NATO Encyclopedia 2018
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TA22 Catalog Session Vb Medals.Indd
e Admiral Vernon Medals of 1739 and 1741 by Daniel Frank Sedwick If the heart of collecting is visual and intellectual stimulation mixed with historical study, then the “Admiral Vernon” medals crafted in England in the period 1739-1741 are the perfect collectibles. e sheer number of di erent varieties of these medals makes collecting them both challenging and feasible. Fascination with these historic pieces has spawned more than a dozen studies over the past 180+ years, culminating in the book Medallic Portraits of Admiral Vernon (2010), by John Adams and Fernando Chao (the “AC” reference we quote in our lot descriptions). With this well-illustrated book alone, one can spend many enjoyable hours attributing each piece down to exact die details. e biggest challenge with these medals is condition, as they were heavily used and abused, which makes the present o ering comprising the collection of Richard Stuart an exceptional opportunity. e con! ict began with the capture and torture of the British merchant ship captain Robert Jenkins by the Spanish o Havana, Cuba, in 1731. His alleged punishment for smuggling was the removal of one of his ears, which he physically produced for British Parliament in 1739, setting o what became known as the “War of Jenkins’ Ear” starting that year, e ectively “Great Britain’s " rst protracted naval war in the Americas.” 1 In a burst of vengeful braggadocio, the experienced British admiral Edward Vernon reportedly said he could take the Spanish port of Portobelo, Panama, “with six ships only,” the larger goal being to disrupt the ! ow of Spanish shipping of treasure from the New World. -
Discussion Paper: Libya and R2P and Regime Change
Thinking About Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and Regime Change: A “Lessons Learned” Discussion Paper Robin Collins October, 2011 This discussion paper on the application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine in Libya is intended to stimulate dialogue among members of the World Federalist Movement – Canada (WFMC) and other R2P advocates. We begin with the assumption that there was a real need for the international community to respond to the threats and behaviour of the Libyan government of Moammar Gaddafi. In the circumstances, the UN Security Council resolutions that followed Gaddafi‘s actions, resolutions 1970 and 1973, and then resolution 2009 which recognized the National Transitional Council after the fall of Gaddafi, were appropriate responses to the crisis. There was explicit reference to a responsibility to protect civilians and civilian areas. The International Criminal Court was referenced (in resolutions 1970, 1973 and 2009). There was demand for a ceasefire, to diplomatic channels being opened, to dialogue towards political reform (resolution1973), and to an arms embargo and freezing of assets. In resolution 1973 “all necessary measures” were authorized, as was a no-fly zone to protect Libyan civilians, including those in Benghazi. However, there were many rough edges and a fair amount of (intended?) ambiguity. These topics are important to explore so that we are clear about where mandates were followed, or violated. Our goal is to strengthen the R2P doctrine so that it becomes a reliable new normative framework for future international diplomacy and protection of civilians. The experience of application in Libya will impact future efforts by the United Nations to invoke R2P. -
La Revista General De Marina
REVISTA GENERAL DE MARINA FUNDADA EN 1877 OCTUBRE 2014 REVISTA CARTA DEL DIRECTOR 411 GENERAL CARTAS AL DIRECTOR 413 DE TEMAS GENERALES MARINA LA RESERVA MILITAR VOLUNTARIA EN EL ENTORNO INTERNACIONAL 415 Juan José Alberto Castellón Sánchez del Pino, teniente médico (RV), subdirector del Observatorio de Inteligencia, Seguri- dad y Defensa (Diario Militar digital) TANGA, EL PRIMERO DE LOS ASALTOS ANFIBIOS DE LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL 425 Luis Solá Bartina, coronel de Infantería de Marina (RR) SUBMARINOS EN MALVINAS 437 José Javier Guerrero del Campo FUNDADA EN 1877 UN CURIOSO MAPA DEL IMPERIO BRITÁNICO EN AMÉRI- CA CON LOS ESTABLECIMIENTOS FRANCESES Y AÑO 2014 ESPAÑOLES ADYACENTES, POR HENRy POPPLE, FECHADO EN 1733 449 OCTUBRE José M.ª Cano Trigo, cartógrafo (RR) LA REVISTA GENERAL DE MARINA DE 1866 453 TOMO 267 José Ramón García Martínez EVOLUCIÓN E HISTORIA DE LOS SISTEMAS DE AMARRE y FONDEO 457 Raúl Villa Caro, teniente de navío (INA) HORATIO NELSON VERSuS BLAS DE LEZO 471 Enrique Zafra Caramé, capitán de navío TEMAS PROFESIONALES LAS COMUNICACIONES EN EL DESPLIEGUE DEL CANTA- BRIA EN AUSTRALIA: UNAS REFLEXIONES 481 Pablo Cartujo Olmo, teniente de navío DDG-1000: EL DESTRUCTOR DEL SIGLO XXI 489 Federico Supervielle Bergés, alférez de navío (CGA-EOF) ENERGÍA SIN CABLES y SU APLICACIÓN PARA DEFENSA 497 Rafael Gallego Naranjo, capitán de corbeta ¿QUÉ SERÍA DE LA VIDA SI NO TUVIÉRAMOS EL VALOR DE INTENTAR ALGO NUEVO? 509 Samuel Morales Morales, comandante de Infantería de Marina FOTOGRAFÍAS CON HISTORIAS EL CASO DEL BuENAVENTuRA 517 Juan Escrigas Rodríguez, capitán de navío y doctor en História Contemporánea INFORMACIONES DIVERSAS LA «REVISTA» HACE CIEN AÑOS.. -
