92 International Journal of Crisis Communication, 2017, 1, 92-104 Islamophobia and Muslim Comedians in America

Wajid Zulqarnain1,2,*, Taimur-ul-Hassan2 and Farzana Kausar1

1Department of Media Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Islamabad, Pakistan 2School of Media and Mass Communication, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore, Pakistan Abstract: The main aim of the study was to analyze the sentiments about Muslim comedians in America. Soon after the attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States, many Muslim American stand-up comedians had to suffer Islamophobia; the stereotype perceptions and hatred remarks about them because of their Muslim Identity. Therefore this study applied the qualitative content analysis technique to investigate the role of Muslim comedians and the sentiments of the viewers about their stand-up comedy videos. The findings showed that Muslim comedians are engaged in dialogue to help the Muslim community deal with the impact of the September 11 attacks and to try reassure the public about Arab and Muslim Americans as being unpatriotic and hostile to the United States. Muslim American stand-up comedy is a unique response to negative social discrimination after 9/11, and social critic’s comedians debate the stereotype and reality of Muslim American life. Analysis of functionalist theory from humor sociology to discern expected social messages of joke intended for entertaining and education. It shows how the American Muslim comedy affects American Muslims. Keywords: Muslim, Comedians, Stand-up comedy, Islomophobia.

INTRODUCTION understood that comedy can be utilized as a stage to lightly register the issues influencing Muslim ethnicity It is an obvious fact Muslim American stand-up and religion. Different minorities like Jews and African comedians endured contempt comments and have Americans also used comedy as an instrument to have been victims of stereotyping for being Muslims after the recognition and positive acknowledgment into the incident of September 11, 2001. Nonetheless, American "mixture." If we look into past, the blend of Amarasingam contemplated that Muslim comedians social scrutinize and self-criticism brought have presented such humor dialogues which are accomplishment to various ethnic stand-up entertainers helpful for the Muslims to mend the image in world after in the past Jack Benny, Lenny Bruce, Richard Prior, 9/11 and tried to change the unpatriotic and and lately Jerry Seinfeld, Chris Rock, Margaret Cho antagonistic attitude of Muslim world toward United and Sarah Silverman. This study is meant to discover States [1]. Comedy is a noteworthy social power; in any the connection between stand-up comedy of Muslims case, religious scholars have seldom considered the in US and the perception of audience about them, and social significance of comedy important. For instance, a in addition studied the portrayals of Islamophobia by CNN roundtable discourse was carried on whether the Muslim-American comedians. Canadian sitcom “Little Mosque on the Prairie" would be a noticeable hit in the United States, as it was Definitions of Islamophobia noticed by many participants that after 9/11, humor acts could be extremely helpful in battling The term of Islamophobia is something that still obliviousness, narrow mindedness, and negative image needs an appropriate explanation. Researcher found of Muslims [2]. As Andreea investigated comedy acts that the expression "Islamophobia" has been broadly Like Allah Made Me Funny, The Axis of Evil and Arabs used in America and picked up prominence in the Gone Wild; and the comedians, for example, Azhar 1990s and after unfortunate 9/11 terrorists attack [4]. Usman, Mo Amer, Ahmed, Aron Kader, Preacher Nonetheless, the Islamophobia is not only limited to Moss, Dean Obidallah, MazJobrani, and Maysoon American culture and also not just the aftermath of Zayid have been outstanding, due to their specific terrorist attacks. In another research found the blend of self-reasoning funniness and harmless jokes meaning of Islamophobia as an "ideological about Arabs and Muslims surging in American culture arrangement" of abhorrence and hate for Muslims. [3]. Arab and Muslim American entertainers have Sheeni described concept of Islamophobia, "an ideological formation which made by a culture that inherit specific image, investigations and convictions,

*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Media Sciences, on the basis of which legislative policies and social Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Tel: 051-4863363-65; Fax: 051-4863367; practices are mounted" [5]. Foucault (1972) discussed E-mail: [email protected] Sheeni's idea that such arrangements are embedded in

