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Archeology of the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistoric to Late Antiquity: Greece, Egypt, Near East”

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Archeology of the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistoric to Late Antiquity: Greece, Egypt, Near East” UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN Postgraduate Program of the University of the Aegean “Archeology of the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistoric to Late Antiquity: Greece, Egypt, Near East” POSTGRADUATE DISSERTATION Anubis: The God’s Manifestation in the Iconographical and Literary Sources of the Pharaonic Period Antoniadou Christina N.R.: msmarch15004 Rhodes, 2018 1 UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN Postgraduate Program of the University of the Aegean “Archeology of the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistoric to Late Antiquity: Greece, Egypt, Near East” POSTGRADUATE DISSERTATION Antoniadou Christina N.R.: msmarch15004 Supervisor: Panagiotis Kousoulis, Assosiate Professor of University of Aeg ean Advisory Committee: Stefanakis Emmanouil, Associate Professor Syropoylos Spyridon, Associate Professor Rhodes, 2018 2 [To become] Christina. I am the daughter of the builder, he who watches over the door, Dimit(ris), lord of the house in Drama, the lord of Pontus, (and) the daughter of the housemistress, Agathi, she who is beside the night bier, she who cooks the divine meals, foremost of Asia. […] the sister of the scribe (and) the immortal-eagle (and) the wife of chief worker of the ancestors. 3 ACKNOLEDGMENTS Writing this thesis, as it is logical, was time-consuming and stressful. With its completion, the second stage of my university life ends with all the necessary equipment for a new start ... a new pursuit. All this would not be feasible, without the support of my parents, Demetris and Agathi, and my life-partner, Thomas, whom I neglected to complete this cycle of my life. I would like to thank Dr. Panayiotis Kousoulis, who supported my project, my two professors, Dr Stefanakis Emmanouil and Dr Syropoulos Spyridon, as well as my friends Christos, Angeliki for their valuable corrections. I owe a big thank you to Dreven, who provided me with bibliographic materials, Ms Kapantzoglou Dimitra Soultana for her help with the editing and Haris for his psychological support. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOLEDGMENTS .............................................................................. 4 TABLE OF FIGURES ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. CANID-HEADED HIEROGLYPHICS ....................................................... 13 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... 15 1. CANIDS AND THE CANID-HEADED DIVINITIES ................................ 18 1.1 Canids and Canids’ Cult .................................................................. 18 1.2 Canid-headed Divinities .................................................................. 20 1.2.1. Wepwawet .................................................................. 20 1.2.2. Khentamentiu ........................................................... 21 1.2.3. Duamutef .................................................................... 21 1.2.4. Seth ............................................................................. 22 1.2.5. Anupet ...................................................................... 22 1.2.6. Wepiu ........................................................................ 23 1.2.7. Sed ................................................................................ 23 1.2.8. The Souls of Pe and Nekhnen .................................. 23 1.2.9. Anubis ..................................................................... 24 FIGURES .............................................................................................. 30 2. THE MANIFESTATIONS OF ANUBIS THROUGH HIS ICONOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS ............................................................................. 32 2.1 Art in General ................................................................................. 32 2.1.1. The two-dimensional art .............................................................. 32 2.1.2 The three-dimensional art ............................................................. 35 2.2 From the Canines to Anubis’s Iconography ......................................... 37 2.2.1 Funerary manifestations ................................................................ 42 2.2.2. Rebirth manifestations: Anubis with the lunar disk .......................... 45 2.2.3. Anubis’s alternative manifestations ............................................... 46 2.2.4. General manifestations: Anubis in different postures and gestures ..... 48 2.3 The feature variation ........................................................................ 54 FIGURES .............................................................................................. 