An Ear, a Man from Gipuzkoa in the Basque Country and 190 Boats
AN EAR, A MAN FROM GIPUZKOA IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY AND 190 BOATS Monthly Strategy Report January 2014 Alejandro Vidal Head of Market Strategy G & FI IN NA K N N C A BEST E B ASSET & R L WEALTH E A V B MANAGEMENT I E O SPAIN W L 2013 G A S W A R D Monthly Strategy Report. January 2014 An ear, a man from Gipuzkoa in the Basque Country and 190 boats. We all know that military interests are tightly bound to economic interests. We are equally aware that Spain has a military past in which defeats stand out and the victories are relatively few. Here is a story that allowed the push that the colonies gave to the Spanish economy to be maintained and which facilitated the independence of the United States. In 1738, with the War of the Spanish Succession at an end, it was now obvious that the Spanish Empire was fi nding it increasingly diffi cult to jointly maintain trade and defend the Latin American strongholds, especially in the Caribbean. Bouts of piracy and smuggling were becoming more frequent and were urged by the King of England, who looked at it as an undeclared war of attrition against the Bourbons, his main enemies who now occupied both the French and Spanish throne. However, given the Spanish weakness in the area was more and more evident, the feeling in the Caribbean was ripe with pre-war tension with pirates and English corsairs placing increasing pressure on the merchants fl ying the Spanish fl ag. -
1986 Peace Through Non-Alignment: the Case for British Withdrawal from NATO
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified 1986 Peace Through Non-Alignment: The case for British withdrawal from NATO Citation: “Peace Through Non-Alignment: The case for British withdrawal from NATO,” 1986, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Ben Lowe, Published by Verso, sponsored by The Campaign Group of Labor MP's, The Socialist Society, and the Campaign for Non-Alignment, 1986. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/110192 Summary: Pamphlet arguing for British withdrawal from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It examines the origins of NATO, its role in U.S. foreign policy, its nuclear strategies, and its effect on British politics and national security. Original Language: English Contents: Scan of Original Document Ben Lowe is author of a book on NATO published in Spain as part of the campaign for Spanish withdrawal during the referendum of March 1986, La Cara Ocuita de fa OTAN; a contributor to Mad Dogs edited by Edward Thompson and Mary Kaldor; and a member of the Socialist Society, which has provided financial and research support for this pamphlet. Ben Lowe Peace through Non-Alignlllent The Case Against British Membership of NATO The Campaign Group of Labour MPs welcomes the publication of this pamphlet and believes that the arguments it contains are worthy of serious consideration. VERSO Thn Il11prlnt 01 New Left Books Contents First published 1986 Verso Editions & NLB F'oreword by Tony Benn and Jeremy Corbyn 15 Greek St, London WI Ben Lowe 1986 Introduction 1 ISBN 086091882 Typeset by Red Lion Setters 1. NATO and the Post-War World 3 86 Riversdale Road, N5 Printed by Wernheim Printers Forster Rd N17 Origins of the Alliance 3 America's Global Order 5 NATO's Nuclear Strategies 7 A Soviet Threat? 9 NA TO and British Politics 11 Britain's Strategic Role 15 Star Wars and Tension in NA TO 17 America and Europe's Future 19 2. -
Birth of NATO a Touch-And-Go Operation
“60 Years of NATO” It is often said that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was founded in response to the threat posed by the Soviet Union. This is only partially true. In fact, the Alliance’s creation was part of a broader effort to serve three purposes: deterring Soviet expansionism, forbidding the revival of nationalist militarism in Europe through a strong North American presence on the continent, and encouraging European political integration. The aftermath of World War II saw much of Europe devastated in a way that is now difficult to envision. Approximately 36.5 million Europeans had died in the conflict, 19 million of them civilians. Refugee camps and rationing dominated daily life. In some areas, infant mortality rates were one in four. Millions of orphans wandered the burnt-out shells of former metropolises. In the German city of Hamburg alone, half a million people were homeless. In addition, Communists aided by the Soviet Union were threatening elected governments across Europe. In February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with covert backing from the Soviet Union, overthrew the democratically elected government in that country. Then, in reaction to the democratic consolidation of West Germany, the Soviets blockaded Allied-controlled West Berlin in a bid to consolidate their hold on the German capital. The heroism of the Berlin Airlift provided future Allies with some solace, but privation remained a grave threat to freedom and stability. A treaty for our age Fortunately, by then the United States had turned its back on its traditional policy of diplomatic isolationism. Aid provided through the US-funded Marshall Plan and other means fostered a degree of economic stabilisation. -
