6 X 10.Long.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85021-6 - Morality and Behaviour in Democratic Athens: A Social History Gabriel Herman Index More information

Index

Abderites 109 Agamemnon 262 abstractions, deified 337–9 Agathe Tyche 338 see also, Demokratia; Eirene; Agathe Tyche; agencies, coercive see state Peitho; Ploutos; Eros; Nemesis; Themis; aggression Pheme; Zeus Philios affective 179 Achilles 186, 262, 265, 268, 281 product of natural selection 163 Acropolis 40(Fig. 2.1), 47, 53, 226, 253, 330 instrumental 179 (Fig. 9.10), 332(Fig. 9.11), 339 displacement of 369 actions 193, 265 learned 160 as evidence 106, 119–20 natural 7 collective 392–402 see also, blood-feud; cruelty; hurt; and co-operation and/or conflict 119 provocation; violence; state and ideas forming a unity 16, 107, 133 agon 90 ideas translated into 367 agora 54(Fig. 2.6), 55, 58, 59(Fig. 2.7), 68, 70, oriented to the transcendental 313(Fig. 9.1) 174, 244, 253, 256, 384(Fig. 10.2), 386 and moral norms 101 plan of 45(Fig. 2.2b), 59(Fig. 2.7) and motives 103 honest dealing in 270, 386, 388(Fig. 10.3), and words 12–15 387–8 objective, digital and unique 98–9 see also, weights and measures Acton, Lord 92 of Hippodamus 253, 256 Adams, John 87 statue of tyrannicides in 333 Adkins, A. W. H. 94, 121, 126, 183, see also, Harmodius and Aristogeiton 333 archers stationed on 231(Fig. 7.5) adultery 9, 176, 177, 179 agoranomoi 387 adynatoi, see disabled Agraulus, Herse, Pandrosus 329–31, 332 Aegisthus 263 (Fig. 9.11) Aelianus, Claudius 285 aidesis 295 Aeschines 145 as Tit for two tats in IPD 404–5 and Demosthenes 141, 251(Fig. 7.8) aidos 102, 163, 165 Against Ctesiphon 333 see also, shame Against Timarchus 282(Fig. 8.5), 385 Albania, see society, Albanian On the Embassy 144, 250, 293, 319 Alcibiades 66, 226, 254, 343, 354 (Fig. 9.5) Alcidamas 58 Aeschylus 81, 128, 266 Allen, D. S. 238 Libation-Bearers 128 allotment machine 64, 138(Fig. 4.1) Oresteia 127, 128, 197 see also bribery; lots, selection by Tit for two tats in IPD 405 altruism 11–12, 29, 34, 36 Persae 370 at Athens 395 Suppliant Maidens 218 cultural explanation of 355–9 Aesop 186 definition of 348 Aetolians 109 genetic explanation of 355

454

Index 455

see also, Darwin, Charles; help; Tit for two on the sea 41 tats; patriotism; reciprocity; saints on lending to friends 36 altruistic behaviour/help, see altruism on people ‘differing in kind’ 29 amnesty (of 403) 92, 214, 276, 396–8 on the state as arena of conflicts 29 as Tit for two tats in IPD 403–4 on law, written and unwritten 18 see also, Athenian Constitution; democrats; on katharsis 289 dikasts; Plato; provocation on hoplites and democracy 245–6 amulets 307(Fig. 8.10), 308 on Cleisthenic ‘tribes’ 336 see also, curse tablets on political organisation 391 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae 59(Fig. 2.7), 174, 311 on revenge 131–2, 198 Anaximander 186 on escalation of conflicts 212–13 Andocides 18, 253, 254, 255–6, 397–8 on sovereignty 217–18, 219 On the Mysteries 253 Solon 136 Antinous 262 on the ‘outstandingly powerful’ 226 Antipater (Macedonian regent) 52 Nicomachean Ethics 131, 132 Antiphon (Sophist) 17, 370 Poetics 289 Antiphon (speechwriter) 226 Politics 54(Fig. 2.6), 68, 82, 213, 217, 219, On the Murder of Herodes 73, 214 226 apagoge 235 Rhetoric 95, 131 Apollodorus, see conflicts see also, polis; state apparatus, coercive, see state power Aristotle, pseudo- 145–6 Aquinas, Thomas 187 Rhetoric to Alexander 146 archegetai, see heroes, tutelary Oikonomika 382 archers, Scythian 229, 230(Fig. 7.4), 231(Fig. 7.5), Problems 36 232, 234, 243, 257 arms architecture, domestic, see houses bearing of 24, 208–12, 258, 304(Fig. 8.8), 413 archons (archontes) 229, 230(Fig. 7.4), 234, 238, access to 239–40 243, 247, 336 in Homeric society 261 archonship, see archons Thucydides on 133–4, 209, 210, 211, 245, Areopagus 258 Council 54(Fig. 2.6), 55, 62, 136, 140, 141, 165 see also, hopla hill 231(Fig. 7.5) Artemidorus Ares 327(Fig. 9.9) Oneirokritica 319(Fig. 9.5) arete, see virtue asebeia 297 Arginusae, battle of 92, 232 assassinations, political 206, 207 Aristeides 116, 225(Fig. 7.3), 226, 360, 412 Assembly 52, 53, 54(Fig.2.6), 55, 56, 64, 65, 66, see also, conflict; Themistocles 115, 134, 141, 226, 257, 270 aristocracy 55, 58, 63, 74, 343 attendance of meetings of 44(Fig. 2.2) diminished power of 52 majority vote 61 and the oligarchs 74 essential features of 53 and Solon’s timocracy 246 change of minds 23–4, 232 aristocratic, see aristocracy sovereignty of 79, 82, 87, 219 aristocrats, see aristocracy Thucydides on 23 Aristogeiton, see Harmodius and Aristogeiton Atene (deme) 249 Ariston, see conflicts see also, Lohmann, Hans Aristophanes 81, 84, 250 Athena (goddess) 40(Fig. 2.1), 46, 250, 262, 263, obscenities in 145 317 Birds 380(Fig. 10.1) issuing from the head of Zeus 316(Fig. 9.4) Knights 41 wins the contest 328–9 Wasps 137 birthday festivities of 341(Fig. 9.14) Aristotle 81, 130, 142, 218, 266 metamorphoses herself 316(Fig. 9.4) on democracy 82 mourns 329, 330(Fig. 9.10) on ‘man of great soul’ 93 Areia 332(Fig. 9.11) a metic 67 backs Heracles 327(Fig. 9.9) on slaves 68, 69 priestess of 341(Fig. 9.14)

