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Download/Documents/MDE2473092017ENGLISH.Pdf Distr. LIMITED E/ESCWA/CL3.SEP/2020/TP. 2 23 December 2019 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ARABIC Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) The National Agenda for the Future of Syria (NAFS) Programme Policy Gap Analysis: An Examination of tHe Policy-based Gaps Hindering Syrian Arab Republic’s Peacebuilding Process United Nations Beirut, 2020 19-01327 © 2019 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), e-mail: [email protected]. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations, its officials or its Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of authorities there, or concerning the delimitation of its borders or boundaries. Links contained in this publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of this information or for the content of any external website. References have, whenever possible, been verified. Mention of commercial names and products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References to dollars ($) are to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. United Nations publication issued by ESCWA, United Nations House, Riad El Solh Square, P.O. Box: 11-8575, Beirut, Lebanon. Website: www.unescwa.org. Acknowledgements This report is the result of the collaborative efforts of a team of experts from the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) and other specialists, aimed at addressing post-conflict policies in the Syrian Arab Republic. The lead author of this report is Maria Salem, who based tHe “Policy Gap Analysis” report on five Nexus papers prepared by Ziad Ayoub ArbacHe, KHaled Al Bitar, Omar DaHi, Rouba MHaissen and Basileus Zeno. The team is grateful for tHe guidance and support provided by Riwa Nasreddine, the National Agenda for tHe Future of Syria (NAFS) Programme Manager. Furthermore, the team would like to acknowledge, witH great appreciation, the background papers produced by the National Agenda for the Future of Syria (NAFS) network of Syrian experts, and the major contributions of Bassel Kaghadou, wHo offered His guidance and support througHout the process of producing this report. The team is also grateful for the contributions of Philippe Chite, Nadia Khiyami, Ali Khwanda and Ahmad Shikh Ebid for their research and analysis; Riad Sabbagh for his guidance on communications and outreach; Janabelle Abdelaziz, Hiba Choucair, Michael Nasr and Rania Nasser for their researcH support; Samira Haidar and RHea Younes for their programmatic support; and Mariam Farah, Layale Gedeon and KHadijeH Mansour for their administrative support. The National Agenda for the Future of Syria (NAFS) Programme’s work has been made possible by the generous support of its donors. The Federal Republic of Germany and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs have, (in part), contributed to the production of this document. In addition, this document was made possible (in part) by a grant from Carnegie Corporation of New York. The statements made and views expressed in the document are solely the responsibility of the authors. iii Contents Page Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iii Chapter I. Background and Methodological Framework ............................................................. 1 A. Background and Framework .................................................................................... 1 B. The National Agenda for tHe Future of Syria (NAFS) Programme ......................... 2 C. MetHodology ............................................................................................................. 2 D. Making Use of Policy Gap Analysis ........................................................................ 5 II. Visions of the Four Nexus .............................................................................................. 6 A. Vision of Nexus 1 – Emergency Response, Relief and Humanitarian Work PHase 6 B. Vision of Nexus 2 – Building a Legal Framework and Institutional Rehabilitation 9 C. Vision of Nexus 3 – Reconciliation and Social CoHesion ........................................ 10 D. Vision of Nexus 4 – ReHabilitation of tHe PHysical and Social Infrastructure Pillars of the Vision for 2030 ................................................................................... 12 III. Description of the Current Status of the Four Nexus ................................................. 15 A. Nexus 1 – Description of the Current Status of the Emergency Response, Relief and Humanitarian Work Nexus ..................................................................... 15 B. Causes and PHases of Displacement ......................................................................... 15 C. Current Status of the Issue of Refugee Return ......................................................... 20 D. Nexus 1B – Local Response ..................................................................................... 23 E. Nexus 2 – Analysis of tHe Current Status of tHe Building a Legal Framework and Institutional Rehabilitation Nexus ..................................................................... 31 F. Nexus 3 – Analysis of tHe Current Status of tHe Reconciliation and Social CoHesion Nexus ....................................................................................................... 39 G. Detainees, tHe Missing and tHe Forcibly Disappeared ............................................. 43 H. Gender-Based Violations and tHe Suffering of Women and Children ..................... 44 I. Nexus 4 – Analysis of tHe Current Status of tHe Infrastructure Nexus .................... 48 IV. Policy Gap Analysis ........................................................................................................ 50 A. Nexus 1 – Policy Gap Analysis of the Emergency Response, Relief and Humanitarian Work Nexus ...................................................................................... 50 B. Nexus 2 – Policy Gap Analysis of the Building a Legal Framework and Institutional ReHabilitation Nexus ........................................................................... 67 C. Nexus 3 – Policy Gap Analysis of the Reconciliation and Social Cohesion Nexus ....................................................................................................................... 75 D. Nexus 4 – Policy Gap Analysis of the ReHabilitation of the PHysical and Social Infrastructure Nexus ...................................................................................... 87 iii Contents (continued) Page V. Main Recommendations for the Four Nexus ............................................................... 90 A. Nexus 1 – Policy Recommendations for Emergency Response, Relief and Humanitarian Work ................................................................................................. 90 B. Nexus 2 – Policy Recommendations for Building a Legal Framework and Institutional ReHabilitation ....................................................................................... 105 C. Nexus 3 – Policy Recommendations for Reconciliation and Social Cohesion ........ 106 D. Nexus 4 – Policy Recommendations for the ReHabilitation of the PHysical and Social Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 114 VI. Description of Roles ....................................................................................................... 119 A. Nexus 1 – Description of Roles for tHe Emergency Response, Relief and Humanitarian Work Nexus ...................................................................................... 119 B. Nexus 2 – Description of Roles for the Building a Legal Framework and Institutional ReHabilitation Nexus ........................................................................... 124 C. Nexus 3 – Description of Roles for tHe Reconciliation and Social Cohesion Nexus ....................................................................................................................... 124 D. Nexus 4 – Description of Roles for the Rehabilitation of the Physical and Social Infrastructure Nexus ...................................................................................... 125 VII. General Considerations on Nexus Intersections .......................................................... 127 A. The Political Solution and Legitimacy ..................................................................... 127 B. Syrian Ownership of Reconstruction ........................................................................ 128 C. Coordination between Parties Concerned and the Coordination of Humanitarian Aid ...........................................................................................................................
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