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Modelling Cranial Gunshot Wounds and Backspatter
MODELLING CRANIAL GUNSHOT WOUNDS AND BACKSPATTER Gemma Elizabeth Radford A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science At the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. December 2009 II Abstract Bloodspatter from gunshot wounds may be divided into two categories; forward spatter and backspatter. Forward spatter is ejected from the exit wound and travels in the same direction as the bullet. Backspatter on the other hand is ejected from the entrance wound and travels against the line of fire, back towards the shooter. This means it is commonly deposited on the hand of the shooter or the firearm, making it a critical piece of evidence when determining the manner of death. Despite this fact, research in this area is limited and no realistic synthetic model for studying backspatter has been documented in the literature. This project was initiated in response to this, in an attempt to create a realistic cranial model that could produce backspatter from a gunshot wound. A pig head model was developed, as it could be validated unlike a human model. This model consisted of synthetic skin, soft tissue and bone layers which completely enclosed a volume of gelatine to represent the brain. The model was tested at a firing range, along with butchered pig heads and live pigs and the results were compared. A high-speed camera was used to film each shot, in order to record key events in slow motion. The resultant wounds, the high-speed videos, and the backspatter produced were analysed and compared. The model was comparable with pigs in relation to the backspatter produced and there were also similarities between the resultant wounds. -
Safe Use of Smokeless Powder for Small Arms
Safe Use of Smokeless Powder for Small Arms Propellant is designed to create gas when burned. The speed by which it creates gas is what we call, “Burn Rate”. You will hear about “faster powders” or “slower powders”. These descriptions refer ONLY to the rate at which relative propellants create gas. The burn rate of a propellant is controlled by surface area of the individual grains, density, particle size, energetic content, and burn rate modifiers (deterrents). It is impossible to tell the burn rate of a propellant by its physical traits alone. Burn rates of a propellant must be matched to the chamber and bore dimensions of a firearm, and the weight and resistance of a projectile. Many additional variables contribute to the correct balance of propellant burn rate and firearm requirements. Experts test these variables, using pressure-test barrels, and fired remotely. It is unwise and potentially dangerous for individuals to develop loads outside of established recipes. We call this, “Tickling the dragons belly”, and strongly advise against the practice. The ballistic output of your loaded rounds WILL change from many variables. Among them: Case length, case volume, primer type and brand, primer seating depth, temperature, altitude, atmospheric pressure, projectile weight, projectile seating depth, projectile form, projectile material, internal case capacity, propellant burn rate, charge weight, moisture contamination, residual solvent, bore conditions, case hardness, mouth crimp, bullet-pull, load length, powder lot, primer lot, projectile lot, firing pin or hammer force, and firearm. Propellants that look very similar, when loaded in a cartridge, can lead to disastrous results. Therefore, ensure your own safety by diligently following safe reloading practices. -
Flashless Propellants (1948)
UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER ADA493390 CLASSIFICATION CHANGES TO: UNCLASSIFIED FROM: RESTRICTED LIMITATION CHANGES TO: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Document partially illegible. FROM: Distribution authorized to DoD only; Foreign Government Information; NOV 1948. Other requests shall be referred to British Embassy, 3100 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008. Document partially illegible. AUTHORITY DSTL ltr dtd 16 Feb 2007; DSTL ltr dtd 16 Feb 2007 THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED of RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT '’’his document contains technical information cf foreign origin, 'Tu: i itiUi.'ii, so long M it remains classified, is not to be u.s I distlo..cd in any mtnner likely to prcjudb-e th t rights of «•><• mi. intdor to obtain patent protection in respect tliwcof. i' i i -desired to use or dirclose the inforinatjo.i in any 1:1 inner hi. s:> to prejudice the i ights ot the hiiginator then i.lie (>iU.» 01 f; .-.d Intelligence will be notified of such iitond < use or tiisc.o re mid such use or di -closure shall not !>■ eifot tej until a.liu.l I s be n obt,- in-d 1 ; the Que • f sirs! Intel „ are f ■ • ir <C ( in. h he u ■ cf r s ii >.t_it. >.r f r ' . ’ ■ p-r|«'s s I'-' । the Nnti’ r.nl MUitiugr l-T-rrsS v ■■ < ’;r * d to be prejudicial to any proprietary ioa.stai^s t.. it. try exist. Flashless propellants J.N, PRING This document contains technical information of foreign origin. The information, so long os it remains classified, is nut to be. -
Intro to Reloading