456 Index

Athena (goddess) (cont.) Blundell, Mary 94–5 symbols of 316 Boardman, J. 340 as portrayed by Graves 328–9 Boas, Franz 104 Tit for two tats in IPD 405 Bodin, Jean 216 and the Parthenon 339 Boehm, C. 211 Athenaeus 214 Boeotians 109 Athenagoras 393 Boeotus, see conflicts Athenian(s), see society, Athenian Boule, see Council (of Five Hundred) Athenian Constitution [Aristotle] 133, 139(Fig. boxing 287, 288(Fig. 8.7), 289 4.2), 243, 244, 296, 336, 391, 397 Braudel, Fernand 33, 96, 381–2, 383, 389 right to prosecute 137 on town life 267 ‘Athena’ and Peisistratus 317 bribery 31, 33, 64, 86, 91, 297 Aristeides’ advice 116 and the allotment machine 64 people power 136, 218–19, 220 accusations of 226 selection of dikasts 138(Fig. 4.1) see also, allotment machine payment to dikasts 384(Fig. 10.2) bribes, see bribery psephophoria 139(Fig. 4.2) brigands, see robbers oath of office 320(Fig. 9.6) Burckhardt, Jakob 90, 115 out of public funds 248, 382 bureaucracies 53 honest dealing 387 Burke, Edmund 15 coup of 411 242 Burnett, Anne Pippin 95 restoration of democracy 111, 218 the amnesty 397 Callias 378 Diphilus 248 Campbell, J. K. 172 Athenian empire, see empire, Athenian capitalism 4, 390, 391 Athens, see society, Athenian capitalistic, see economy Attic Orators 141, 150, 151, 196, 204, 206, 354, Cartledge, Paul 79, 364 377, 410 Castiglione 210 Attica, evacuation of 23, 47–9, 357 cavalry 246, 247, 248, 353(Fig. 9.16) attitudes 12, 13, 130 cavalrymen (hippeis), see cavalry see also, controversies Cecrops and Erechtheus 329 autochthones 329, 357 see also, myths Autolycus 268 Chabrias 352 Axelrod, Robert 399–401, 402, 407, 409 Chaereas, see conflicts Chaeronea, battle of 77, 331 Bagehot, Walter 6–7 Chalcis 363 banishments 223, 226, 396 Charon 315(Fig. 9.3) banking 381, 385, 386 chora 180(Fig. 5.1), 377 ‘barbarians’ 108, 110 see also, society, Athenian basanistes 302 choregia, see liturgies bastards 51 chrestoi 114 Bedouin society, see society, Bedouin see also, aristocrats; poneroi behaviour, see code of behaviour Christ, Matthew 95 behavioural sciences/scientists 16, 30, 354, 369 Christianity 8, 11, 13, 342, 410 benevolence 11, 102, 375 ‘turning the other cheek’ 10 Berlin, Isaiah 98 Churchill, Winston 83 Blackstone, William 216 Cialdini, R. B. 33 Bloch, Marc 187 Cicero 365 blood-feud Cimon 225(Fig. 7.3), 226 Homeric 262 civil strife, see war, civil Athenian 162, 197, 295 Cleisthenes 62, 66, 79 in ‘feuding societies’ 160, 185, 204, 214, 413 creation of democracy by 52 see also, aggression; violence; state; societies, ten ‘tribes’ of 44(Fig. 2.2), 335–6, 337(Fig. feuding 9.13) blood-price (poine) 262 town and country 45

Index 457

Cleomenes (Spartan king) 240 Ali Chadra – Hussein 162, 186 Cleon 226, 347, 360, 367, 372, 373 Ariston – Conon 123–4, 132, 156–9, 166, 199, see also, Thucydides 213, 283–5, 286 clepshydra, see water clocks as Tit for two tats in IPD 402 cock-fights 282(Fig. 8.5), 283, 284–5 Aristeides – Themistocles 278–9 code of behaviour 101, 106, 131, 145, 147, as Tit for two tats in IPD 403 395 Chaereas – soldiers 112–13 definition of 15–22 as no tits for tat in IPD 404 designed to appraise 118 Demosthenes – Meidias 167–73, 237, 295, 298 culturally determined 159, 163 as Tit for two tats in IPD 403 encompasses all sorts of reciprocity 37 Diodorus – Timocrates 191–2 and behavioural patterns 25 Euphiletus – Eratosthenes 175–83, 209, 286, and the poor majority 74 406 and communal payoffs 117 as Tit for two tats in IPD 402–3 and oligarchs – democrats 74–5 see also, Lysias and etiquette 30 Euaeon – Boeotus 169–70 basis of morality 23 as Tit for two tats in IPD 403 and de-individuation 27–8 see also, Demosthenes four properties of 21–2 Euthynus – Sophilus 169, 170 and affluence 375, 389 as Tit for two tats in IPD 402–3 and trust 387 see also, Demosthenes and exchange theory 31, 37 Euthycrates – Thydippus 161 and opinions 147 see also, conflicts, intra-familial runs counter expectations 204 Nicostratus – Apollodorus 275–6 Mediterranean 95–7, 268, 269(Fig. 8.2), Polychares – Euaephnus 274–5 413 Sichar – Austrogisil 194–6 outstanding (Athenian) 38, 201–2, 392–3, 398, Simon – unknown speaker 165–7, 203, 211–12 410–11, 414 as Tit for two tats in IPD 402 see also, morality; precept, moral; society, see also, Lysias, Against Simon feuding Theomnestus and Apollodorus – code of honour, see code of behaviour; honour Neaera 193 and shame intra-familial 161–2 Codrus 331–3 and the gods 327(Fig. 9.9) coercion 235, 243, 257 coming to peaceful resolution 277–8 at Athens 234–7 ending in compromise 194 in nation-states 234 escalations of 199, 212–5 see also, state; society, Athenian; essential features of 155 coercitio 238 four phases of 155–7 Cohen, David 97, 100, 152, 190, 196, ‘never-ending’ 156 199–201 resolved through moderation 278–9 coinage 379, 380(Fig. 10.1) two patterns of 198–9 collective action, see actions see also, co-operation; collective interests, see interests, Connelly, J. B. 340 communal Conon, see conflicts comedy 68, 126, 145, 338 conspicuous consumption/expenditure 49, 351 see also, Aristophanes Constitution of the Athenians, see Old commoners, see lower classes Oligarch compensation 9, 10, 168, 170, 178, 179, 276 controversies and adultery 181–2 attitude – behaviour 12 see also, composition; ‘eye for an eye’ physis – nomos 4–5, 58, 359, 375 comparisons, of well-being 115 Mead – Freeman 104–6 composition 195 nature – nurture 14, 23 see also, compensation natural – conventional man 26, 160, 287, 375 computer programme 407–10 the nature of Homeric society 259–61 conflicts 29, 30, 124 Cooley, Thomas 216

458 Index

co-operation 10, 45, 94 demes (demoi) 43, 53, 56, 66, 249, 256, and/or conflict 28, 30, 38, 81, 123, 124, 145, 410 336 in law court speeches 153 democracy and exchange theory 30–8 outcome of vote in 52–3 and genetic relatedness 29 and monarchies 83 and the evidence 119–35 Athenian 53, 62 of citizens and slaves 72, 386 evolution of 78–9 see also, conflicts no articulated theory of 62–3 Corinthians 61, 109 rules and norms of 63–72 Corcyra, see war, civil political system of 52–63 corn, see wheat social system of 67–72 corruption, see bribery coercive apparatus of 234 Corsica, see society, Corsican rationality of 65–6, 310–11 Council (of Five Hundred) 52, 53, 55, 56, 141, and freedom 68, 69–70 253, 268, 332(Fig. 9.11) and the sea 39–43 esprit de corps of 64 direct 52–3, 55, 61 rotation on 64 mob rule 220–1 taking oath 320(Fig. 9.6), 363 fourth century 62, 77 essential features of 53–5 outstanding achievements of 413–4 coup, oligarchic, of 411 76, 77, 78, 234, 242 equality of opportunities in 82 of 404 76, 77, 78, 189, 234, 242, original culture of 84 396 and the mythical past 324–5 court, see law court end of 43, 52, 250 court of the Areopagus, see Areopagus see also, Athens; myths; state; polis Council democrats 73, 75, 246, 252 Cretans 109 on venting their anger 398 Crick, B. 217 arguments supporting democracy 75–6 Croce, Benedetto 98 and oligarchs 75–6 ‘crossroads’ scene’, see Sophocles see also, oligarchs crowds 54(Fig. 2.6), 213 demokratia 218 cruelty Demokratia (deified abstraction) 338 to animals 281–5 demos 218 in Athenian drama 289–90 Athenian 220–1, 242, 243, 246, 248, 253, 255, curse tablets 278, 322(Fig. 9.7) 346, 363 see also, amulets coercive power of 238, 255, 256–7, 342, 345 dancing 303, 304(Fig. 8.8) sovereignty of 218, 219, 220, 221, 239, Dante 187 255, 346 Darius, king of Persia 365 symbolic unity of 268, 337, 357–9 Darwin, Charles 6, 9, 33 Corcyrean 245 Darwinism, social 6–7, 9, 30, 89 Mytilenean 245 on altruism 354–5 Demosthenes (general) 226, 241(Fig. 7.7) Davies, J. K. 220 Demosthenes (orator) 125, 132, 144, 145, 152, 173, Dawkins, Richard 14 226, 266, 352 death sentence, see punishment, capital and Aeschines 141 debts 43, 77 slave-owner 70 debt-bondage 296–7 landless citizen 247 ‘deceiving the people’ (apate tou demou) 270, on the punch 172, 237 297 see also, conflicts, Demosthenes – Meidias Decelea 73 on revenge 198 defence, national 395 on non-retaliation 173 ‘de-individuation’ 26, 28 as Tit for two tats in IPD 404 deisidaimonia, see superstition see also, conflicts, Demosthenes – Meidias Delian league, see league, Delian on slaves 68–9, 73 demagogues 56 and the Assembly 56

