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Characteristics of Texas Pedestrian Crashes and Evaluation of Driver Yielding at Pedestrian Treatments

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Characteristics of Texas Pedestrian Crashes and Evaluation of Driver Yielding at Pedestrian Treatments Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA/TX-13/0-6702-1 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXAS PEDESTRIAN CRASHES AND Published: May 2014 EVALUATION OF DRIVER YIELDING AT PEDESTRIAN TREATMENTS 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Kay Fitzpatrick, Vichika Iragavarapu, Marcus A. Brewer, Dominique Lord, Report 0-6702-1 Joan Hudson, Raul Avelar, and James Robertson 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Texas A&M Transportation Institute College Station, Texas 77843-3135 11. Contract or Grant No. Project 0-6702 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation Technical Report: Research and Technology Implementation Office September 2011–August 2013 th 125 E. 11 Street 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Austin, Texas 78701-2483 15. Supplementary Notes Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Project Title: Development of Pedestrian Crash Countermeasures and Appropriate Crash Reduction Factors (CRFs) URL: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6702-1.pdf 16. Abstract For Texas, the average number of pedestrian fatalities for 2007 to 2011 is about 400 per year. Due to the high number of pedestrian crashes, Texas is considered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to be a “focus” state. Researchers found that 2 percent of all Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT)-reportable traffic crashes and 15 percent of all TxDOT-reportable fatal crashes were pedestrian related. Most non-fatal crashes are associated with daylight, at intersections, and on city streets, whereas most fatal crashes are associated with dark conditions, midblock locations, and high-speed roadways. Twenty-one percent of all fatal TxDOT-reportable pedestrian crashes occurred on freeways—a location where pedestrians are least expected. Additional research into how to address pedestrian crashes, especially freeway crashes, is needed, perhaps using FHWA’s new systematic safety project selection tool. In the past decade, the pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB) and rectangular rapid-flashing beacon (RRFB) have shown great potential in improving driver yielding rates and conditions for crossing pedestrians. Researchers conducted a field study at 7 traffic control signal (TCS) sites, 22 RRFB sites, and 32 PHB sites in Texas with the effectiveness measure being the percent of drivers yielding to a staged pedestrian. Results showed that driver yielding rates varied by type of treatment. Overall, TCSs in Texas have the highest driver yielding rates (98 percent), followed by PHBs (89 percent) and RRFBs (86 percent). Those cities with a greater number of a particular device (i.e., Austin for the PHB and Garland for the RRFB) had higher driver yielding rates as compared to cities where the device was only used at a few crossings. Also, as drivers became more familiar with the PHB, a greater proportion yielded, perhaps because they gained a better understanding of expectations or requirements over time. As part of this study, researchers conducted a before-and-after field study at four RRFB sites and one PHB site to identify the changes in driver yielding and selected pedestrian behaviors resulting from installing these treatments at previously untreated crosswalks. The installations resulted in noticeable improvement in the number of yielding vehicles. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Pedestrian Crashes, Pedestrian Treatments, Funding, No restrictions. This document is available to the public Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon, Rectangular Rapid-Flashing through NTIS: Beacon National Technical Information Service Alexandria, Virginia 22312 http://www.ntis.gov 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 290 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXAS PEDESTRIAN CRASHES AND EVALUATION OF DRIVER YIELDING AT PEDESTRIAN TREATMENTS by Kay Fitzpatrick, Ph.D., P.E. Senior Research Engineer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Vichika Iragavarapu, P.E. Assistant Research Engineer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Marcus A. Brewer, P.E. Associate Research Engineer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Dominique Lord, Ph.D., P.Eng. Associate Professor, Texas A&M University Joan Hudson, P.E. Associate Research Engineer, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Raul Avelar, Ph.D. Associate Research Scientist, Texas A&M Transportation Institute and James Robertson Graduate Assistant Research, Texas A&M Transportation Institute Report 0-6702-1 Project 0-6702 Project Title: Development of Pedestrian Crash Countermeasures and Appropriate Crash Reduction Factors (CRFs) Performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration Published: May 2014 TEXAS A&M TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE College Station, Texas 77843-3135 DISCLAIMER The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official view or policies of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) or the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The United States Government and the State of Texas do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The engineer in charge was Kay Fitzpatrick, P.E. (TX-86762). v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was conducted in cooperation with TxDOT and FHWA. The authors thank the members of TxDOT’s Project Monitoring Committee: Debra Vermillion, TxDOT Traffic Operations Division, project advisor. Amanda Martinez, TxDOT Traffic Operations Division, project advisor. Christopher Lindsey, TxDOT Design Division, project advisor. Scott Cunningham, TxDOT Austin District, project director. Steve Higgins, TxDOT Bryan District, project director. Wade Odell, P.E., TxDOT Research and Technology Implementation Office, research engineer. Cary Choate, TxDOT Research and Technology Implementation Office, project manager. Darrin Jensen, TxDOT Research and Technology Implementation Office, project manager. The authors also thank the following Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI) employees who provided guidance or assistance during the project, assisted with data collection, or performed data reduction for the studies on this project: Amanda Martin, student worker. Blanca Garcia, student worker. Carla Beltran, student worker. Chris White, student worker. Colleen Dau, lead office assistant. Dan Walker, assistant research specialist. Daren Mieles, student worker. Diana Wallace, research technician. Gary Barricklow, research technician. Hadi Khazraee Khoshroozi, graduate student. Hailey Minter, student worker. Jared Buckler, student worker. Jesse Ortega, research assistant. Martin Fuest, student worker. Mehdi Azimi, graduate student. Michael Pratt, assistant research engineer. Ross Langdale, student worker. Sarah Motes, student worker. Seth Cole, student technician. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Research Objectives .................................................................................................................. 1 Report Organization .................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW – PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS .............. 3 Pedestrians ................................................................................................................................ 3 Reasons for Walking or Not Walking ................................................................................. 3 Settings (Urban versus Rural) ............................................................................................. 4 Pedestrian Walking Speed .................................................................................................. 4 Pedestrian Space Requirements .......................................................................................... 4 Pedestrian Age .................................................................................................................... 5 Facility Preferences ................................................................................................................... 6 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW – SAFETY EVALUATIONS .................................. 7 Factors Contributing to Pedestrian Crashes .............................................................................. 7 Pedestrian Crash Types ............................................................................................................. 7 Predicting Pedestrian Crashes ..................................................................................................
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