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Artículo de investigación ANATOMÍA XILEMATICA DE CAESALPINIACEAE REGISTRADAS EN LA XILOTECA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS Xylem anatomy of the Caesalpiniaceae registered in the wood collection of the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas Palabras clave: Caesalpiniaceae, madera, biometría, ca- Esperanza N. Pulido Rodríguez1 racterísticas macroscópicas y microscópicas. Durley Mateus2 Key words: Caesalpiniaceae, wood, biometric, macrosco- 3 pic and microscopic characteristics Ivan Lozano D. RESUMEN nales gomíferos longitudinales. La variación y el análisis de las características anatómicas del tejido El estudio anatómico del xilema de 21 especies xilemático de estas especies permitió comprobar de la familia Caesalpiniaceae registradas en la xi- relaciones taxonómicas de la familia como sucedió loteca José Anatolio Lastra Rivera (JALR) de la con Mora megistosperma, Mora oleífera, Peltogy- Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, ne pubescens, Peltogyne paniculata, Sclerolobium comprendió la caracterización macroscópica, mi- odoratissimum y Tachigali polyphylla. croscópica y biométrica de los elementos celulares que componen el tejido xilemático. Estos análisis se realizaron de acuerdo con los parámetros defi - ABSTRACT nidos por el comité de la International Association Wood Anatomist (IAWA Committee 1989) y con The anatomical study of the xylem of 21 species los métodos del Laboratorio de Tecnología de Ma- of Caesalpiniaceae registered in the wood collec- deras de la Universidad Distrital. Con los resultados tion “José Anatolio Lastra Rivera” (JALR), of the obtenidos se elaboraron claves de identifi cación y “Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas”, análisis de similitud. Las especies estudiadas pre- included the macroscopic, microscopic and bio- sentaron características comunes en la diferencia- metric characterization of the cellular elements ción de anillos de crecimiento, porosidad difusa, that constitute the xylematic tissue. These analy- presencia de poros solitarios, con gomas, diáme- ses were developed following parameters defi ned tros grandes y segmentos vasculares de longitud by the International Association Wood Anatomist corta a mediana; vasos con platinas de perforación Committee (IAWA Committee 1989) and methods simple y punteaduras intervasculares alternas or- established by the Wood Technology Laboratory nadas; parénquima axial paratraqueal aliforme, of Universidad Distrital. Measurements and des- vasicéntrico, en bandas y presencia de cristales criptions were used to prepare identifi cation keys prismáticos. Igualmente, se encontraron variacio- and similarity analysis. The wood of Caesalpinia- nes en características anatómicas diagnosticas para ceae family illustrated common characteristics in algunos géneros como Copaifera que presentó ca- growth rings differentiation, porosity, vessel arran- 1 Laboratorio de Tecnología de Maderas. Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. [email protected]. Autora para corresponden- cia 2 Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Auxiliar de Investigación. 3 Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Auxiliar de investigación. Recepción: 20 de octubre del 2010 / Aprobación: 1 de junio del 2011 Colombia ForestalColombia Vol. Forestal 14(2): Vol.145 14(2) - 171/ / Julio - Diciembre, 2011 145 Anatomía xilematica de Caesalpiniaceae gement, deposits, diameter and length, plates perfo- dera de Caesalpiniaceae, principalmente a nivel de ration type, alternate and vestured intervessel pits; especies pero a su vez se ocupan de otros grupos fi bers wall thickness and length; paratracheal axial taxonómicos por lo cual no se pueden establecer vasicentric parenchyma, aliform and banded pa- relaciones anatómicas en los diferentes niveles je- renchyma and presence of prismatic crystals. Also, rárquicos de esta familia. variations in anatomical features such us longitu- dinal channels were found as diagnostic for some Quirk (1983), Nardi & Edlmann (1992), Gassen genera like Copaifera. The variation and analysis (1999) y Höhn (1999), estudiaron la anatomía del of anatomical characteristics of the xylem tissue xilema de leguminosas de importancia en Asia, allowed to verify some taxonomic relations of the África, Australia e Italia, mientras que Espinoza & family Caesalpinaceae, like the observed with the Melandri (2006) investigaron sobre la estructura species Mora megistosperma, Mora oleífera, Pel- anatómica