Index 459

on the law 17 Greek Popular Morality 93–4 on Athens’ ethos 111 accusations of moral degradation 144 Against Androdion 73 on popular morality 23–4, 147 Against Aphobos I 379 dowries 49, 406 Against Aristocrates 50(Fig. 2.5), 292–3, 295, Draco, see Solon 318 drama (as evidence), see sources, primary Against Conon see conﬂicts dreams 312, 313(Fig. 9.1) Against Leptines 270, 351, 352 duelling 171, 214, 281 Against Meidias see conﬂicts Homeric 326(Fig. 9.8) Against Neaera 62, 193, 218 absence of at Athens 326(Fig. 9.8) Against Timocrates 140, 191–2 Durham, Edith 158, 159, 188, 189 For Phormio 386 On the Crown 277, 318 echthros, echthra 167, 274, 277, 278 First Olynthiac 142–3 economy [Demosthenes] ancient 375–7 Against Aristogeiton 17, 196, 270, 279 substantivists (primitivists) on 376 Against Euergus 68, 235, 268, 286 formalists (modernists) on 375 Against Nicostratus 46(Fig. 2.3), 139(Fig. 4.2), capitalistic 382, 383, 389 209, 275 Keynesian 383 Against Pantaenetus 379–81 pre-capitalist 378 Demosthenic corpus, see Demosthenes and state-intervention 385–7 Demosthenic speeches, see Demosthenes see also, exchange Dewey, John 15 Eder, Walter 252 Dexileos 353(Fig. 9.16), 353 egalitarian, see equality diaita 49 Egyptians 108 Diderot 86 Ehrenberg, Victor 87, 91 dikasts 157, 177, 193, 197, 204, 237, 377 Eion 362 characteristics of 137 Eirene (Peace) 338 cross-section of society 408 ekklesia, see Assembly appeals to values of 152, 153–4, 159, 161, 166, ‘eleven’ [prison custodians] 205, 229, 234, 238, 168, 170, 172, 175, 182, 182(Fig. 5.2), 191, 257 201, 398 Elgin marbles 339 rhetorical tricks 146–7 Elias, Norbert 28, 266–7, 289 selection of 138(Fig. 4.1) emotions 81, 94, 103, 265, 277, 324, 325 and the surviving speeches 141 appeals to 65, 142, 145 and judicial proceedings 137–40 and the ‘civilising process’ 303 and bribery 64 in Homeric society 265–81 and Socrates 142 regulation of 286–7 asked to forgive 276–7 empire, Athenian 39, 69, 117, 258 as Tit for two tats in IPD 404 unlike other empires 362–72 prefer Tit for two tats 409 proceeds of 248–9, 412 swear 363, 397 and democracy 91 vote 139(Fig. 4.2), 140, 184 Thucydides on 368 see also, Socrates see also, Finley, M.I. dike 17 endeixis 235 Diogenes Laertius 18, 59(Fig. 2.7), 173 ephebes (epheboi) 63, 331 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 249 ephegesis 235 disabled (adynatoi) 63, 117, 412 Ephialtes 54(Fig. 2.6), 55 disproportionate retaliation, see retaliation, epic poetry, see Homer extreme; revenge Epicrates 378 diviners (manteis, chresmologoi) 318, 319(Fig. 9.5) epieikeia 102, 110, 214, 266, 270, 397 Djilas, Milovan 185, 190, 194 epieike(i)s, see epieikeia Dorians 108 epistemological relativism 110 doron, see gifts epiphany 317 Dover, K. J. 93, 94, 100, 126, 144, 152, 270 epitedeusis 85

460 Index

equality 58, 63, 64, 70, 73, 74, 82 Finley, M. I. 93, 190, 268 and patronage 64 Homeric society 261, 262, 265 safeguard against corruption 64 Homeric honour 367 seldom achieved without bloodshed 83 taming the hero 267 eranos-loans, see lending divine intervention 310 Eratosthenes, see conflicts philia 272, 274 Erechtheum 70 ancient economy 376 Erechtheus, King 340, 341(Fig. 9.14), 357 defaulting debtors 296–7 ergasteria, see workshops liturgies 350 Eros 338 landed holdings 151 ethics 15 bribery 64 ethopoiia 148 slavery and civic freedom 302–3, 309 ethos, ethe 18, 111, 112 corporal punishment 299 Euaephnus, see conflicts state power 227, 233 Euaeon, see conflicts moral condemnation 117–18 eunoia 102 theory of democracy 62 Euphiletus, see conflicts Athenian Euripides 58, 81, 250, 266, 370 drama 289 Bacchae 127 imperialism 362–3, 364–5, 370 Medea 111 democracy 79, 92, 100, 412–13 Tit for two tats in IPD 405 religion 65 fr. 10 340 Politics in the Ancient World 233 Euthynus, see conflicts Fisher, Nick 95 Evans, Richard 100 formalists, see economy, ancient exchange 30–8, 72 Forrest, W. G. 63 and friendship 34, 36 fortifications 47 and lovers 34, 36, 338 Franks, see society, of Gaul and kinship 34 free-riding, see freeloading direct 34, 35(Fig. 1.2) freedman 67, 70 indirect 389 freedwoman 70 economic 374–91 freeloading 392, 393 generalized 34, 35(Fig. 1.2), 389 Freeman, Derek see controversies productive 34, 35(Fig. 1.2), 72, 386 Freeman, Edward A. 88 social 374 Freud, Sigmund 308 see also, ‘eye for eye’; friendship; kinship; hurt; friends, see friendship ‘head for an eye’; reciprocity; retaliation, friends and enemies 271–2 extreme. see also, friendship exile, see banishment friendship 33, 44(Fig. 2.2), 56, 179, 338, 390 exogamy 272 networks of 57 expedition, Sicilian 61, 66, 77, 92, 253, 343, 347, and economic exchange 375 368 emotional 36 ‘eye for an eye’, see provocation instrumental 36 ritualised 272 ‘face-to-face society’, see society, ‘face-to-face’ with the gods 318 families 49, 67, 266 in sixth-century Gaul 194 farmsteads, see landed holdings see also, exchange; kinship; philia; Zeus feuding 153 Philios definition of 159–60 Frisch, Hartvig 5 societies 97, 133, 161, 162, 170, 185, 194, 200, functions, coercive, see coercion 201, 204, 227, 413 Funeral Oration, see Thucydides escalation of conflict in 194 fusion of moral norms, see norms, moral Homeric as 261 threshold of offence in 171–2, 173, 177 Galenus 108 conventions of 170–2 game theory 29–30, 35(Fig. 1.2), 398–414 honour in 172 see also, zero-sum game