Intro to Reloading This introductory manual will cover the basics of handloading ammunition. It will include information regarding necessary equipment, required materials, and the reloading process. This is not intended to be a comprehensive guide. Reloading is an in-depth, complex subject. This guide is a starting point for absolute beginners. Further information should be sought out for your specific calibers you are reloading, your specific brand and models of equipment, and your specific reloading components and materials. Follow all instructions that come with your equipment and materials. When someone who has never reloaded their own ammo looks into it, the needed equipment list is daunting and expensive. It is the intention of this guide to make reloading seem easy and accessible. Anyone, even children, can reload ammunition if shown the steps. My 8 year old is more than eager to help me de-prime, drop powder, or resize shells. Hopefully the knowledge presented here will increase your confidence when it comes to starting your reloading journey. [2] Socialistra.org Why Reload? Self Sufficiency: A decade ago, the generally accepted wisdom was “You will always be able to find .22lr. You will always be able to find .223. You will always be able to find .30-06. You will always be able to find XYZ.” After Sandy Hook in 2012, that all changed. For YEARS afterward, certain kinds of ammo were simply non-existent on store shelves. In this Time of Trump, it may not seem to make sense to spend $.10-$.25 more on each round you would make vs just buying the factory ammo. -
"Gunshot Wounds" In
Shotgun shells loaded with rubber or plastic pellets Gunshot Wounds are designed for self-defense or for police riot-control purposes [1]. The cylindrical barrel may be slightly tapered toward the muzzle end (choke bore) in order Introduction to keep the discharged shot in a tighter spread over a longer distance. Firearm injuries are regarded as a special form of blunt trauma. The damage to the organism is caused by the impact of a single projectile (or a multitude Caliber of pellets) propelled from a barrel by high-pressure On the one hand, the term caliber represents the combustion gases and striking the body at a high diameter of the bore, and, on the other hand, the velocity. Gunshot wounds, in a broader sense, are bullet diameter. For metric calibers, the caliber spec- also lesions caused by blank-cartridge weapons as ifications are nominal values usually based on the well as injuries due to livestock stunners, stud guns diameter of the lands (maximum diametrical distance used in the construction industry, and similar devices. between the lands in the barrel). Most projectiles have a somewhat larger diameter. Example: The caliber Weapons and Ammunition 7.65 mm Browning has a land diameter of 7.63 mm, whereas the bullet diameter is 7.85 mm. The Anglo- Weapon Types American caliber specifications (in inches with 1 in. corresponding to 25.4 mm) are based rather on the Firearms enable the user to hit a target from a dis- tance. Depending on the weapon type (see Firearms: bullet diameter. Overview), a distinction is made between handguns In pistols, the predominant calibers are 6.35 mm, (short-barreled firearms for use with one hand: pis- 7.65 mm, 9 mm, and .45 in, whereas in revolvers the tols, revolvers) and long arms (portable long-barreled main calibers are .32, .357, .38, and .44 in. -
Modern Guns and Smokeless Powder
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage 1S91 /\:,JM^n? ^I'tClfl ofseo Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030760072 : : MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. ARTHUR RIGG JAMES GARVIE. LONDON E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND. NEW YORK SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 12, CORTLANDT STREET. 1892. MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. PART I. INTRODUCTION. Gunpowder, the oldest of all explosives, has been the subject of many scientific investigations, sup- ported by innumerable experiments ; but Nature guards her secrets well ; and to this day it cannot be said that the cycle of chemical changes brought about by the combustion of gunpowder is thoroughly understood. Its original components vary, but are generally about 75 parts potassium nitrate, 15 parts carbon, and 10 parts sulphur, with other ingredients some- times added. These materials, when simply mixed together, burn with considerable vigour, but cannot rank as an explosive until they have been thoroughly incorporated, so that the different molecules are brought into such close proximity that each finds a neighbour ready and willing to combine on the smallest encouragement. Heat furnishes the necessary stimulus, by pro- 2 MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. moting chemical activity ; and, when combined with concussion, the molecules are driven closer to- gether, and this intimate association accelerates their combination. The effect of mere concussion is shown to greater advantage when any of the more dangerous ex- plosives, such as iodide of nitrogen, are subjected to experiment. -
Winchester® Components Catalog
WINCHESTER® COMPONENTS CATALOG Winchester® Powder . .02 Winchester® Primers . .03 Winchester® Wads & Shot . .04 Shotshell Reloading Data . .07 Winchester® Centerfire Rifle Data . .12 Winchester® Centerfire Handgun Data . .20 Winchester® Warnings . .25 Winchester ® Powders WST Target shotshell and standard velocity handgun propellant. Ideal for use in 45 Auto match applications. Consistent,clean, low flash and smoke are benefits to the shooter. Powder of choice for reloading AA shells. 231 As the most popular reload propellant, 231 is a pistol powder ideally suited to the 38 Special, 45 auto, and 9mm standard loads. Consistency, clean burning, low flash, and a broad range of applications make this a powder of choice on any pistol cartridge reloader’s shelf. WSF Super-Field® propellant is the propellant of choice for Winchester 20 gauge AA® Target Load and 12 gauge 3 3/4 dram equivalent Super-X® load. WSF is an ideal choice to maximize velocities in 12 gauge 1 1/8 oz. and 1 1/4 oz. loads. Super-Field also performs well in 38 Super, 9mm and 40 S&W pistol loads. Excellent propellant for fast shooting action pistol applications. 296 This propellant was developed for Winchester factory loaded ammunition for 357 magnum, 44 magnum and 410 bore. Its high loading density provides optimal velocity. 296 is also the powder type used by Winchester for factory loaded 410 bore AA loads. However, 296 is not suitable for most rifle cartridges. 748 748 is the powder of choice by Winchester and the U.S. military for 5.56mm and 223 Rem. ammunition. The low flame temperature of 748 extends barrel life versus other similar speed powders. -