57 3. THE MANIFESTATIONS OF ANUBIS IN THE LITERARY SOURCES .... 68 3.1 Divine Epithets of Anubis in the Literary Sources ............................... 68 5 3.1.1. Natural epithets .......................................................................... 68 3.1.2. Situational epithets ..................................................................... 72 3.2 Anubis in the Literary Sources .......................................................... 74 3.2.1. Old Kingdom: Anubis in Pyramid Texts .......................................... 74 3.2.2. First Intermediate Period to Middle Kingdom: Anubis in Coffin Texts 80 3.2.3. Middle Kingdom: The Book of Two Ways ....................................... 83 3.2.4. Second Intermediate Period (17 t h Dynasty) to Late Period: Anubis in Book of the Dead ................................................................................. 84 3.2.5. New Kingdom: Anubis in other Afterlife books ............................... 86 3.2.6. New Kingdom: The Tale of the Two Brothers (Papyrus d’ Orbinaey) ... 88 3.2.7. Ptolemaic Period: Jumilhac Papyrus............................................... 90 FIGURES .............................................................................................. 93 4. PRIESTS, RITUALS-FESTIVALS AND RITUAL OBJECTS .................... 95 4.1. Priests ............................................................................................ 95 4.2. Rituals-Festvals associated with Anubis .......................................... 100 4.2.1. Anubis and the weighing of the hearts ritual…………………………….100 4.2.2. Anubis and mummification ritual…………………………………………..101 4.2.3. Anubis and the “Opening of the Mouth” ritual…………………………..104 4.2.4. Festivals associated with Anubis………….……………………………….106 4.3. Ritual objects ............................................................................... 106 FIGURES ............................................................................................ 112 5. DIVINE DWELLINGS AND CEMETRIES ........................................... 116 5.1. Divine dwellings ......................................................................... 116 5.2. Cemetries ................................................................................... 117 FIGURES .......................................................................................... 1129 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 122 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................. 126 6 ABBREVIATIONS A E A Les Amis de l'Égypte Ancienne A IA Archaeological Institute of America A MIC A Art Museum Images from Cartography Asswociate B A A M The Bibliotheca Alexandrina Antiquities M us eum B C Book of Caverns B D Book of the Dead B G Book of Gates B I Bridgeman Images B M The British Museum C MA The Cleveland Museum of Art CN 360o Cities Net CT Coffin Texts DC Describing Egypt E C Egypt Centre - Canolfan Eifftaidd GE M The Global Egyptian Museum HMA Harrogate Museum and Arts JA RC E Journal of the American Research Center in E g yp t JE A The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology KT U Keilalphabetische Texte aus Ugarit MA A Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry MA M Milwaukee Art Museum ME T The Metropolitan Museum of Art MA F Museum of Fine Arts Boston P T Pyramid Texts T MP Thebean Mapping Project TT B The Tale of the Τwo Brothers UE E UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology WMA The Walters Art Museum 7 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. Wepwawet on standard ............................................................... 30 Figure 2. Den’s seal ................................................................................ 30 Figure 3. Duamutef and Imsety on canopic box ............................................ 30 Figure 4. Thutmose III taught by Set the archery ........................................ 31 Figure 5. Statue of Hathor, Menkaure and Anupet (4th Dynasty) .................... 31 Figure 6. Inherkhau in front of Souls of Nekkhen ........................................ 31 Figure 7. Gebelein. White Cross-lined bowl ................................................ 57 Figure 8. Gebel Tarif knife ...................................................................... 57 Figure 9 Detail. Hunting scene with canids (?) from tomb 100 in Hierakonpoli 57 Figure 10. Detail. Lion and canid (?) from tomb 100 in Hierakonpolis ............ 57 Figure 11. Canid and bird (falcon?). Tomb Uj at Abydos .............................. 57 Figure 12. Seal from Tomb U-j at Abydos ................................................... 58 Figure 13. Seal from the mortuary temple of Senwosret III ........................... 58 Figure 14. Canines in henu gesture (?). Naqqada I ....................................... 58 Figure 15. Souls of Nekhen ...................................................................... 58 Figure 16. 2 n d Dynasty’s bowl fragment
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