Index 461

Gaul, see society, of Gaul Heliaeia, see law courts Gay, Peter 7 help, instrumental 36 Gellner, Ernst 78 see also, altruism genes 14 ‘helping friends, harming enemies’ 97, 263, Gernet, Louis 292 270–81 gifts 31, 374 hemlock (koneion) 222, 223(Fig. 7.1), 224 Gilmore, D. D. 96–7 (Fig. 7.2), 228, 292 Ginzburg, Carlo 409–10 see also, punishment, capital Glotz, Gustave 91, 123, 300 hendeka, see ‘eleven’ god(s) 14 Hephaestus 316(Fig. 9.4) dispensing benefits and harm 312–14 Heracleides of Pontus 259 descent, birth, and attributes of 314(Fig. 9.2), Heracles 327(Fig. 9.9) 314–17 Heraclitus 18, 89, 173 communicating wishes 317–18 Hermes (god) 268, 315(Fig. 9.3), 316(Fig. 9.4), metamorphoses of 316(Fig. 9.4) 322(Fig. 9.7), 343, 345 relations of mutual benefit with men Hermippus 42 318 Herms (hermae) 344(Fig. 9.15), 345 fear of 321–3 hermae affair 253–4, 343–5 see also, epiphany Herodotus 108, 133 Goldhill, S. 370 on historie 99 Gomme, A. W. 51, 135 on divine powers 18 goods and services 31, 374, 389 on revenge killings 186 Gorgias, of Leontini 142, 145 on human intentions 323 Gortyn 9, 296 on Athenian progress 110, 250–2 grain 7, 249 on ithyphallic herms 345 imports of 44 on poverty 43 graphe paranomon 76, 221 on animal fights 282(Fig. 8.5) Graves, Robert 328 on Pan and Pheidippides 317 see also, Athena on Homer and Hesiod 314(Fig. 9.2) ‘Greek pessimism’ 85, 91, 93, on the conquest of Miletus 368 153 on the Persians 369, 371 Gregory, of Tours 194–6, 211, on the Egyptians 108 278 on Greek and Indian customs 110 on divine vengeance 186 heroes Grote, George 87–8, 100 Athenian 352 groups and networks, see society, Athenian Homeric 258, 261, 263, 264 guardians 51 applying ‘a head for an eye’ 324 Gylippus 361, 372 self-regarding 352 tutelary (archegetai) 336 habituation, see Weber, Max eponymous 337(Fig. 9.13) Hades 314(Fig. 9.2), 314, 315(Fig. 9.3), 322 heroes 264 (Fig. 9.7) Hesiod 1, 89, 258, 314(Fig. 9.2) Halitherses 263 Theogony 319(Fig. 9.5), 320(Fig. 9.6) Hamilton, W. D. 14 Works and Days 17, 321–3 handouts 389 Hesk, J. 270 Hansen, M. H. 152, 218, 219 Himmelfarb, Gertrude 15 Hanson, V. D. 250, 252 Hipparchus 244 Hardin, Garrett 394, 395 Hippias (Sophist) 58 Hare, R. M. 106 Hippias (tyrant) 244, 333 Harmodius and Aristogeiton 244, 334 Hippocratic writers 370 (Fig. 9.12), 333–5, 353(Fig. 9.16) Histiaia 362 Harrison, A. R. W. 302 historie 99 ‘head for an eye’, see provocation history (as evidence), see sources, primary Hector 262, 265 Hobbes, Thomas 5, 7, 216, 349 Heine, Heinrich 4 Hobhouse, L. T. 16

462 Index

Homer 39, 97, 258, 259, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, as democrats 245–6, 252, 256 314(Fig. 9.2) see also, panoply, hoplite; hopla; Iliad 186, 259, 261, 268, 269, 281, 314 houses 44(Fig. 2.2), 50(Fig. 2.5), 117, 180(Fig. 5.1), (Fig. 9.2), 319(Fig. 9.5), 323, 324, 208–9, 258 327(Fig. 9.9) household 49, 264, 265 cruelty in 265, 281 Hunter, V. 213, 299, 300, 301 Odyssey 259, 262, 263, 268, 269, 315(Fig. 9.3), hurt 324 affective 36 cruelty in 289 instrumental 36 Homeric poems, see Homer see also, aggression; blood-feud; provocation; Homeric society, see society, Homeric reciprocity, negative; violence Homeric world, see society, Homeric Huxley, T. H. 7, 9 homicide 55, 105, 107, 161, 178 hybris 102–3, 163, 165, 166, 200, 284, 321, justifiable 175–6 339 involving weapons 209 punishable by death 298 involuntary 295 serious 297, 298 premeditated 261, 297 and Athenian imperialism 368 rates of 206 Hykkara 362 in Attica 206, 207(Fig. 6.2) Hyperbolus 226 laws of 295 Hypereides 111 and the Areopagus 318 homoerotic bond, see homosexuality idealism, see morality homonoia 397 ‘indebtedness’ 33–6 homosexuality 165–6, 167, 211, 346, inequality 67, 74 347 see also, equality honesty inheritance 49 in Homeric society 268 interests, communal 30, 285–6, 393, in Athens 269–70, 318 398 see also agora, honest dealing in intra-familial rivalries, see conflicts honour 21, 102, 211 Ion (poet and author) 67 and cuckoldry 181, 182 Ionians 108, 109 and the law 182, 196 IPD, see Prisoner’s Dilemma and social structure 269(Fig. 8.2) Isaeus Athenian 202, 267 On the Estate of Astyphilus 161 Homeric 261, 262, 263, 267, 366 Isagoras 240 Mediterranean 366 Isocrates 55, 142, 266 of the community 267–8, 366 Against Callimachus 111, 139(Fig. 4.2) Nicias on 202 Areopagiticus 76, 397 see also, code of behaviour Panathenaicus 323, 357, 371 honour and shame 96, 163, 164–5, 268 Panegyricus 279, 357, 371 see also, code of behaviour To Philip 370 hopla 239, 245 isonomia 334(Fig. 9.12) hoplite force, see hoplite(s) isonomic Athenian/citizen/man 142, 375, 411, hoplite(s) 239–51, 251(Fig. 7.8), 257, 266 412 army of 248–57 isonomic Athenian/citizen/man, see isonomia superiority of 241(Fig. 7.7) Istrus 305 and the Hermae affair 253–5 backup to coercive agency 254 Jones, A. H. M. 74, 92, 93 20,000 citizen- 250, 251(Fig. 7.8) Judaism 8, 410 10,000 citizen- 246 jurors, see dikasts 3,000 metic- 246 jury-courts, see law courts landless citizens as 247 reverence for 250–52 killing, see homicide as deterrent 252–3 kin turning into fighting force 255 selection 355

