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Religiöse Minderheiten in Israel

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Religiöse Minderheiten in Israel Religiöse Minderheiten in Israel Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Naturwissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Anna Christina SCHRIEBL am Institut für Geographie und Raumforschung Begutachter: Ao. Univ. Prof. Dr. ČEDE, Peter Graz, 2019 Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre eidesstattlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Gender-Klausel Aus Gründen der Textökonomie werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit weibliche Formen nicht explizit angeführt. An dieser Stelle wird jedoch ausdrücklich darauf hingewiesen, dass sich alle personenbezogenen Formulierungen grundsätzlich gleichermaßen auf Frauen und Männer beziehen. _______________________ ________________________ Ort, Datum Anna Christina Schriebl Vorwort Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit mit dem Titel „Religiöse Minderheiten in Israel“ ist die Abschlussarbeit meines Lehramtsstudiums der Unterrichtsfächer Biologie und Umweltkunde und Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz. Im Rahmen meines Studiums absolvierte ich im Jahr 2017 das geographische Seminar „Israel“ und im Jahr 2018 eine geographische Exkursion nach Israel. Seither setze ich mich zunehmend mit der Rolle Israels im Nahen Osten auseinander. Seit dem Jahr 2015 engagiere ich mich freiwillig bei der Hilfe von geflüchteten Menschen. Im Zuge meines Studiums habe ich Grundkenntnisse in der arabischen Sprache erworben, die auch hier Einsatz finden. Mein Interesse an anderen Kulturen spiegelt sich bei der Thematik dieser Diplomarbeit wider. Durch das lehrreiche Seminar und die äußerst interessante Exkursion vermittelte mir mein Diplomarbeitsbetreuer, Herr Professor Peter Čede, das Basiswissen dieser Arbeit. Im Zuge der Gestaltung imponierte er mir durch sein eigenes Interesse an der Thematik und unterstützte mich in zahlreichen Sprechstunden mit seiner zuvorkommenden und kompetenten Art. Dafür möchte ich mich bei ihm ausdrücklich bedanken. Das größte Dankeschön gilt meinen Eltern Christine und Eduard Schriebl, die mir das Studium ermöglichten und mich tatkräftig und motivierend unterstützten. Obwohl mein Papa die letzten Jahre meines Studiums nicht mehr miterleben konnte, hat er mir die Basis für meine Zukunft gelegt. Sein Vertrauen in mich gibt mir noch immer Kraft! Weiters zu erwähnen ist mein Bruder Paul, der meine Diplomarbeit Probe gelesen und mich in jeglicher Hinsicht bestärkt hat und meine Schwester Iris. Ein großes Dankeschön gilt auch meinen Großeltern, die mir immer hilfsbereit zur Seite standen. Ein weiterer Dank gilt meinen Freundinnen und Freunden, allen voran Birgit Luttenberger, Tamara König, Nathalie Größ, Mario Poglitsch, Florian Freidorfer, Dominic Fuchs und Eric Merkus, die mich während meiner gesamten Studienzeit motiviert und unterstützt haben. I Zusammenfassung Der Staat Israel stellt das einzige Land der Welt dar, dessen Mehrheit der Bevölkerung dem jüdischen Glauben angehört. Bei der Staatsgründung im Jahr 1948 wurde durch die Unabhängigkeitserklärung das Recht auf die volle soziale und politische Gleichberechtigung aller Bürger ohne Unterschied der Religion, der Rasse und des Geschlechts gewährt. Zudem wurde die Freiheit des Glaubens, des Gewissens, der Sprache, der Erziehung und der Kultur garantiert. Neben der jüdischen Bevölkerung existieren noch viele weitere Religionsgemeinschaften in Israel, die trotz dieser Erklärung einen anderen Status als die jüdische Mehrheit einnehmen. Ungefähr 20% der israelischen Bevölkerung sind nichtjüdisch und gehören den verschiedensten religiösen, ethnischen und nationalen Minderheiten an. In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit werden die religiösen Minderheiten in Israel behandelt. Über die Religionsgemeinschaften der Drusen, Samaritaner und Karäer erfolgt eine ausführliche Beschreibung ihrer Entstehung, Lehre und Glaubensinhalte. Neben einem historischen Überblick der Bedeutung der Minderheiten in Israel wird auch auf die aktuelle Situation der drei Glaubensgemeinschaften eingegangen, die sich vor allem im letzten Jahr zunehmend verändert hat. Durch die Unterzeichnung des Nationalitätengesetzes im Jahr 2018, welches den jüdischen Charakter des Staates Israel festschreibt, begann sich die Lage der Minderheiten zu wandeln. Aufgrund dieses Gesetzes kam es im letzten Jahr zu zahlreichen Protesten der nichtjüdischen Bevölkerung. Vor allem die Drusen, die der israelischen Wehrpflicht nachkommen und den Staat Israel schon während der Gründung unterstützten, fühlen sich nun als „Bürger zweiter Klasse“ abgestempelt. II Abstract The state of Israel is the only country in the world whose majority of the population is Jewish. When the state was founded in 1948, the proclamation of independence granted the right to full social and political equality for all citizens regardless of religion, race or gender. In addition, the freedom of faith, conscience, language, education and culture was guaranteed. Beside the Jewish population, there are many other religious communities in Israel, which, despite this declaration, have a different status than the Jewish majority. About 20% of the Israeli population is non-Jewish and belongs to a wide range of religious, ethnic and national minorities. This diploma thesis deals with the religious minorities in Israel. There is a detailed discription of the formation, doctrine and beliefs of the religious communities of the Druze, Samaritans and Karaites. In addition to a historical overview of the importance of minorities in Israel, the current situation of the three faith communities is described, which has changed increasingly, especially in the last year. Because of the signing of the nationality law in 2018, which establishes the Jewish character of the state of Israel, the situation of the minorities has begun to change. Because of this law, numerous protests of the non-Jewish population occurred last year. Especially the Druze, who comply with the Israeli conscription and already supported the state of Israel during its founding, now feel labeled as a "second-class citizens". III Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort .................................................................................................................... I Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................. II Abstract ................................................................................................................. III Inhaltsverzeichnis ................................................................................................. IV Abbildungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................... VIII Tabellenverzeichnis .............................................................................................. IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................ IX 1 Einleitung ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung ................................................................................ 1 1.2 Arbeitsgrundlagen und Arbeitsmethodik .................................................................... 2 1.3 Anmerkungen zur Schreibweise ................................................................................. 2 2 Begriffsdefinitionen ...................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Minderheit ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Religiöse Minderheit ................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Ethnie .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Gruppe ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.5 Religiöse Gruppe ........................................................................................................ 7 2.6 Identität ....................................................................................................................... 7 3 Die Religionsgeographie .............................................................................................. 8 3.1 Stellung der Religionsgeographie ............................................................................... 8 3.2 Religion im Kontext der Wissenschaften.................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Definition von Religion ........................................................................................... 9 3.2.2 Aspekte des religiösen Lebens ................................................................................. 9 3.2.3 Klassifikation von Religionen ................................................................................ 10 IV 3.3 Stellung der Religion in der Gesellschaft ................................................................. 12 3.3.1 Religion und Gemeinschaft ...................................................................................
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