cumbria and Durham, and to which previously the label of Iron Age or Roman native pottery had been assigned. The paucity of contextual information is demonstrated. An attempt is made to classify types for comparison with the small amount of contextual data. The result of this, combined with external evidence, illustrates the probable Late Bronze Age origins for at least two types, and the presence of a Roman native pottery, but does not allow a closer type classification to be put forward. CONTENTS Page Abstract •• •» •• •• •• 1 List of Tables .. .. .. •• •• iii Acknowledgements .. .. .. .• . • •. iv Abbreviations .. •• .. •• •• v PART I : INTRODUCTION Origin of Survey .. .. .. 1 Scope of Survey .. .. .. 1 Some Potential Aims .. 3 The Pottery Sample .. .. .. 3 Problems of Interpretation .. k Previous Work .. .. •. 6 PART II : THE POTTERY The Context of the Pottery .. .. 10 Manufacture .. .. .. 16 Method .. .. .. 23 Basic Forms .. .. .. .. 2k Fabrics .. 27 Decoration .. .. .. 31 Classification ... .. .. 33 Chronology .... .. .. 38 Distribution .. .. .. .. *K) PART III : DISCUSSION .. k3 APPENDICES A. Report on Thin-Sectioning C. H. Emeleus and G. Larwood .. 50 B. Dunagoil Ware. E. MacKie .. .. 59 MAPS .. 61- CATALOGUE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. .. .. .. .. .. 279 ILLUSTRATIONS ii LIST OF TABLES After page L Initial record card .... .... .... 4 2 Attribute categories compiled for punch card use .. .. .. .. .. 4 Attribute categories revised for computer card use .. ... .. .. .. 4 4 Contextual information for catalogued pottery 15 5 Illustration of rim form types .. .. 23 6 Rim forms : unrevised classification 7 (by catalogue number) .. .. .. 23 8 Relative proportion of rim forms (by sherd) 24 8a Relative proportion of rim forms (percentage) on.266 9 RelativCorrelatioe proportion of formn s ofan dri mfabric sizess - tota.. l .. by sherd .. .. .. 33 10 Correlation of forms and fabrics - total (percentage).. 33 11 Correlation of forms and fabrics Catcote (percentage).. 33 12 Correlation of forms and fabrics - Stanwick (percentage).. 33 13 Correlation of fo'rms and fabrics - Traprain Law (percentage) .. .. .. 33 14 Correlation of forms and fabrics - total for Catcote, Stanwick and Traprain Law (perc 33 15 Correlation of classified sherds with stratifieU contexts 38 16 Correlation of classified sherds with stratified and semi-stratified contexts 38 17 Relationship of sherds of type/groups shown principal co-ordinate analysis 38 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to whom thanks should be expressed for their help, in in particular I would like to acknowledge the following: Miss H. Adamson, F. Barnes, R. Birley, Miss J. Close-Brooks, M. Crane, D. Dawson, S. Dawson, D. Harding, R. Hogg, Miss F. Lynch, R.. Miket, S. Mills, C. Musson, B. Raftery, J. Raftery, Dr. A. Robertson, R. Savage, D. Spratt, R. B. K. Stevenson, A. Truckell and A. Tubb. I would like to thank all the staff of the museums that were visited, who are omitted from the above list, and to the Directors of the Barrow Museum; the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland; Glasgow Museum and Art Gallery; The Hunterian Museum; The Dick Institute, Kilmarnock; Dumfries Burgh Museum and the Gray Museum and Art Gallery, Hartlepool, for letting me have sherds for thin-sectioning. Durham County Council granted me unpaid leave, and Bristol City Council has been generous in its allocation of study leave, my thanks to the Directors of both the Bowes Museum and Bristol City Museum for arranging this, and to David Dawson of Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, for generous help. I am grateful to Professor Emeleus and Dr. Gilbert Larwood for their thin-section report, to Euan MacKie for his appendix on Dunagoil ware. Also, I would thank Patricia Lees for typing the thesis. Finally, many thanks are due to Mr. Wilf Dodds for much, help and many references, similarly to Mr. Colin Burgess and Mr. George Jobey for much advice, to Professor Cramp for the facilities of her Department and help, to my parents for financial help, and to my supervisor, Professor Eric Birley, who continued to give me support for a very long time. iv ABBREVIATIONS A.A.., Archaeologia Aeliana, third series. A.A.