Index 463

and non-kin 355–6 league, Delian 23, 364 see also, kinship Lebanon, see society, Lebanese kinaidos,-i 144, 251(Fig. 7.8) lending 381 kinship 44(Fig. 2.2), 56, 57, 265, 266, 274, 279 eranos-loans 381, 390 and citizenship 359 by the Spartans 270 networks of 57 as Tit for two tats in IPD 404 and economic exchange 375 Lesis 71(Fig. 2.9), 70–1, 72, 299 and familiarity 356 see also, slave(s) and location 356 Lev´ eque,ˆ Pierre 66 and similarity 356, 358–9 Lewin, Kurt 26 mystic 329, 342, 358 lex talionis 8 putative 336 see also, ‘eye for eye’ see also, blood-feud; exchange; friendship; ‘lexical approach/method’ 94, 102–3, 163–4 kin literary genres, see sources, primary Kitto, H. D. F. 93, 100, 202–3 ‘liturgical class’ 220, 249 Kluckhohn, Clyde 343 liturgies 40(Fig. 2.1), 349–52, 395, 406, 412 Knox, Ronald 226 choregia 350 koinonein 102 trierarchia 40(Fig. 2.1), 350 Koran 8 and class struggle 351–2 Kronos 314(Fig. 9.2) Lloyd,G.E.R. 142 Kropotkin, Peter 9–10 Lloyd-Jones, H. 368 Kyknos 327(Fig. 9.9) logographoi 140 kyrios,-n 217 Lohmann, Hans 151, 249–50, 377 Lorenz, Konrad 155 land ownership 248, 249, 377–8 lots, selection by 53, 54(Fig. 2.6), 64, 65, 314(Fig. landed holdings 43, 44(Fig. 2.2), 46(Fig. 2.3), 9.2) 67 see also, allotment machine size of 43, 151 lower classes 52, 58, 74, 84 see also, society, Athenian; land ownership wielding power 82, 83 LaPierre, Richard 12–13 Lycurgus (orator) 333 Laski, Harold 216–17, 253 Against Leocrates 277, 318, 331–3, 340, Laslett, Peter 128–9 390 Laurion (mines) 47, 68, 72, 378–81, 391, 412 Lysias law(s) 274 slave-owner 70 Athenian 176, 177, 192(Fig.6.1), 193 metic at Athens 67 as deterrent 196 Against Agoratus 189–90, 191, 222 dikai and graphai 137 Against Alcibiades 144, 192–3 ‘unwritten’ 18, 19, 22, 23, 255, 257, 395 Against Eratosthenes 76, 208, 379 Thucydides on 19, 192(Fig. 6.1) Against Simon 165–7, 203, 211–2 citizenship, see Pericles see also, conflicts, Simon – unknown law courts (dikasteria) 58, 65, 68, 74, 136, 140, speaker 141, 145, 175, 213, 226, 229, 237, 257 On the murder of Eratosthenes 146, 175–83, 197, characteristic features of 55, 136–7, 229 209, 300 embodiments of people power 136 see also, conflicts, Euphiletus – Eratosthenes composition and procedures 137 protect injured parties 237 On a Wound by Premeditation 209 and self-control 79 For the Soldier 278 use of timoria 196, 262 Funeral Oration 142, 329 power of over the accused 204 On a charge of taking bribes 350 as deterrents 196–7 On the property of Aristophanes 351 and the Assembly 219–20 On the property of Nicias’ brother 397 see also, Assembly; dikasts; speeches, forensic On the olive-stump 73, 377 law-court speeches see also, conflicts, Euphiletus – see speeches, forensic Eratosthenes; Simon – unknown leaders 55–6 speaker

464 Index

MacDowell, D. M. 189, 196 and reason and man 66–7 Macedonians 109 civic 263 Machiavelli 3–4 following Kropotkin 9–10 Machiavellian creed, see Machiavelli Homeric 263 MacIntyre, Alasdair 4–5, 25 idealistic view of 264 magic , 321 materialistic view of 264 magistrates, see archons see also, code of behaviour; precepts, moral; Malinowski, Bronislaw 31, 326–7 norms, moral; Thucydides, interstate mantis, see diviners morality; Marathon, battle of 240, 241(Fig. 7.7), 250, 259, Muller,¨ Max 324 313, 317, 340 mundane, see order marriage 49, 272 Mycalessus 371 maschalismos 308 Mycenae 261 materialism, see morality myths 325, 326–8 Mauss, Marcel 31 see also, democracy, Athenian; Athena; Mead, Margaret, see controversies Cecrops and Erechtheus; Aglaurus, Mediterranean, see code of behaviour Herse and Pandrosus megalopsychia 110 Mytilene 23, 245, 294, 360, 361, 367, 370 Meidias, see conﬂicts Meiggs, Russell 365–6 ‘national character’ 109–10, 112 Melos 370 national interest, see interest, communal see also Thucydides, Melian dialogue national defence, see defence, national metics (metoikoi) 58, 67, 68, 69, 114, 241, 246 nationalism 361 disenfranchised 82 natural – conventional man, see controversies as hoplites 247 nature – nurture, see controversies metriotes 102 ‘naval mob’ (nautikos ochlos) 246 metronomoi 387 neighbours 56, 57 Micon 369 Nemesis 338 might is right, see rule of the strongest ‘new orthodoxy’ 376 Miletus 368 see also, Finley, M. I.; economy, ancient Mill, John Stuart 88–9 Nicias 66, 149, 202, 226, 268 Millett, P. 64, 390 on honour 267 Miltiades 226 superstitious 311, 312 Minerva, see Athena top-rich 378 mines, see Laurion Nicostratos, see conﬂicts Mitford, William 86, 87 Nietzsche, Friedrich 89–90, 371 mobility, social 248–50, 377–8 Nike (goddess) 332(Fig. 9.11) see also, Athenian Constitution, on Diphilus nomima 17, 18, 19 modernists, see economy, ancient nomos, -i 19, 108 Montaigne, Michel de 182 norms, moral Montenegro, see society, Montenegrin Homeric and Athenian 276 Montesquieu 86 the fusion of 101–7, 169, 284 Moore, G. E. 15 see also, morality; code of behaviour moral norms, see norms, moral nudity 306(Fig. 8.9) morality 15, 23 Athenian oaths 63, 162, 269, 318–20, 331 subjected to confusing judgements 85, perjury 269 97–8 -stone 320(Fig. 9.6) modern judgements on 85–97 see also, honesty; interstate 360–3, 368, 372–3 Ober, Josiah 79, 152 reappraisal of 413–14 Odysseus 262, 263, 316(Fig. 9.4) and behaviour 16–23 offences, religious 55 and language 25–6 see also, religion and opinions 24 oikos, see household; houses and political systems 61–2 Old Oligarch 42, 68, 112, 113

Index 465

Athenian democracy 113–14, 412 Peisistratids 79, 343 agreements 363–4 Peisistratus 317, 346, 396 dialects 41 deprives hoplites of arms 243–4 the city’s strength 240 Peitho (Persuasion) 338 gastronomic luxuries 42 Penelope 262 oligarchic coups, see coups, oligarchic penis 344(Fig. 9.15), 345 oligarchies 83, 135 see also, phallocentrism oligarchs 73, 74–6, 246, 256 peplos 51 arguments of against democracy 74–5 Pericles 19, 40(Fig. 2.1), 42, 50(Fig. 2.5), 51, 52, and democrats 75–6 56, 61, 82, 85, 88, 89, 112, 115, 116, 123, see also, democrats 198, 226, 379, 393 Olson, Mancur 392, 393, 395 dominates the Assembly 56 Olympus, Mount 314, 314(Fig. 9.2) escapes ostracism 225(Fig. 7.3) oratory (art of speaking well) 142 hoplite helmet of 250 ordeal 291, 309 rule of reason 174 order, transcendental 312–24, 325, 413 see also, rationality see also, underworld citizenship law of 51, 370 Orestes 263 and the vile fellow 174 orphans 112, 117, 412 as Tit for two tats in IPD 403 Osborne, R. 345 and Anaxagoras 174 ostracism 79, 86, 115, 222, 223, 225(Fig. 7.3), 226, ‘the ﬁrst citizen’ 134, 219, 221, 270 228, 403 see also, Attica, evacuation of ostraka, see ostracism Peristiany, J. G. 95–6 ousia 49 perjury, see oaths over-reaction, see provocation Persephone 319(Fig. 9.5), 322(Fig. 9.7) Persia, see Wars, Persian Paches 367 phalanx 248, 266 Paine, Thomas 87, 216 phallocentrism 284, 344(Fig. 9.15), 347 Panathenaea 51, 69, 340, 341(Fig. 9.14) see also, penis panoply, hoplite 239, 248 Pheidias 81, 89, 369 Parker, Robert 66, 342 Pheme (Rumour) 338 Parthenon 339, 369 philanthropia 102, 266, 295 frieze 341(Fig. 9.14) philanthropos, see philanthropia participation 52, 54(Fig. 2.6) philia 273(Fig. 8.3), 272–4, 279, 338–9 parties 53, 55, 57, 61, 229 reﬂection of in visual art 280(Fig. 8.4) Pasion 381 see also, friendship pathos 142 Philip II (of Macedon) 77, 86, 142 patriotism 331, 333, 340, 342, 352–9, 361, 390, 395 philopolis 352, 354, 357 and altruism 356–7 see also, patriotism and territory 357–8 philos,-i 278, 390 and familiarity 358 see also, friendship and similarity 358–9 philosophy (as evidence), see sources, primary intensity of 359 phratries 56 patris 357 Phrynichus 368 see also patriotism phylai, see tribes Patroclus 261, 262, 265, 281 physis-nomos, see controversies patron-client ties, see patronage Pindar 4, 110–11 patronage 33, 64, 336 pirates 269 Pausanias 40(Fig. 2.1), 317 Pitt-Rivers, Julian 96, 171, 196 pay, payment, see state plague 21, 21(Fig. 1.1), 65, 77, 305, 307 payoffs 38 (Fig. 8.10) Peiraeus 47, 53, 58, 122, 208, 242, 253, 256, 387, Thucydides on 19–21, 349 397 altruistic behaviour during 395, 406 harbours of 39, 48(Fig. 2.4) see also Thucydides Peisander 226, 242, 243, 245 Plataea, battle of 240, 241(Fig. 7.7)