de la madera de la tribu Caesalpinieae, togyne pubescens, Peltogyne paniculata, Sclerolo- incluyendo los géneros y especies más importantes bium odoratissimum and Tachigali polyphylla . de las Caesalpiniaceae. Estos autores citan otros tratados de la anatomía de la madera de las tribus, INTRODUCCION géneros y especies de esta familia con importantes avances en la caracterización anatómica de ma- De acuerdo con el sistema de clasifi cación fi loge- deras oriundas de países latinoamericanos como nética APG II, la familia Fabaceae está integrada México, Argentina, Venezuela y Bolivia (Cozo por tres subfamilias: Mimosoideae, Caesalpinioi- 1951, Reinders-Gouwentak 1955, Koeppen 1980, deae y Faboideae (Stevens 2001; Chase 2003). Baretta-Kuipers1981, Loureiro & Silva 1981, Lo- Para efectos de la presente investigación, se tuvo ureiro et al.1983, Ranjani & Krishnamurthy 1988, en cuenta el sistema de clasifi cación de plantas con Barajas-Morales & León 1989, Angarita 1991, Es- fl or desarrollado por Cronquist (1981), en el cual pinoza de Pernía et al. 1998 y Gasson et al. 2003 se otorga la categoría de familia a Caesalpiniaceae, cit. en. Espinoza (2006) y Melandri (2009). Fabaceae y Mimosaceae dentro del orden Fabales. En Colombia, los estudios anatómicos del tejido Caesalpiniaceae es una familia botánica con distri- xilemático son escasos, incompletos o desactuali- bución cosmopolita, que comprende alrededor de zados y para algunas especies no se registra infor- 150 géneros y 2200 especies de hierbas, bejucos, mación. En este estudio, se realizaron descripcio- arbustos y árboles. En América tropical se encuen- nes anatómicas de algunas de las maderas incluidas tran alrededor de 500 árboles de importancia por en estudios anatómicos de diferentes grupos taxo- su uso como ornamental, sombrío y para obtención nómicos, como los desarrollados por Barghoorn forraje y madera (Mahecha &Echeverri 1983). Así et al. (1967), PROEXPO (1970), JUNAC (1981), mismo, presenta un amplio rango de distribución Rodríguez (1988) y Vásquez & Ramírez (2005). geográfi ca en Colombia, localizándose en forma natural en zonas tropicales secas, húmedas y muy La familia Caesalpiniaceae abarca especies made- húmedas en las regiones Caribe, Pacifi ca, en los rables que ofrecen numerosas posibilidades de uso valles interandinos del Cauca y Magdalena, en la por sus características estructurales y durabilidad Amazonia y parte de la Orinoquia (López & Mon- natural. Pero debido a la poca diversifi cación de tero 2005; Cárdenas & Salinas 2007). los productos del bosque y al desconocimiento de su manejo y conservación, varias de estas especies Díaz (1963), Kribs (1968), JUNAC (1981), De- se encuentran clasifi cadas dentro de alguna cate- tienne & Jacquet (1983), Soerianegara & Lem- goría de amenaza. El objetivo del presente trabajo mens (1993), Richter & Dallwitz (2000), León consistió en analizar la estructura anatómica del &Espinoza (2001), Miller & Detienne (2001) y xilema de este grupo taxonómico, integrando y re- Moya et al (2007) estudiaron la anatomía de la ma- validando los resultados reportados por diferentes 146 Colombia Forestal Vol. 14(2) / Julio - Diciembre, 2011 Esperanza N. Pulido Rodríguez, Durley Mateus & Ivan Lozano D. autores, como aporte al conocimiento de especies Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, de que aún no han sido estudiadas en relación con este cada una de las muestras de las especies se selec- campo y así aportar nuevos elementos de análisis cionaron probetas sin defectos biológicos o físi- en investigaciones de carácter fi logenético, ecoa- cos, con un tamaño adecuado y en lo posible con natómico y tecnológico. presencia de albura y duramen. MATERIALES Y METODOS El estudio macroscópico se realizó en probetas lijadas en los tres planos de estudio anatómico de El estudio se realizó en 21 especies de los géne- la madera. Para la realización del estudio micros- ros Cynometra, Dialium, Eperua, Erythrophleum, cópico se extrajeron cubos de madera que fueron Heterostemon, Hymenaea, Koompassia, Macrolo- sometidos a diferentes métodos de ablandamiento bium, Mora, Orphanodendron, Peltogyne, Prioria, consistentes en inmersión en agua caliente a una Sclerolobium y Tachigali; las cuales se encuentran temperatura aproximada de 130°C bajo presión, registradas en la Xiloteca José Anatolio Lastra Ri- durante diferentes periodos de tiempo, dependien- vera (JALR) de la Universidad Distrital Francisco do de la densidad de la madera. Se realizaron cortes José de Caldas de Bogotá (Tabla 1). directos sobre el tejido xilemático con un micróto- mo de rotación. Estos tejidos fueron sometidos a De acuerdo con los procedimientos defi nidos por procesos de tinción con fucsina básica (1%), fi ja- el Laboratorio de Tecnología de Maderas de la ción con ácido pícrico (1%), lavado con Etanol en Tabla 1. Nombre científi co, registro y procedencia de los individuos estudiados ID ID NOMBRE CIENTÍFICO COLECCIÓN PROCEDENCIA XILOTECA SPECIFY 1 Batesia fl oribunda Spruce ex Benth. 912 PRORADAM 912 Caquetá – Colombia 2 Copaifera offi cinalis (Jacq.) L. 507 PRORADAM 507 Pucalpa