© 2017 Lifescience Global Truth, Al Jazeera, and Crisis Journalism International Journal of Crisis Communication, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2 93 settings of institutional, control relations and political comedian stated certain fundamental standards of practices. Foucault further discussed that to uncover in humour in his paper "Världens näst äldsta yrke: stand- all its immaculateness the space in which rambling up entertainer" [6], it was mentioned that, to be a good occasions are conveyed is to abandon oneself allowed comedian, one must be smart, funny, talk without to portray the transaction of relations inside it and hesitation to the viewers, must be confident, must know outside it. The root of Islamophobia indicates an how to use content to make a unique situation and approach against Islam and absurdly religion is the must influence viewers. In any case, he himself said least important dimensions in the fundamentals of that these principles are not authoritative and the Islamophobia. In the most recent decade, a large expression "stand-up comedy" needs much more number of the writers who analyzed Islamophobia clarification. Malmberg in Crispin & Vladica found that a believe that a interpretation toward Islam surpasses an few humorists may perform while taking a seat, for entirely religious aspect. As indicated in ideological example, Irish entertainer Dave Allen [7]. Some use idea, Islamophobia can't be isolated from historical characters for humor and some make use of props to occasions including Western relations with the Muslim make funny situations. Mint an American researcher, and Arab community. Among such occasions, 9/11 looked into American comedy in detail and gave terrorists attack on US, picked up consideration in meaningful understanding of the term comedy and also America. But, 9/11 isn't the core root of Islamophobia, elaborated cultural and social significance of comedy however it was the reaction of Western communities to [8]. His essential definition is in any case very like the genuine or nonexistent risk for fundamentalism of Malmberg's: "A strict, restricting meaning of standup Islamic, numerous socio-political characters may have satire would portray an experience between a solitary, extraordinary interests in supporting the disdain for standing entertainer acting hilariously or potentially Muslims. saying interesting things specifically to viewers, unsupported by especially in the method for outfit, Objective of the Study prop, setting, or sensational vehicle".

• To examine the relationship between sentiments Talking about production, stand-up comedy is of the audience about Muslim Comedians and simply a performing art. Props, outfits and view are Islamophobia developed by specific comics despite the fact that these are not the principle center of the execution and To highlight that the stand-up comedy reverses • are utilized regularly. One key decide that is maybe the discourses and representations of disregarded is innovation which is most vital in stand- Islamophobia up comic drama than in some other execution Research Questions workmanship. For instance, in music it is a typical and broadly acknowledged practice to play note by take • Is there any relationship between sentiments of note of crafted by different artists. This training is the audience about Muslim Comedians and known as literary theft with regards to stand-up parody. Islomophobia? In this way, an entertainer needs to think of his or her own particular work material or then again with unique • What is the relationship between sentiments of work material gave by an essayist notwithstanding the audience and soft image of Muslim while tending to comparable subjects with comparative Comedians? perspectives display in the material of other stand-up humorists. A humorist playing out the rehashed jokes LITERATURE REVIEW of another entertainer is unprecedented with regards to hold up. Stand-up comedian is a comical interactive style in which a humorist performs live in front of viewers. In Ronald, an anthropologist examines all the more stand-up comic drama, the comic tries to convey a profoundly that in the event that it has a unique progression of entertaining funny stories and jokes, circumstance, the comic words or jokes do have a commonly known as monolog. Good comedians also superior effect. She contends that exclusive the make use of music and props to make their substance of the joke and method for advising isn't demonstrations outstanding. Stand-up comedy is critically enough to make giggle and the standup drama generally performed in comedy clubs, bars, dance club, [9] additionally has similar guidelines of articulations. schools, colleges, universities and theaters. A Swedish She watches that exclusive the comic drama words 94 International Journal of Crisis Communication, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2 Clifford G. Christians may once in a while lie in articulation and introductions Bilici's part in the book Islamophobia/Islamophilia: however they are seen better in the association with Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend (Bilici 2010) social reality and conduct. She additionally clarifies that contained a discourse of Muslim standup satire in jokes are now and again of emotional change in connection to individuals having an anomaly of introductions they may cause error by equivocalness, Muslims. Mucahit Bilici (2010) alludes to Muslim deficient conveyance and courses of action of standup comic drama as being "ethnic comedy" This articulations and observations. kind of ethnic parody is "a type of code-exchanging even with circumstances where the dialect of reason is Someone else, Turner, whose work is additionally overwhelmed by a wrong sound judgment or basic useful to comprehend the subject proposed the idea of wrong sense". Bilici contended that when Muslims "plural reflexivity" [10]. It contends that the conduct of perform standup satire they are attempting to fabricate group in completely understanding a depiction and a scaffold amongst Muslims and whatever is left of ingests it and after that communicates it through the American culture [11]. This extension is as drama and aggregate activities. This is extremely useful in giggling in which the two Muslims and whatever understanding the type of craftsmanship, humor and remains of American culture can appreciate and take pop culture. The tone and method for conveying the an interest [1]. Since Muslim-American standup joke changes the standup comic drama and contrasts it entertainers play out their satire schedules before with the substance however the magnificence and soul Muslim-Americans and non-Muslims, they do as such of compelling craftsmanship is in inventive contort. This with goals of stunning generalizations among Muslims. distortion is overcome the conveying style, conflicting logical farce and embellishments of the jokes. Muslim Comedians in America