466 Index

Plato 18, 55, 81, 125, 131, 209, power over people 115–16, 222 266 see also, state and popular morality 129–30 politeia 85, 136 excessive freedom 69–70 politics 52–63 ‘the equal and unequal’ 64 Pollux, Julius 68 ‘divine portion’ 17 Polyaenus 243 restrictive influences 19, 22 Polybius 18 on the rule of the strongest 5 Polychares, see conflicts on the sea 41 Polygnotus 369 on predicting the future 66 poneroi 74, 114 and Hobbes 7 see also, lower classes; chrestoi and Leontius 291 poor, see poorer classes on non-retaliation 132–3 poorer classes 63, 64, 86, 248–9, 250 on the amnesty 397 see also, poverty; thetes; demos sovereignty 217–18 Poseidon 314(Fig. 9.2), 341(Fig. 9.14) ‘background scenes’ 130–1 Potidaea 250 ‘helping friends...’271 poverty 43, 82 prospective punishment 406 see also, poorer classes Apology 59(Fig. 2.7) power, see Weber, Max Crito 133, 222 power, coercive, see state power Euthyphro 66 praos 266 Laws 19, 390 praotes 102, 110, 397 Menexenus 397 Praxiteles 81 Phaedo 41, 224(Fig. 7.2) Praxithea 340, 341(Fig. 9.14) Protagoras 17, 111, 197, 359, 406 precepts, moral 2–11, 14–15 Republic 5, 64, 69, 70, 121–2, 208, 217, 291, see also, code of behaviour; morality 306(Fig. 8.9) primary sources, see sources, primary Seventh Letter 397 primitivists, see economy, ancient Theaetetus 110 prison (desmoterion) 223(Fig. 7.1), 222–3, 228 plethos 219 see also, ‘eleven’ Ploutos (Wealth) 338 Prisoner’s Dilemma 398–9, 400(Fig. 10.4) Plutarch 362 Iterated (IPD) 398–401, 407, 408, 409, 410, Roman values 174 411, 412 Aristides 270, 279, 361 projection 107, 329, 342, 343 Demosthenes 226 proklesis 301 Pericles 174, 250, 307(Fig. 8.10), 311, 353–4 prostitution 297 Solon 295, 296, 298 Protagoras 17, 75, 110 Themistocles 41 provocation, reactions to 192(Fig. 6.1) Theseus 317 self-restraint 10, 125, 159, 201, 202, 212, 213, Pnyx 53, 54(Fig. 2.6), 58, 63 214, 215, 324, 325 see also, Assembly exercised by Demosthenes 168–9, 173 Polanyi, Karl 31 exercised by Euphiletus 178, 182(Fig. 5.2) polis, poleis 17, 29, 49, 67, 142–3, 177, 192 doctrine of 199 (Fig. 6.1), 193, 230(Fig. 7.4), 261, 332 see also, conflicts, Euphiletus – Eratosthenes (Fig. 9.11), 374, 375, 397 formation of 411 under- 10–12, 157, 158, 159, 162, 170, 270, 398 number of 39 possible origins of 173–4 as ‘stateless state’ 227–9, 265 in Lysias’ Against Simon 166–7 defence of 246, 250 the amnesty as 396–7 made up of people differing in kind 29 Tit for two tats in IPD 401–2 that is succeeding 393 (in Athenian society) 402–10 the good of the 393 over- 158, 159, 170 ultimate authority in 217–8 ‘eye for an eye’ 8–9, 10, 372, 411 no one wiser than another 110 ‘head for an eye’ 2–8, 121, 262, 372 each its own peculiarity 108–9 and ‘tit for tat’ 9

Index 467

and death penalty 298 ‘negative’ 36–7 Two tits for tat in IPD 411 see also, exchange; provocation; hurt non-violence gives way to 12 Redﬁeld, Robert 266 in interstate relations 372 relatives, see kinship retaliation religion 51, 58, 65, 69, 108 extreme 160, 176, 177, 185, 195, 202, 204, deprived of institutionalised power 73 262, 265, 396 ideological power of 80 reinforced 159 secularisation of 65, 312 suppressed 159, 411, 413 speaking about in the Assembly 66 and atrocities 3, 162 see also, god(s); offences, religious a sort of justice 3, 185 religious, religiosity, see religion rejected by Socrates 406–7 resident aliens, see metics Friedman in IPD 401 retaliation, extreme see provocation see also, revenge revenge 4, 82, 95, 102, 125, 131, 176, 177, 183, 185 Pseudo-Demosthenes, see [Demosthenes] Homeric 261–3 Pseudo-Xenophon, see Old Oligarch in ‘tribal’ societies 187–9 public and private 266 obvious strategy 3 public good 391 for small injuries 4 punishments 63, 177, 183, 191, 192(Fig. 6.1), 276 ‘mindless’ 184–94, 197, 204 minor 238 perceptions of in other cultures 184–93 involving maiming 291 and the (external) enemy 361 and ostracism 222 Dover on 94 capital 64, 117, 175, 183, 205, 223(Fig. 7.1), as described by Djilas 185 224(Fig. 7.2), 226, 254 in Greek mythology 186 euphemisms used to describe 178, 290 in Greek literature 127–9, 186, 405 carried out by the Thirty 396 at Corcyra 198 alternative to revenge 176, 177, 181, 183 in sixth-century Gaul 195, 196 and ‘tribal’ vengeance 196 in Medieval literature 186–7 as state-sanctioned violence 235 in European Renaissance 187 public 281 Shakespeare on 187 decimation 291 in Mozart’s Figaro 187 and the generals 232 by means of law courts 191–4 and the prison 222 and punishment 190–1, 235 four methods of 292 Protagoras on 406 carried out in private 292–3 see also, timoria; provocation; Aristotle; Plato prospective 293–4 revenge killing, see provocation and exile 294–5 rhetoric bloodthirsty 413 as evidence, see sources, primary at Mytilene 367 as theory of speaking 142 and the offence 297 tricks employed in 145–7, 149, 177, 181 see also, hemlock see also, speeches; oratory Rhodes, Peter 148–9 ransoms 406 rich, see wealth rationality 201, 360 rites, see rituals lack of in epic poetry 141–2 rituals 65, 69 and Athenian piety 311–12 contagious 321 in oratory 142–3 expiation 65 and economic inequality 74 sympathetic 321 and historie 99 robbers 258, 259 see also democracy, Athenian; superstition Roman(s) 9, 65, 69, 72, 83, 96, 238, 301 reason, see rationality self-representation 369–70 reciprocity 9, 30–8 Rome, see Roman(s) types of 32 Romilly, Jacqueline de 93 balanced 33 Rostovtzeff, M. I. 84 ‘positive’ 33–6, 37 rotation 64

