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HISTORY of WALES. ^ CHAP, Was Divided Into the Three Commotes of Rhuddlan, Coleshill and VIII

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HISTORY of WALES. ^ CHAP, Was Divided Into the Three Commotes of Rhuddlan, Coleshill and VIII 242 HISTORY OF WALES. ^ CHAP, was divided into the three commotes of Rhuddlan, Coleshill and VIII. Prestatyn. But it has already been shown that this district was seized by the English of Mercia not later than the end of the eighth century/* and all the evidence goes to show that the bulk of it remained in English hands until it was reconquered by Owain Gwynedd in the twelfth. Even the names of the commotes show how late was the organisation of this country as a Welsh cantref, for they bear the names of the castles built by the Normans to secure their hold upon the district. At the period which is now under consideration, Tegeingl was a part of Mercia, save perhaps the portion around Llanelwy or St. Asaph, where the bishops of this quarter of Wales maintained a precarious and uneasy footing on the storm-swept frontier be- tween the two races. It is true that nothing is known with any certainty of the history of the see before the twelfth century, but the place was then regarded as a bishop's seat of old stand- ing and some ancient title no doubt underlay the extensive claims of the successors of St. Kentigern to territorial lordship in the northern part of the Vale of Clwyd. II. The Cantrefs of Powys. Central Wales may be regarded as a broad table-land, through which rivers great and small furrow their way in winding courses to the sea, but which has few clearly marked mountain ranges or stretches of fertile plain. The ancient kingdom of Powys '^^ took in most of this region, extending in its widest limits from the neighbourhood of Mold to the river Wye, near Glasbury and Hay.'''^ It. included some productive districts, such as the lower valley of the Dee and the well-watered meadows of the upper Severn, so that its children were not altogether without warrant " in hailing it as Powys, the Eden of Wales '' P But most of it '4 Pp. 20I-2. '5 The view of Zeuss (Gr. Celt. (2), pp. 1053-4), that the name is to be con- nected with the "poues = quies" of the Oxford glosses and to be interpreted as meaning " settlement," still holds the field {Celt. Br. (2), p. 218). '6 In the " Dream of Rhonabwy " {Mah. 144) the limits of Powys are given as " oporford (i.^., Pulford, near Chester) hyt yg gwauan yg gwarthaf arwystli " (some point near Llangurig in South Montgomeryshire). But this was in the twelfth century, after the separation from the province of " Rhwng Gwy a Hafren ". 77»«pQ^ys paradwys Cymry" {^Myv. Arch. I. 114 (92); IV. Anc. Bks. ii. p. 2S9). THE TRIBAL DIVISIONS OF WALES. 243 was pastoral upland, a country well fitted to be the nurse of a CHAP, race of hardy, independent warriors, lovers of tribal freedom, haters of the sluggish and toilsome life of the lowland tiller of the soil, and tenacious holders of ancient privileges.'''^ Such were the men of Powys, inheritors of the old Brythonic tradi- tions, in whom incessant warfare with the Mercian English kept alive the ancient tribal characteristics. Tribal independence does not seem, however, in this case to have brought about the division of the country into separate chieftaincies, for, so far as the scanty records show, there was but one kingdom of Powys and this maintained its unity until it was absorbed in the kingdom of Gwynedd in the ninth cen- tury. The founder of the dynasty was one Cadell Ddyrnllug (the Blackfisted ?), a contemporary of St. Germanus.^^ He was, so the story ran, the swineherd of the tyrant King Benlli, and, when the gates of the royal stronghold were churlishly shut against the saint and his companions, offered the shelter of his cottage to the men of God and killed and dressed for their supper the calf of his solitary cow. The inevitable sequel foU lows ; fire from heaven struck the citadel of Benlli (which was probably perched on Moel Fenlli ^^ in the Clwydian range), so- that it was instantly consumed and never again rebuilt, while Cadell and his nine sons became kings of Powys. Their pro- geny still ruled the country when the Historia Brittonum, which is our authority for the legend, was composed.