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    REVIEWS REVIEWS REVIEWS Using ecological criteria to design plant collection strategies for drug discovery Phyllis D Coley1,2, Maria V Heller2, Rafael Aizprua2, Blanca Arauz2, Nayda Flores2, Mireya Correa2,3, Mahabir Gupta4, Pablo N Solis4, Eduardo Ortega-Barria5, Luz I Romero5, Basilio Gomez6, Marla Ramos6, Luis Cubilla- Rios7, Todd L Capson2, and Thomas A Kursar1,2 Tropical forests are one of the most diverse and endangered habitats on earth. They have also been portrayed as a source of future pharmaceuticals, yet finding useful compounds can be both scientifically and politically challenging. Increasingly, over the past decade, the potential value of medicinal compounds derived from plants, microorganisms, and animals has been proposed as a tangible benefit of biodiversity, and therefore a basis for promoting its preservation. Ecological theories of plant defense can increase the probability of dis­ covering compounds with activity in bioassays against human disease targets. In addition, conducting research in tropical countries with local scientists provides immediate and lasting benefits for the sustainable use of biodiversity. This new approach to drug discovery has been effective in identifying bioactive leads. It is both an important step towards understanding the medicinal value of biodiversity, and a practical way to link drug discovery with conservation. Front Ecol Environ 2003; 1(8): 421-428 Ihe conversion of natural habitats for human use rep^ efits than alternative uses (Janzen 1997; Janzen 1999; Tresents the primary driving force in the loss of biology Balvanera et al 2001). For example, many ecosystem ser^ ical diversity; 40-50% of the earth’s land surface is already vices have been shown to have greater value than logging degraded by humans and the fate of remaining biodiver^ or agriculture (Daily et al 2000; Beattie and Ehrlich 2001; sity will probably be determined in the next few decades Cork 2002; Daily and Ellison 2002; Balmford et al 2003; (Vitousek et al 1997; Sala et al 2000; Tilman et al 2001).
  • Tesis Maestríax

    Tesis Maestríax

    Biblioteca Digital - Dirección de Sistemas de Informática y Comunicación UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO ESCUELA DE POST-GRADO j “Susceptibilidad bacteriana in vitro del Enterococcus faecalis frente a diferentes concentraciones de aceite esencialPOSGRADO de Copaifera officinalis (copaiba) en comparación con hipoclorito de sodio al 2.5%” DE TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE: MAESTRIADIGITAL EN ESTOMATOLOGÍA AUTOR Br. ROCÍO DEL PILAR BOCANEGRA ARISTA ASESOR BIBLIOTECA Dr. MARCO ANTONIO REÁTEGUI NAVARRO TRUJILLO 2009 Esta obra ha sido publicada bajo la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Compartir bajola misma licencia 2.5 Perú. Para ver una copia de dicha licencia, visite http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-sa/2.5/pe/ Biblioteca Digital - Dirección de Sistemas de Informática y Comunicación A nuestro Padre Celestial que siempre está conmigo iluminándome y guiándome por el sendero del bien. A mis dos amores, mis padres Santiago y Marisa, por su apoyo incondicional y consejos POSGRADO que me guían hacia el camino DEdel éxito y superación. DIGITAL A mi hermana Carol, por brindarme su inmenso amor y paciencia; y BIBLIOTECAA mi hermanito Néstor, que desde el cielo me protege y bendice. Esta obra ha sido publicada bajo la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Compartir bajola misma licencia 2.5 Perú. Para ver una copia de dicha licencia, visite http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-sa/2.5/pe/ Biblioteca Digital - Dirección de Sistemas de Informática y Comunicación AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Dr. Marco Antonio Reátegui Navarro, por su asesoramiento y grandes aportes en el desarrollo de esta investigación. A la Dra. Elva Mejía Delgado por su importante aporte en la ejecución de este trabajo.