Libya's Other Battle | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2295 Libya's Other Battle by Andrew Engel, Ayman Grada Jul 28, 2014 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Andrew Engel Andrew Engel, a former research assistant at The Washington Institute, recently received his master's degree in security studies at Georgetown University and currently works as an Africa analyst. Ayman Grada Ayman Grada is an independent political analyst and cofounder of Libyan Youth Voices. Brief Analysis The escalation in and around Tripoli holds troubling parallels with the tribal divisions that precipitated Libya's bloody 1936 civil war. ibya is a fractured country whose long-simmering violence is threatening to boil over. Internecine fighting L once mostly limited to Benghazi -- where Maj. Gen. Khalifa Haftar launched "Operation Dignity" against U.S.- designated terrorist group Ansar al-Sharia and other armed Islamists -- has now spread to Tripoli. The U.S. embassy was hurriedly evacuated on July 26, and foreign governments have urged their nationals to flee the country. The Tripoli fighting erupted on July 12, pitting largely Islamist militias from the Muslim Brotherhood stronghold of Misratah and their northwestern allies against well-equipped and trained nationalist brigades from Zintan. The latter factions -- the Qaaqaa, Sawaiq, and Madani Brigades -- are tribal and back the more secular-leaning political alliance, the National Forces Alliance (NFA), but ostensibly belong to the Libyan army. The Misratan and Islamist militias have since bombarded Tripoli International Airport, which has been held by Zintani forces since the revolution ended. This battle -- in which 90 percent of aircraft on the ground were destroyed, costing over $1.5 billion -- marks a dark turn for Libya, increasing the likelihood of the country repeating its brutal 1936 intertribal civil war. -
Nato at 70: the History, Successes and Challenges
African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Volume 2, Issue 2, 2019 (pp. 58-75) www.abjournals.org NATO AT 70: THE HISTORY, SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES OF THE TRANSATLANTIC ALLIANCE IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA Adeleke Olumide Ogunnoiki1 and Charles Emmanuel Ekpo2 1Graduate, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria 2Graduate Student, Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria ABSTRACT: The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the strongest and most successful political cum military alliance the world has ever known to date. Founded in 1949, the transatlantic alliance served as a bulwark for Western Europe countries from the expansion of the Soviet Union, its ideology – communism and, nuclear warheads during the Cold War. In the year 1991, the gigantic Soviet Union collapsed which marked the end of the Cold War. As the Soviet Union no longer posed a threat to NATO members, the Alliance took on new missions from conflict management in the Balkans and Maghreb, counterterrorism operations in South Asia and the Middle East, to anti-piracy missions off the Horn of Africa. At this juncture the question arising is this: is NATO a relic of the Cold War or an indispensable alliance in the 21st century? This paper recounts the eventful history of NATO from 1949 to 2019. It also answers the question, is NATO an obsolete or relevant alliance in the 21st century? and most importantly, it discusses at length the accomplishments and problems the Alliance faces in the post-Cold War era. -
Defence and Security After Brexit Understanding the Possible Implications of the UK’S Decision to Leave the EU Compendium Report
Defence and security after Brexit Understanding the possible implications of the UK’s decision to leave the EU Compendium report James Black, Alex Hall, Kate Cox, Marta Kepe, Erik Silfversten For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1786 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., and Cambridge, UK © Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: HMS Vanguard (MoD/Crown copyright 2014); Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4, A Chinook Helicopter of 18 Squadron, HMS Defender (MoD/Crown copyright 2016); Cyber Security at MoD (Crown copyright); Brexit (donfiore/fotolia); Heavily armed Police in London (davidf/iStock) RAND Europe is a not-for-profit organisation whose mission is to help improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org www.rand.org/randeurope Defence and security after Brexit Preface This RAND study examines the potential defence and security implications of the United Kingdom’s (UK) decision to leave the European Union (‘Brexit’). -
During the Cold War, Some Air Force Fighter Pilots Had More Firepower
