Mecanismos De Diferenciação Cromossômica Em 13 Espécies De Elateridae (Coleoptera, Polyphaga) Estabelecidos Através Da

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Mecanismos De Diferenciação Cromossômica Em 13 Espécies De Elateridae (Coleoptera, Polyphaga) Estabelecidos Através Da UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS - RIO CLARO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS BIOLOGIA CELULAR E MOLECULAR MECANISMOS DE DIFERENCIAÇÃO CROMOSSÔMICA EM 13 ESPÉCIES DE ELATERIDAE (COLEOPTERA, POLYPHAGA) ESTABELECIDOS ATRAVÉS DA ANÁLISE DE CÉLULAS MITÓTICAS E MEIÓTICAS MARIELLE CRISTINA SCHNEIDER Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Campus de Rio Claro, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) RIO CLARO Estado de São Paulo - Brasil Fevereiro/2006 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS - RIO CLARO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS BIOLOGIA CELULAR E MOLECULAR MECANISMOS DE DIFERENCIAÇÃO CROMOSSÔMICA EM 13 ESPÉCIES DE ELATERIDAE (COLEOPTERA, POLYPHAGA) ESTABELECIDOS ATRAVÉS DA ANÁLISE DE CÉLULAS MITÓTICAS E MEIÓTICAS MARIELLE CRISTINA SCHNEIDER Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Doralice Maria Cella Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Campus de Rio Claro, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) RIO CLARO Estado de São Paulo - Brasil Fevereiro/2006 ii Dedico esta tese aos meus pais Edite M. Schneider e João C. Schneider, e aos meus irmãos Silvia D. Schneider e Carlos H. Schneider, por todo apoio e incentivo dados durante toda a minha vida. iii AGRADECIMENTOS Muitas vezes, as palavras não são suficientes para expressar todos os nossos sentimentos; porém, gostaria de agradecer imensamente a todas as pessoas que me ajudaram ou que de alguma forma contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho. Em especial, agradeço: À Profa. Dra. Doralice Maria Cella, orientadora, grande amiga, exemplo de profissional e ser humano, por todos os ensinamentos, tanto de cunho acadêmico quanto pessoal, pelo incentivo, apoio, críticas, imensa atenção e cuidado na leitura dos trabalhos, oportunidades proporcionadas para a minha formação profissional e pela forma única e agradável que é capaz de conduzir uma orientação. À Profa. Dra. Mara Cristina de Almeida, amiga e orientadora durante a graduação, que me apresentou à citogenética, por todos os ensinamentos durante a minha iniciação científica, e por ter me incentivado e fornecido oportunidades para ingressar na Pós- Graduação. À Profa. Dra. Sanae Kasahara, pelos ensinamentos e leitura crítica dos relatórios e artigos científicos apresentados nesta tese. Ao Prof. Dr. Adilson Ariza Zacaro, pela amizade, ensinamentos sobre citogenética e exemplo de profissionalismo competente. Ao Prof. Dr. Vadim Viviani por disponibilizar alguns espécimes de Elateridae e pelo auxílio nas técnicas moleculares durante todas as tentativas para a realização do FISH. A todos os Professores do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, pelas oportunidades proporcionadass durante a realização deste trabalho. Ao doutorando Douglas de Araújo, um grande amigo desde o momento que eu cheguei a Rio Claro, por todo o apoio, ajuda, conversas, críticas, discussões citogenéticas e “loucuras” profissionais compartilhadas. À MSc. Rogilene Ap. Prado, pela amizade, companhia, carinho e apoio técnico. A todos os amigos e colegas do Curso de Pós-Graduação e do Laboratório de Citogenética, Akio Miyoshi, Antonio da Silva, Bruna Ventura, Daniela Leme, Eduardo Murakami, Erika Nunes, Frederico Arnoldi, Giovana Tomaino, Izabela Calligaris, José iv David, Karim Furquim, Lorena Pavon, Márcia Hoshina, Roberta Nocelli, Tatiana Souza, Thalita Rocha, Thais Fernades, Thaísa Roat, em especial aos doutorandos Fábio Britto e Vagner P. de Oliveira, por toda a amizade e discussões profissionais, e ao mestrando Reinaldo Campos, pela amizade e belas metáfases mostradas. Às futuras biólogas e co-orientadas Carolina M. Dias e Camila M. Melo, por terem possibilitado a minha formação como orientadora. Ao futuro biólogo André M. Giroti pela amizade, alegrias proporcionadas e companheirismos nas atividades laboratoriais. Aos funcionários do Departamento de Biologia, Anderson Rodrigues, Cristiane Miléo, Gerson Souza, Lucila Franco e Neuza Perinotto, por todo o apoio técnico. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Citogenética, da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, PR, em especial ao técnico Miguel Carvalho e a bióloga Maria Leandra Terêncio, pela amizade e apoio acadêmico. Ao fotógrafo Anderson Schneider, pela amizade, incentivo, apoio e auxílio financeiro durante o início da Pós-Graduação. À MSc. Maria Cláudia Gross, por toda a amizade, incentivo, discussões citogenéticas e por ter propiciado a oportunidade para eu ministrar um curso no INPA, Manaus e conhecer mais sobre a citogenética de peixes. Ao biólogo Carlos H. Schneider, querido irmão e amigo, por toda a amizade, carinho, incentivo, apoio em tudo o que sempre precisei e também pelas críticas e discussões profissionais e pessoais. À futura historiadora Silvia D. Schneider, querida irmã e amiga, que sempre está pronta para me ajudar, pelo apoio, carinho, incentivo, críticas, alegria, agradáveis risadas e “loucuras” compartilhadas. Aos meus pais Edite M. Schneider e João C. Schneider, por todo o amor, amizade, pelo exemplo de determinação e competência, por sempre terem compartilhado os meus sonhos, ensinando-me a lutar por eles, e também pelo apoio durante toda a minha vida. À CAPES pela concessão da Bolsa de Pós-Graduação. v SUMÁRIO Página 1. RESUMO ............................................................................................................. 1 2. INTRODUÇÃO E REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ................................................ 4 2.1. CONSIDERAÇÕES GERAIS SOBRE OS COLEOPTERA ........................................... 4 2.2. CARACTERÍSTICAS CITOGENÉTICAS DOS COLEOPTERA ...................................... 6 2.2.1. Informações citogenéticas da família Elateridae ................................... 7 2.2.2. Regiões cromossômicas específicas em Elateridae ............................. 11 3. OBJETIVOS ......................................................................................................... 15 4. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ................................................................................... 18 4.1. MATERIAL ........................................................................................................ 18 4.2. MÉTODOS ........................................................................................................ 22 4.2.1. Obtenção das preparações cromossômicas ......................................... 22 4.2.2. Coloração convencional (Giemsa) ........................................................ 23 4.2.3. Coloração diferencial ............................................................................. 23 4.2.4. Coloração seqüencial ............................................................................ 23 4.2.5. Análises cromossômicas ....................................................................... 23 5. RESULTADOS ..................................................................................................... 26 ARTIGO I “Evolutionary chromosomal differentiation among four species of Conoderus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Agrypninae, Conoderini) detected by standard staining, C-banding, silver nitrate impregnation, and CMA3/DA/DAPI staining” Resumo ……………………………………………………………………………………… 29 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………. 30 Introduction …………………………………..……………………………………………… 31 Material and methods ………………………………………………………………………. 33 Results ……………………...……...………………………………………………………... 34 Discussion …………………………………...………………………………………………. 47 Acknowledgements ………….……………………………………………………………… 51 References ………………..…………………………………………………………………. 51 vi ARTIGO II “Chromosomal similarities and differences among four Neotropical Elateridae (Conoderini and Pyrophorini) and other related species, with comments on the NORs pattern in Coleoptera” Resumo ……………………………………………………………………………………… 58 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………. 59 Introduction …………………………………..……………………………………………… 60 Material and methods ………………………………………………………………………. 61 Results ……………………...……...………………………………………………………... 62 Discussion …………………………………...………………………………………………. 72 Acknowledgements ………….……………………………………………………………… 89 Resumen …………………………………………………………………………………….. 89 References ………………..…………………………………………………………………. 90 ARTIGO III “Singular strategies of karyotype differentiation traced in two subfamilies of Elateridae (Coleoptera, Polyphaga: Agrypninae, Elaterinae)” Resumo ……………………………………………………………………………………… 101 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………. 102 Introduction …………………………………..……………………………………………… 103 Material and methods ………………………………………………………………………. 107 Results ……………………...……...………………………………………………………... 107 Discussion …………………………………...………………………………………………. 114 Acknowledgements ………….……………………………………………………………… 117 References ………………..…………………………………………………………………. 118 6. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ………………………………………………….. 122 7. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ………………………………………… 127 vii 1. RESUMO A família Elateridae possui cerca de 9.300 espécies descritas taxonomicamente, as quais estão agrupadas em 18 subfamílias; porém, menos de 1% destas foram analisadas sob o ponto de vista citogenético. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar citogeneticamente 13 espécies da família Elateridae, pertencentes à subfamília Agrypninae, tribo Conoderini (Conoderus dimidiatus, Conoderus fuscofasciatus, Conoderus malleatus, Conoderus
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