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The Rationalists: Spinoza and Leibniz PHIL10086 2020-21

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The Rationalists: Spinoza and Leibniz PHIL10086 2020-21 The Rationalists: Spinoza and Leibniz PHIL10086 2020-21 Course Organiser Pauline Phemister Dugald Stewart Building, room 6.04 Tel: 0131 651 3747 Email: [email protected] Course Secretary Anne-Marie Cowe PPLS Undergraduate Teaching Office Dugald Stewart Building, room G.06 Tel: 0131 650 3961 Email: [email protected] Times and Locations Semester 1 Information about class timing and format will be on the LEARN page for the course. Assessment Mid-term essay (30%) to be submitted by 12 noon on Thursday 22nd October. Word limit: 1,500 words Final essay (70%) to be submitted by 12 noon on Thursday 10th December. Word limit: 3,000 words Participation (5%) judged by seminar attendance and Learn Discussion Board participation Course Aims and Objectives The course will introduce students to the philosophical systems of the Dutch philosopher, Benedict de Spinoza and the German thinker, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Responding critically to, but still working within the framework of, Cartesian dualism, Spinoza and Leibniz respectively transformed the Cartesian philosophy in two radically different directions, resulting in (i) Spinoza’s absolute monism and, in critical response also to Spinoza, (ii) the dynamic, pluralist philosophical system of Leibniz. In this course, we will compare and assess the philosophical arguments that led each philosopher to hold similar but also radically divergent views on the nature of reality, mind and body, God, and the ethical life. Lecture/Seminar Content: Provisional Outline Week 1: Introduction and Substance (Spinoza) Essential Reading: Spinoza, Ethics 1, Definitions 1-8, Axioms 1-7, Ethics 2, Postulates 1-4 (located immediately before Ethics 2, Proposition 14) Spinoza, Ethics 1, Proposition 5 and Demonstration Melamed, Yitzak (2017). 'The Building Blocks of Spinoza's Metaphysics: Substance, Attributes, and Modes'. In Michael Della Rocca, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza (OUP), pp. 84-114 Recommended further reading: John Cottingham, The Rationalists, chapter 3; Week 2: Proofs of God’s existence (Spinoza) Essential reading: Spinoza, Ethics 1, proposition 11 and demonstrations Phemister, Pauline (2006). The Rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz (Routledge), chapter 4, pp. 80-91 Lin, Martin ‘Spinoza’s Arguments for the Existence of God’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 75:2 (2007), 269-297 Website Mapping Spinoza’s Ethics website: http://ethica.bc.edu/#/ Week 3: Spinoza’s Monism and Determinism (Spinoza) Essential reading: Spinoza, Ethics 1, proposition 14 demonstration and all the propositions and their demonstrations that are included in the proof. Spinoza, Ethics I, Proposition 5 and demonstration (the no-shared attribute thesis) Don Garrett, ‘Ethics IP5: Shared Attributes and the Basis of Spinoza’s Monism’, in J. A. Cover and Mark Kulstad, eds. Central Themes in Early Modern Philosophy, pp.69-108 Phemister, The Rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz, chapter 4, pp. 91-99 Spinoza, Ethics I, propositions 26-33, including demonstrations of the component propositions. Website Mapping Spinoza’s Ethics website: http://ethica.bc.edu/#/ Recommended further reading: Koistinen, Olli (2003). ‘Spinoza’s Proof of Necessitarianism’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 67(2), 283-310 Lecture 4: Mind and Body (Spinoza) Essential reading: Spinoza, Ethics 2, up to and including Ethics 2, proposition 47 Della Rocca, Michael (2008). Spinoza (Routledge), chapter 3 Steinberg, Diane (2009). ‘Knowledge in Spinoza’s Ethics’. In Olli Koistinen, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza’s ‘Ethics’ (CUP), chapter 7 Recommended further reading: Wilson, Margaret (2006). ‘Spinoza’s Theory of Knowledge’. In Don Garrett, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza (CUP), chapter 3 Website Mapping Spinoza’s Ethics website: http://ethica.bc.edu/#/ Lecture 5: Freedom: the intellectual love of God (Spinoza) Essential reading: Spinoza, Ethics 3, proposition 35 and Scholium, Ethics 4, proposition 46, plus all other propositions, corollaries and scholia, excluding their demonstrations, in Ethics 3 and 4. Spinoza, Ethics 5, paying particular attention to Ethics 5, proposition 32 and all propositions that discuss eternity or the eternal part of the mind. Steven Nadler (2018). ‘The Intellectual Love of God’. In The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza. Ed. by M. Della Rocca, (OUP), pp. 295-313 Nadler, Steven (2006). Spinoza’s Ethics: An Introduction (CUP), chapter 9 Website Mapping Spinoza’s Ethics website: http://ethica.bc.edu/#/ Recommended further reading Susan James, ‘Power and Difference: Spinoza’s Conception of Freedom’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 4:3 (1996), 207-228 : Lecture 6: Substances (Leibniz) Essential reading: Leibniz, Monadology, §§ 1-30; 63-70 Leibniz, Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics, §§ 8-15; Leibniz, Correspondence with de Volder, Leibniz to de Volder 20 June 1703 Leibniz, 'On the Correction of Metaphysics and the Concept of Substance', Acta Eruditorum, March 1694. In Loemker, L, Philosophical Papers and Letters, 432-434. Phemister, Pauline (2001). ‘Corporeal Substances and the Discourse on Metaphysics’, Studia Leibnitiana, 33(1), 68-85 Wilson, Catherine (1989). Leibniz’s Metaphysics: a comparative and historical study, chapter 3 Essential Video Alonzi, Adam, The Life of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jib3WN5Wpps Recommended further reading: Anthony Savile, Routledge Guidebook to Leibniz and the ‘Monadology’, chapters 3 and 4 Lecture 7: Perfection and God (Leibniz) Essential reading: Leibniz, Monadology, §§ 31-59 [ 31-39 PSR] [40-52 God] [53-59 BPW] Leibniz, ‘Whether the world increases in perfection (1694-1696?)’. In Lloyd Strickland, ed., The Shorter Leibniz Texts: A Collection of New Translations (Continuum, 2006), 196-197. Look, Brandon C. (2011) ‘Grounding the Principle of Sufficient Reason: Leibnizian Rationalism and the Humean Challenge’. In Fraenkel, C., Perinetti, D., & Smith, J.E.H., eds. The Rationalists: Between Tradition and Innovation (Springer) Blumenfeld , David (1994). ‘Perfection and Happiness in the Best Possible World’. In Nicholas Jolley, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz (Cambridge, CUP), 382-410 Recommended further reading: Voltaire, Candide Rodriguez-Peyrera, Gonzalo (2018). ‘The Principles of Contradiction, Sufficient Reason, and Identity of Indiscernibles’. In Antognazza, Rosa, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz Phemister, Pauline and Lloyd Strickland (2015). ‘Leibniz’s Monadological Positive Aesthetics’, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 23(6), 1214- 1234 Strickland, Lloyd (2006). ‘Leibniz on Whether the World Increases in Perfection’, British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 14(1), 51-68. Look, Brandon C. (2018). ‘Arguments for the Existence of God’. In Antognazza, Rosa, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz Lecture 8: Bodies (Leibniz) Essential reading: Leibniz, Monadology, §§ 60-77; Leibniz, On Body and Force, Against the Cartesians Leibniz, From the letters to Johann Bernoulli Leibniz, Notes on Some Comments by Michel Angelo Fardella Phemister, Pauline (2005). Leibniz and the Natural World (Springer), chapter 4. Phemister, Pauline (2015). ‘The Souls of Seeds’. In Adrian Nita (ed.), Leibniz’s Metaphysics and Adoption of Substantial Forms, Dordrecht: Springer, 125 – 141. Essential Podcast Were my atoms once your atoms? https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cszv5r Recommended further reading: Nachtomy, Ohad (2011). ‘Leibniz on Artificial and Natural Machines; Or, What it Means to Remain a Machine to the Least of Its Parts’, in J. E. H. Smith and O. Nachtomy, eds. Machines of Nature and Corporeal Substances in Leibniz chapter 4 Phemister, Pauline (2011). ‘Monads and Machines’, in J. E. H. Smith and Ohad Nachtomy, eds. Machines of Nature and Corporeal Substances in Leibniz, chapter 3 Lecture 9: Pre-established harmony (Leibniz) Essential Reading: Leibniz, A Specimen of Dynamics, part 2 Leibniz, A Brief Demonstration of a Notable Error of Descartes and others concerning a natural law. In Loemker, L (1959), G.W. Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters (Reidel), 296-298 Leibniz, Monadology, §§ 78-90 Leibniz, Correspondence with Arnauld, Leibniz to Arnauld, 9 October 1687 Leibniz, Postscript of a letter to Basnage de Beauval (1696) Phemister, Pauline (2011). ‘Are Mind-Body Relations Natural and Intelligible? Some Early Modern Perspectives’, in Keith Allen and Tom Stoneham, eds., Causation and Modern Philosophy (2011, London: Routledge) Phemister, Pauline (2003). ‘Exploring Leibniz’s Kingdoms: A Philosophical Analysis of Nature and Grace’, Ecothology, 7(2), 126-145 Recommended further reading: Leibniz, New System of the Nature and Communication of Substances, and of the union of the Soul and Body Phemister, Pauline (2005). Leibniz and the Natural World: activity, passivity and corporeal substances in Leibniz’s philosophy, chapter 9; Lecture 10 Rational Freedom and Contingency Essential reading: Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics, section 13 Leibniz, Monadology, sections 60-62 Leibniz, On Freedom and Possibility; Leibniz, Remarks on Arnauld’s Letter about My Proposition That the Individual Notion of Each Person Includes Once and for all Everything That Will Ever Happen to Him Leibniz, On Freedom Leibniz, Letter to Coste, On Human Freedom (19 December 1707) Leibniz, Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas Spinoza, Ethics 1, propositions 16-33, Ethics 2, proposition 7 Phemister, Pauline (1991). ‘Leibniz, Freedom of Will and Rationality’, Studia Leibnitiana, 23, 25-38 Lois Frankel,
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