THE TOSS-BOMB PROCEDURE 4. At pitch attitude, the bomb F-100 pilot Lt. 1. Attack begins. Jettison fuel is released to arc toward Harris Kirk races tanks and descend to just the target. After release, for the cockpit above ground level. Engage the pilot now has only 54 during an alert engine afterburner and ap- seconds to escape the exercise at a proach target at 575 mph. nuclear blast. USAFE base in West Germany. 2. Pull up at attack point with a constant four Gs. Monitor the 5. The Mk 7 bomb was the cross-pointer mounted gauge first nuclear weapon that on the instrument panel. could be carried by USAF (and Navy) fighter aircraft. 3. The aircraft pulls into an Immelmann maneuver. The One-Way Nuclear Mission A principal target was the “Fulda Gap,” a logical geograph- During the Cold War, some ical highway for massive Soviet armored formations to pour Turkey. There was also a training group at Sidi Slimane AB, right intermediate station. Still, despite all the extra fuel, the Air Force fighter pilots had into West Germany. A bottleneck there could buy valuable Morocco, and there was an F-100C-equipped air defense Super Sabre’s combat radius was limited. time for NATO to respond to an invasion. squadron in the Netherlands. Targets closer than 450 nautical miles (518 miles) from more firepower than range. The North Atlantic Council had previously approved this The European-based fighter wings were tasked to carry home base did offer a potential round-trip mission. These strategy for NATO in September 1950, with tactical nuclear the new Mk 7 nuclear bomb. -
Libya: Unrest and U.S
Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Christopher M. Blanchard Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs September 9, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33142 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Summary Muammar al Qadhafi’s 40 years of authoritarian rule in Libya have effectively come to an end. The armed uprising that began in February 2011 has reached a turning point, and opposition forces now control the capital city, Tripoli, in addition to the eastern and western areas of the country. Most observers doubt the rebel gains are reversible. However, the coastal city of Sirte and some parts of central and southern Libya remain contested, and, isolated groups of pro- Qadhafi forces remain capable of armed resistance. The U.S. military continues to participate in Operation Unified Protector, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military operation to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which authorizes “all necessary measures” to protect Libyan civilians. As of September 9, Muammar al Qadhafi had not been located or detained, and opposition Transitional National Council (TNC) leaders are urging their forces to exercise restraint and caution so that Qadhafi, his family members, and key regime officials may be captured alive, formally charged, and put to trial. The Libyan people, their interim Transitional National Council, and the international community are shifting their attention from the immediate struggle with the remnants of Qadhafi’s regime to the longer-term challenges of establishing and maintaining security, preventing criminality and reprisals, restarting Libya’s economy, and beginning a political transition. -
Information Regarding the Amount of Quick Reaction Alert
ale Air Command Secretariat Spitfire Block Headquarters Air Command Royal Air Force High Wycombe Ministry Buckinghamshire of Defence HP14 4UE Ref. 2020/02069 9 March 2020 Dear Thank you for your e-mail of 12 February 2020 asking for information about RAF Quick Reaction Alert flights. Specifically, you requested the following information: "Could you please confirm the amount of Quick Reaction Alert Flights conducted in the last 5 years, from the following Air Stations? - RAF Lossiemouth - RAF Coningsby - RAF Mount Pleasant If possible, broken into those of civilian or military Russian/Argentine origin." I am treating your correspondence as a request for information under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. I can confirm that some information within the scope of your request is held. We do hold recorded information on the number and nature of incidents when RAF Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) aircraft launched against aircraft approaching the UK in the last five years. However, similar information for the aircraft approaching the Falkland Islands is only held centrally for 2017-19 inclusive. Section 26(1)a of the FOI Act provides that we should withhold information which would be likely to prejudice the defence of the British Isles or any Colony. Section 26(1) b of the Act provides that we should withhold information which would be likely to prejudice the capability, effectiveness or security of relevant forces. Section 24(1) of the FOI provides that we should withhold information for the purposes of safeguarding national security. The Act requires that we have to carry out a public interest (PIT) in this respect to show that the reasons for withholding the information outweigh the reasons for releasing the information.