^^ Whatever may be the historical basis of the story, it is certain that the family which governed Powys during the period 600-850 traced their origin to Cadell. The Selyf ap Cynan who fell in the battle of Chester was his descendant in the seventh generation,^^ '^See Cynddelw's poem entitled '• Breiniau Gwyr Powys" in Myv. Arch, I. 257 (186). in "^^Hist. Britt. cc. 32-5 ; pedigrees Had. MS. 3859, as given in Cymr. ix. 179, 181, 182, with Phillimore's notes. The old Welsh " Durnluc," for which see Cymr. vii. 119, was altered at an early date (see, for example, Jesus Coll. MS. 20 in Cymr. viii. 87) to " Deyrnllwg," and thus was evolved the mythical region of Teyrnllwg, placed by lolo MSS. 86, between the Dee and (apparently) the Cumbrian Derwent. 80 The hill-fort on Moel Fenlli was occupied in the Roman period (p. 89 above) and there is a Llanarmon, under the patronage of St. Germanus, not far off. 81 " Et a semine illorum omnis regio Povisorum regitur usque in hodiernum diem " {Hist. Britt. c. 35). The passage is found in all the MSS. of the Historia. 82 p. 181. 16* 244 HISTORY OF WALES. T CHAP, and the EHse to whose memory was erected the monument VIII. popularly known as " Eliseg's Pillar" stood as his representative in the tenth.^^ Elise was the son of Gwylog and Sanan, daughter ^^ of Noe ab Arthur of Dyfed ; he flourished in the middle of the eighth century, and, so far as can be ascertained from old readings of the now obliterated inscription on his monument, waged successful war against the English. His grandson Cadell died king of Powys in 808 ^^ and was succeeded by his son Cyngen. Under Cyngen the realm of Powys was reduced to sore straits, for in 822 it was overrun by the English, but this was but a temporary check, since Cyngen, who set up the stone cross to his great-grandfather's memory, was clearly in posses- sion of lal, and speaks, indeed, of the whole realm of Powys as though it were under his sway. After a long reign he closed his career with a pilgrimage to Rome, where he died in or about 354, the last king of Powys of the line of Cadell.^^ During the period which is now being dealt with much of what was reckoned Powys in later ages was in the hands of the English. The line of Offa's Dyke not only ran through Tegeingl, but also intersected the districts known in the Middle Ages as the commotes of Ystrad Alun and Yr Hob and of Maelor, the English Bromfield ; it left little to the Welsh save moor and mountain. It would appear that the ancient home of the kings of Powys in this part of their dominions was the commote of lal, a long strip of upland which took in the western part of the valley of the Alun and abutted upon the Dee where it works its devious way through the gorges of Llangollen. Here was the hill-fort, named after Br^n, a famous figure of Celtic story,^^ which guarded the upper waters of the 83 The inscription on " Eliseg's Pillar " is only known from a transcript by Edward Llwyd. See Penn. ii. 7-10; Arch. Camb. I. i. (1846), 17, 32; VI. ix. (1909), 43-8. At present hardly a word can be read {Lap. W, 200). Romilly Allen points out that in form the monument belongs to a well-known Mercian type (Arch. Camb. V. xvi. [1899], 19). According to Phillimore, Llwyd's Elise^ is probably a misreading of Elisei, which represents Elisedrf, the old form of Elise and Elis {Cymr. ix. 181). 84 Cymr. ix. 175. 85 Harl. MS. 3859 s.a. ^^Ibid. 8' A doublet of the name Dinas Brsln appears to be preserved in Dinbren or Dinbran, the name of the township in which the castle stands. See Goss. Guide, pp. 130-1. The township is now, with the rest of the parish of Llangollen, in the Nanheudwy division of the hundred of Chirk, but appears to have been originally in lal. THE TRIBAL DIVISIONS OF WALES, 245 " " wizard stream ; here was the pillar which told of the valour CHAP, of King Elise, and here was the ancient church, Llanarmon yn ' lal, which commemorated the services of St, Germanus to the founder of the fortunes of the house of Powys.^^ lal was the heart of Northern Powys and remained in the possession of the Welsh as long as they retained their independence. Higher up the Dee was the small commote of Glyndyfrdwy, not yet rendered famous by the exploits of its great chieftain, Owen Glyndwr, and still more to the west the valley broadened out into the plain of Edeyrnion, a commote which took its name from Edern, or Eternus, ap Cunedda. No record is preserved of any dynasty deriving its origin from Edern and it is probable that the district, with the two subsidiary commotes of Dinmael and Glyndyfrdwy, was at an early date brought under the sway of the rulers of Powys. It included one important church, that of Corwen or Corfaen,^^ where there is an ancient cross of the same type as Elise's Pillar. ^^ Westward of Edeyrnion lay the border cantref ^^ of Penllyn, of which the centre was Llyn Tegid or Pimblemere,^^ now Bala Lake.
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