Bullet Holes and Chemical Residues in Shooting Cases Joseph T
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 31 Article 13 Issue 4 November-December Winter 1940 Bullet Holes and Chemical Residues in Shooting Cases Joseph T. Walker Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Joseph T. Walker, Bullet Holes and Chemical Residues in Shooting Cases, 31 Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 497 (1940-1941) This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. BULLET HOLES AND CHEMICAL RESIDUES IN SHOOTING CASES Joseph T. Walkert Several new and important objec- value in reconstructing the circum- tives are introduced when the medico- stances surrounding the shooting and legal post-mortem examination of the in apprehending the responsible per- victim of a gunshot injury is under- son can hardly be over-estimated. taken. In ordinary practice an autopsy Observations bearing on the answers is performed to secure information of to questions proposed in the preceding medical or scientific interest. In medico- paragraph fall in three categories. legal practice it is performed primarily In the first category are the physical to determine, for legal purposes, the characteristics of the wounds. Excel- cause of death. Although both of these lent descriptions of wounds are to be objectives are important, many medical found in many of the more recent text- examiners and investigating officers are books on legal medicine (84) (85). -
Firearm and Toolmark Section Quality Manual
FIREARM AND TOOLMARK SECTION QUALITY MANUAL DIRECTOR: KERMIT B. CHANNELL, II Document: FA-DOC-01 [ID: 1780, rev 18] Revision date: 10/30/2020 Approved by: Channell, Kermit, Moran, Cindy, Mullen, Rebecca, Black, Ryan Page 1 of 106 CONTENTS 1 Scope......................................................................................................................................................................................7 1.1 International Standard: General Requirements........................................................................................7 1.2 International Standard: Scope ..........................................................................................................................7 1.2.1 ANAB Program...............................................................................................................................................7 2 Normative References....................................................................................................................................................8 3 Terms and Definitions....................................................................................................................................................9 4 General Requirements.................................................................................................................................................10 4.1 Impartiality.............................................................................................................................................................10 -
2016 Breer Andrew 1253669
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ British Industrial Policy Concerning the Heavy Ordnance Industry, 1900–1917 Breer, Andrew Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 British Industrial Policy Concerning the Heavy Ordnance Industry, 1900–1917 A Thesis Presented in Fulfilment for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Subject of WAR STUDIES By Andrew Breer King’s College, London University of London September 2015 Word Count: 99,865 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... -
Winchester Reloading Manuals
15th Edition Reloader’s Manual What’s it take to manufacture the world’s finest ammunition? The world’s finest components. Winchester understands the demands of shooters and hunters want- ing to develop the “perfect load.” You can rest assured that every Winchester ammu- nition component is made to meet and exceed the most demanding requirements and performance standards in the world– yours. Winchester is the only manufacturer which backs up its data with over 125 years of experience in manufacturing rifle, handgun and shotshell ammunition.The data in this booklet are the culmination of very extensive testing which insures the reloader the best possible results. This 15th edition contains more than 150 new recipes, including AA Plus® Ball Powder® propellant, WAA12L wad, 9x23 Winchester and 454 Casull. This information is presented to furnish the reloader with current data for reloading shotshell and centerfire rifle and handgun ammunition. It is not a textbook on how to reload, but rather a useful reference list of recommended loads using Winchester® components. TABLE OF CONTENTS Warnings Read Before using Data. 2 Components Section. 6 Shotshell Reloading. 12 Shotshell Data. 17 Powder Bushing Information. 25 Metallic Cartridge Reloading. 33 Rifle Data. 35 Handgun Data. 42 Ballistic Terms and Definitions. 51 TRADEMARK NOTICE AA Plus, AA, Action Pistol, Fail Safe, Lubalox, Lubaloy, Silvertip, Super-Field, Super-Lite, Super-Match, Super-Target, Super-X, Xpert and Winchester are registered trademarks of Olin Corporation. Magnum Rifle, and Upland, are trademarks of Olin Corporation. Ball Powder is a registered trademark of Primex Technologies, Inc. © 1997 Winchester Group, Olin Corporation, East Alton, IL 62024 1 WARNINGS Read before using data The shotshell and metallic cartridge data in this booklet supersede all previous data published for Ball Powder® smokeless propellants. -
Gunshot Wounds Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques Second Edition
Gunshot Wounds Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques Second Edition by Vincent J. M. DiMaio, M.D. ©1999 CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are only used for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-8163-0 Printed in the United