468 Index

Rousseau, J. J. 86 stabbed his master 73 rule of the strongest 4–5, 7, 8, 365–7 abuse of 70, 114, 205, 299–301, 308–9 Thucydides on 5, 349, 368 contrary to nature 58, 69 see also, Plato; Frisch, Hartvig as Athens’ workforce 70 Russel, Bertrand 130 punishment of 68, 71(Fig. 2.9), 72, Ryle, Gilbert 106 300 numbers of 72 sacrifice 290–1 rebellions of 73 animal 291, 305, 313–14 manumission of 73, 114 human 291, 305 treating free men as 297 Sahlins, Marshall 31, 34, 37 sexual availability 300 Said, S. 127 costliness 301 saints 11, 411 and the humanity of free 309 Salamis, battle of 225(Fig. 7.3), 391, 395 see also Lesis; Finley, on slavery and civic Samoa, see society, Samoan freedom Samos 170, 362, 404 slave-girl 177, 178, 179, 180(Fig. 5.1), 260 sanctuaries 47 (Fig. 8.1) scapegoats (pharmakoi) 305 see also slave(s) Schliemann, Heinrich 208 slavery Scythians 108, 291 inevitable fact of existence 117 sea, the 39–43 essential features of 67–72 see also, Plato; Aristotle; democracy and equality 58 secularisation, see religion see also, slave(s) ‘self-help’ 173, 234–7, 253, 268, 297 Smith, Adam 10–11, 78, 103–4, 375 self-restraint, see provocation Theory of Moral Sentiments 10 sentiments, see emotions Wealth of Nations 11 shame 17, 21, 96, 97, 102, 103, 144, 163, 164, 165, social Darwinism, see Darwin, Charles 173, 268, 298, 324 society, see also, aidos Albanian 97, 158, 159, 160, 161, 188 Sicilian expedition, see expedition, Sicilian mottoes and proverbs 170 Sicilian society, see society, Sicilian law of blood 189 Siena 232 honour 196 Simmel, George 194 Athenian Simon, see conflicts portrayal of 98 Sisyphus 315(Fig. 9.3) territory of 44(Fig. 2.2) Sisyphus fragment 323 ethnic and social types in 60(Fig. 2.8) Skinner, B. F. 106 affluence in 116–17, 260(Fig. 8.1), 412 Skione 362, 370 social order of 67–72 Skyrus 362 the fleet 39, 40(Fig. 2.1) slave(s) 165, 241, 246 culture 84, 413–14 ‘who lived apart’ (choris oikountes) 70 the walls 39, 48(Fig. 2.4), 47–8, 49, 208, chattel- 70, 73, 266 256 household 51, 72, 180(Fig. 5.1) the land 43–7 public see archers, Scythian the countryside 43–7 accompanying the Athenians 259 well-ordered 76 as rowers 70 coercive power of 221–2, 223, 224–6, 227, hiring out of 378 232, 237–9 ‘homebred’ and ‘bought’ 68 peacefulness of 206–7 keeping part of their wages 69 resilience of 76–7 in comedy 68 stability of 77–8, 125, 234, 257 in the Athenian democracy 67–70, 91, 92, 413 the defeat of 404 77, 134 Old Oligarch on 68, 114 as assessed by contemporaries 107–18 Thucydides on 68, 73 many-stranded 57–8, 358 20,000 deserted 73 interstate relations 361–2 disenfranchised 82 portrayal of opponents 368–70 not killed or hurt with impunity 69, 114 groups and networks in 56–8

Index 469

worship of 112–13, 117 sophrosyne 102, 110 tensions and conflicts, between 72–80 sources, primary 120 citizens and slaves 73 genres, literary 125–35 rich and poor 73–4 drama (as evidence) 120–1, 126–9, 289–90 oligarchs and democrats 74–6 philosophy (as evidence) 120, 121–2, 129–33 Bedouin 188 history (as evidence) 120, 123, 133 Corsican 97, 171, 172, 173, 188, 196, 211, 213 rhetoric (as evidence) 120, 123–4, 136–54 ‘face-to-face’ 57 sovereignty 5, 53, 62 Homeric 259, 261, 269(Fig. 8.2), 374 modern theories 216–17, 238 cruelty in 289 ancient conceptions 217–21 kinship in 265, 273(Fig. 8.3) see also, demos economic performance of 389 Sparta 61, 73, 76, 109, 112, 244, 254, 270, 338, evasion of obligations 269 360, 361, 372 see also Finley, M.I.; honesty; atrocities committed by 371 controversies totalitarian 90 Kabyle 170–1 rule of law 86 Lebanese 162, 269(Fig. 8.2) austerity 258 Montenegrin 97, 188, 196, 211 nudity 306(Fig. 8.9) Samoan 104–6 conservatism 61 Sarakatzani 172, 173, 269(Fig. 8.2) praised by moderns 86 Sicilian 97, 171, 196, 269(Fig. 8.2) failure of 77 of Gaul (sixth century ad) 115, 194–6, 211, 212, terrestrial 41 389 seclusion 42 sociobiology 29 invades Attica 47 Socrates 81, 84, 92, 121–2, 209 model for oligarchs 75 in the agora 59(Fig. 2.7) ‘national character’ of 112 as hoplite 248 Spartans, see Sparta trial of 59(Fig. 2.7), 92, 137, 149 speeches, forensic 140–1, 146, 159, 203, 214–15, defence speech of 142 218 execution of 223(Fig. 7.1), 224(Fig. 7.2) strong language in 144–5 Solon 62, 136, 247 as judged by modern critics 142–3 on male prostitution 115 chivalry and good manners 145 timocracy of 246–7, 248 on rape and seduction 146 on injustice 173 keeping to the point 148–9 communal solidarity 393 and absolute truth 149 reforms of 78 reflection of social reality 150–3 on foregoing revenge 295 evidential value 150 philosophy of punishment of 295–6 see also, rhetoric ‘whomsoever wished...’137, 191, 192 sports (Fig. 6.1) combat and non-combat 287–9, 288 and Draco’s laws 296 (Fig. 8.7), 306(Fig. 8.9) on speaking evil (kakos legein) 298 boxing 287, 288(Fig. 8.7) and graphai 137 form of substitution/sublimation 305 see also, debt-bondage Stanyan, Temple 86 Sophilus, see conflicts stasis 27, 213, 253, 255, 257, 397, 398 Sophists 26, 58, 287, 311 see also, war, civil; coup, oligarchic Sophocles 81, 125, 226, 266 state-initiated coercion, see state on divine powers 18 state-intervention, see economy Antigone 18, 41, 352 state Ajax 128, 271 coercive apparatus of 228, 230(Fig. 7.4), Tit for two tats in IPD 405 229–30, 234, 237, 246, 255, 257, 343, 411 Oedipus the King 319(Fig. 9.5) size of 232 ‘crossroads’ scene’ 120–1, 127, 129 oligarchic 243 Tit for two tats in IPD 405 formation of 266 Oedipus at Colonus 111, 269 monopoly (of power) of 80, 90, 215, 218–20, Philoctetes 108 227, 232–3, 234, 253, 265, 345