^ Archaeologia Aeliana, fourth series. Ant. J. Journal of the Society of Antiquaries of London Arch. Camb. Archaeologia Cambrensis Collingwood The Archaeology of Roman Britain, R. G. Collingwood and Richmond , . _. , , : and I. A. Richmond, 1969. C.W.^ Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, second series. G.A.J. Glasgow Archaeological Journal P.B.N.F.C. Proceedings -of the Berwickshire Naturalists Field Club P.F.A.N.H.S. Proceedings of the'Falkirk Archaeological and Natural History Society P.S.A.N. The Proceedings of the Society of.Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne P.S.A.S. Proceedings .of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland R.C.A.H. M.S. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (similarly R.C.A.M.S.) T.A.A.S.D.N. Transactions of the Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland T.D. & G. Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society T. Glas. A.S. Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society Y.A.J. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal v PART I INTRODUCTION 1 ORIGIN OF THE SURVEY The idea for a survey of native pottery came from Dr. (now Professor) Dennis Harding in 1970. At that time the North had been suffering from three major problems where pottery from Roman-Native sites was concerned. These were, in short, its small quantity, its lack of stratification and thirdly, its general featurelessness. Work over the previous few years up until 1970 had, however, produced a few sign-posts which seemed to indicate the possibility that this situation might now be remedied. There appeared to be more opportunities to study the pottery in its stratigraphic sequence; with the excavation of sites like Burradon, Hetha Burn and Holme House providing pottery groups to be added to the all too few stratified sites of the earlier periods, such as Huckhoe, Stanwick, Harehope and Hownam Rings. Again, there also seemed that there might be more of a chance of being able to .classify the pottery itself. At Burradon (Jobey, 1970) the discovery of sherds with finger-tip decoration and a profile which made it possible to assign them to around the 5th century B.C. at least helped to indicate the potentially long chronology of such sites, and encourage the hope that datable wares might appear on sites in the future. At Hetha Burn it was found that pottery could be divided up on a fabric basis with a predominance of fabric-type in each period (Burgess, 1970, 21). In central Scotland Euan MacKie suggested a very coarse pottery type could be considered as a cultural indicator for his Abernethy Culture (MacKie, 1969, 19). A third factor augered well for a closer look at this pottery which had so far more or less managed to escape being closely defined as either Roman-Native or Iron Age. This was the sudden increase in radio-carbon dates available offering (within all the limitations of the method) semi-absolute dates upon which could be hung the bones of the various structural sequences proposed for the North of England, and Southern and Central Scotland (e.g. Jobey, 1965, 1966a and 1966b, 1970b; S. Piggott, 1966; Feachem, 1966). SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The original intention, encouraged by the Holme House discoveries, was to examine the development of hand-made pottery (normally called 1 Subsequent work at Hetha Burn has shown a rather more complex sequence than was originally apparent (information fr-om C. Burgess, 1978). I 2 •native') during the Romano-British period. It was hoped to limit it to hand-made pottery in order to exclude some of the more mass-produced wares which sometimes are called 'native' like Dales, Derbyshire and Huntcliff-type wares (though the distinction between hand-made, wheel- made and wheel-finished, particularly with the latter, can be blurred). The problems of these, however, have already been high-lighted (e.g. Gillam, 1939 and 1951; Hull, 1932; Jones & Webster, 1969)1 and the bulk and distribution of the material involved would pose quite a workr-load on their own.
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