470 Index

state (cont.) cult of 336 pay 64, 117, 248, 382, 383, 384(Fig. 10.2), 389, Synoecia 45, 338 412 Thessalians 109 see also, coercion; demos; polis; society, thetes 247, 248, 249, 252 Athenian; violence; Finley, M.I.; Weber, see also, demos Max Thirty (Tyrants) 189, 242, 243, 270, 396 ‘stateless states/societies’, see polis deprive hoplites of arms 244–5 Ste. Croix, G.E.M. de 300 rely on Spartan hoplites 245 stimulus generalisation 356 see also, coup, oligarchic, of 404 S[timulus]-R[eaction] chain 287(Fig. 8.6), Thracians 371 286–7 Thrasyboulus 352, 396 Stone, Lawrence 210–11 Thrasymachus, of Chalcedon 142 Strasburger, H. 368 threshold of offence, see ‘threshold principle’ strategoi 253 ‘threshold principle’ 165, 201, 202, 261, 267 sublimation 7, 205, 289, 303, 305, 307(Fig. 8.10) Thucydides (politician) 225(Fig. 7.3), 226 substantivists, see economy, ancient Thucydides (historian) 21(Fig. 1.1), 48(Fig. 2.4), substitution 205, 303–4, 305 52, 70, 73, 81, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 125, suckers (in IPD) 411 133, 149, 198, 202, 214, 226, 242, 245, 266, superstition 65, 66, 311 267, 363, 367 see also, rationality; religion evaluations of 114 Sybarites 109 the Hermae affair 253–4, 343, 345 ‘sycophants’ 56 a ruthless writer 366 Syme, Sir Ronald 366 the largest armament 246 synegoros 140 interstate morality 372–3 synoecismus 337 erga and logoi 107 epioteron 359 Tacitus 213 hoplites killed 250 taxes 43, 229, 385 defeat of 404 77 poll 67 rationality 312 Telemachus 263 Spartans and Athenians 61 Tell, William 11 the law 238 tensions and conflicts, see society, Athenian self-restraint 19 Testament, New the good of the polis 393 Matthew 8 praise of democracy 75, 218 Romans 10, 12, 13 Athenians’ speech 366–7 Testament, Old 2, 8, 185, 305 failure of at Amphipolis 112 Thales of Miletus 173 ‘good things in life’ 116, 412 Theagenes of Rhegium 323–4 interpersonal relationships 112–13, 116 Theatre of Dionysus 53 not keeping strict accounts 389–90 Themis (Established Law or Custom) 338 the past 258–9 Themistocles 226, 278–9 economic growth 378, 383 and the port 41 fear of gods and law 323 and the silver mines 391 human nature 27–8 and the fighting cocks 285 demagogues 123, 134–5 and the city walls 361 revenge 25–6, 198 ostracism of 225(Fig. 7.3) capital punishment 294 see also, conflicts; Aristeides coup of 411 242 Theophrastus 43, 282, 305, 360, 387 civil wars 25–6, 27, 197–8 Characters 311, 350 houses 50(Fig. 2.5), 116–17, 208–9 Theramenes 226 luxuries 42, 379 Theseus 45 patriotism 116, 333, 358 temple of 254, 317 ‘Funeral Oration’ 19, 42, 52, 82, 112, 116, 218, bones of 317, 328 333, 367, 372 apparition of 317 courage 270 myth 328, 336–7 democracy 52

Index 471

rational reasoning 143 types, ethnic and social, see society, Athenian the greatness of Athens 85, 112–13, tyrannicides, see Harmodius and Aristogeiton 116–7 tyranny 83, 92 ‘an education for all Hellas’ 111 political informedness 61 ultimate authority, see sovereignty Melian dialogue 5, 9, 361–2 under-reaction, see provocation Mytilene 23, 245, 294, 360, 361, 367, underworld 315(Fig. 9.3) 370 ‘unwritten laws’, see laws fusion of moral norms 101, 106–7 speeches in 135 values, see morality city walls 361 vendettas, see revenge the ‘truest cause’ 310 vengeance, see revenge end of tyranny 244, 335, 345, 346–7 Vidal-Naquet, Pierre 66, 252 altruism 349 violence 24 self-sacrifice 354 domestic 176, 205 war 361 control of 28, 178–9 see also, Cleon; Nicias; Gylippus; Mytilene; definition of 205–6 patriotism; Pericles; revenge; rule of the state-inflicted 205, 227, 411 strongest; slaves; expedition, Sicilian; legitimate 227, 228, 411 Themistocles; tolerance monopoly of 228 Tilly, C. 217 low level of at Athens 413 time 102 see also, aggression; blood-feud; cruelty; hurt; timoria 95, 102, 190, 196 provocation, reactions to; state as punishment 191, 197 virtue (arete) 261 see also, revenge Vlastos, Gregory 128, 221, 407 Tinbergen, N. 155 voting 52, 53, 61, 63, 218, 220, 290, 328, 333, 364, ‘Tit for tat’ 8, 9–10 372, 397 in Axelrod’s tournament 399–402 see also, ‘eye for eye’, ‘a head for an eye’ Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. 198 ‘Tit for two tats’ 412, 413 walls, see society, Athenian see also, altruism; help, instrumental wars, civil 73, 77, 214, 396 tolerance 82, 93, 278, 287, 325 at Corcyra 73, 107, 198, 211, 245 Torone 370 at Miletus 214 torture 205 at Mytilene 245 evidence extracted under 68, 145–6, see also, stasis; coups, oligarchic 147 War(s), Peloponnesian 39, 40(Fig. 2.1), 48(Fig. of slaves 117, 301–2, 309 2.4), 65, 66, 76, 77, 112, 113, 117, 240, law protecting citizens from 299 256, 357, 368, 371, 380(Fig. 10.1) whipping 302 Persian 68, 76–7, 241(Fig. 7.7), 248, 339 town and country 45–9 water clocks (clepshydra) 139(Fig. 4.2) tragedy, Athenian 67 wealth, see affluence tragedy, of the commons 394–8 Weber, Max transcendental, see order; underworld on habituation 233 treason 225, 297, 299 on power 227 ‘tribes’ (phylai) 53, 66, 335–6, 337(Fig. 9.13) on right and legal order 237 trierarchia, see liturgies on the Athenian legal system 148 trieres, see trireme(s) see also, violence trireme(s) 40(Fig. 2.1), 70 weights and measures 388(Fig. 10.3) trochos 302 see also, agora, honest dealing in tropos 85 wheat, see grain trust 387, 388, 389 widows, see women Turner, Frank M. 87 Williams, G. C. 14 Twelve Tables 296 Wilson, Edward O. 14, 29, 163, 354, 355 ‘two-fold arguments’ (dissoi logoi) 108, Wilson, Stephen 171, 172, 188, 211 109 Winkler, John 95, 122, 130, 131

472 Index

women (Athenian) 51–2 Symposion 283 disenfranchised 82, 117 Memorabilia 53, 59(Fig. 2.7), 68, 299 widows 49 Oeconomicus 230(Fig. 7.4) and religion 51 see also, Arginusae, battle of words and actions, see actions Xerxes 77 workshops 70, 249, 378 zero-sum game 29–30, 400(Fig. 10.4) Xenophanes of Colophon 324 see also, game theory Xenophon 133, 232, 244, 266 Zeus 263, 314(Fig. 9.2), 316 on honesty 318 Philios (Zeus of Friendship) 338, on metics 67 339 on slaves 68 impregnates Leda 316(Fig. 9.4) on the transcendental 312 parts combatants 327(Fig. 9.9) Anabasis 304(Fig. 8.8) Zeuxis (painter) 67 Hellenica 48(Fig. 2.4), 243, 245, 368 Zimbardo, P. G. 27 Poroi 67 Zimmern, Alfred 89, 100