Defining Muslim Standup Comedy Many Muslim comedians have a view that the incident of September, 2001 gave them a new The expression "Muslim standup comedian" does opportunity and opened a new perspective. The not have a reasonable definition. In this way, it can be contrast of humor and critics in support or against characterized that Muslim standup parody is about comedians made their business profitable as the Muslims make jokes on being a Muslim, different spreading their views in Americans about Muslims. Muslims, and non-Muslims. Basically, Muslim standup Koziski (1984) found that the comedy is a great stage comic drama needs to do with a Muslim in front of an softens the views of masses against religion and audience performing standup comic drama. In 2008, ethnicity [12]. Muslim standup satire touched another level of prevalence. Around the same time, the Public Micu found that Muslim stand-up comedy has the Broadcasting System from their "America at a feature of depicting personal opinion in performance Crossroads" arrangement discharged a narrative titled, [2]. “Personal narratives are contextualized by, imitate "Stand Up: Muslim American Comics Come of Age". on, and discover the individual’s place in group events The narrative followed the lives and vocations of and chronological time. They remind many other humorists like Ahmed, Tissa Hami, Dean Obeidallah, related narratives with their own diverse temporalities Azhar Usman, and MaysoonZayid. It talked about the beyond the individual life”. As the comedians explain jokes Muslim standup humorists about their Muslim their experiences after 9/11, they present a detail legacy, social childhoods, and the vast majority of the description about the groups they stand for whole kickback Muslims looked since September 11, conventional media representations and political 2001. conversations. One of the Muslim comedians in New The assaults that happened on September 11, 2001 York Arab American Comedy Festival showed his have drastically changed the impression of Muslims anger on an odd relation between his lived experience among the American open. Since September 11, 2001 in Iran and the depiction of Iran he sees on television. the religion of Islam and Muslims turned out to be most Islamophobia talked about point. As Miuc puts it, "Interest about Muslims in the United States isn't restricted to the Allen found that many scholars stated Islamophobia pages of the New York Times. It is shared by neighbors as an ideology articulated through dialogue or a and collaborators, and by the FBI and the Department psychological outcome, defined generally as of Homeland Security" (2012: 4) [2]. ‘unsubstantiated aggression toward Muslims’ [13]. The Truth, Al Jazeera, and Crisis Journalism International Journal of Crisis Communication, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2 95

Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society four types poor, and so forth. Moreover, as expressed prior, of Islamophobia: pre reflective personal Islamophobia, descriptive words, modifiers, things like trash, garbage, post-reflective personal Islamophobia, institutional and poo and even verbs like loathe, as, and so forth Islamophobia and political Islamophobia [14]. are utilized as assessment words. Besides, rather than such individual sentiment words there are maxims and Sentiment Analysis expressions are utilized to show assessments. Think about an illustration, "These musical show tickets cost Fundamental Concepts in assessment investigation, us dearly". Here, 'cost somebody dearly' is an for basic leadership the stubborn content is critical. expression which implies having a negative effect of One needs to comprehend the fundamental phrasings something. connected with the assessment mining while at the same time gathering the stubborn content and Therefore, opinion phrases and opinion words play regarding it as contribution for the feeling mining an important role in performing sentiment analysis. frameworks. As expressed by Liu (Natural Language Additionally, two associate research areas have been Processing, 2012) data accessible in printed comprehensively studied in this study which are: arrangement can be characterized into two principle things: Facts and Opinions [15]. Assessment (1) classification of document which is opinionated Orientation is identified with supposition in estimation based on either a document expresses a positive examination, sentiment can be characterized as, a opinion or negative opinion positive or negative view, evaluation, feeling or feeling about question by a conclusion holder. These (2) classification of a sentence either subjective sentence or objective sentence, and for the perspectives on assessment lead us towards the sentences which are subjective, again classify it following idea i.e. supposition introduction. The term on the basis of either it expresses a positive feeling introduction is on the other hand utilized as a opinion, negative opinion or neutral opinion. part of many research papers as 'assumption introduction', 'extremity of supposition', or even First research area is universally known as 'semantic introduction'. In light of these ideas, the sentiment classification in documents, which focuses conclusion mining framework can be communicated in on finding an open feeling of the opinion holder in the principle with the assistance of Object Model for given opinionated text. With the help of given product sentiment mining. The primary reason for feeling reviews; it helps to recognize and understand whether investigation, expects to close positive or negative the opinion holder is positive or negative on the subject assessments from given stubborn content. The term of that product. assumption order is utilized to characterize a feeling in view of whether it communicates the positive The second area focuses on the sentences assessment or negative sentiment. This is likewise individually to identify whether this sentence is called as the assessment grouping done at record level responsible for contributing any opinion or not which is since it takes the entire report as the fundamental data known as subjectivity classification and sentence level unit utilized as a contribution for performing supposition sentiment classification. mining. Subjectivity arrangement is the capacity that RESEARCH DESIGN orders a sentence into either obstinate sentence or non-stubborn sentence. Indeed, even the resultant The aim of this study is to research "analysis of sentences which are stubborn are additionally sentimental feedback on comedy of Muslim comedians partitioned into positive sentence or negative sentence, in America". Population of this research paper is the which is additionally known as sentence-level Muslim comedians in America. Therefore three Muslim assumption grouping. Supposition Words and Opinion Comedians; two male and one female were selected Phrases in the obstinate content positive or negative on the basis of their popularity and comments on their assessments which are usually used to express videos. The first is Mazjobrani is Iranian-American, 45 feelings of the conclusion holder are called as years of age Muslim entertainer in America. His sentiment words. We can think about the delightful, subjects for comic drama are racism, baisness, islam great, stunning, and so forth as positive conclusion and America, islamophobia, Iranian society.Maziyar words and negative supposition words like, awful, frail, "Maz" Jobrani is an Iranian-American entertainer who 96 International Journal of Crisis Communication, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2 Clifford G. Christians was part of the "Axis of Evil” comedy expedition, which chosen on the basis of the most perspective remarks included a portion of the best Middle Eastern-American by viewers for each of the three chosen Muslim jokes globally. The Axis of Evil Comedy Central Special Comedians. Ten comments on every video were debuted in 2007 as the primary all Middle Eastern gathered for the analysis. show on American TV. Second is Maysoon Zayid who is 42 years female comedian, also an actress, FINDING & DISCUSSION advocate for disables, and very renowned tap dancer of Palestinian origin. She is known as one of America's In Table 1, the results show that in videos 01 (V1) first Muslim ladies comedians and the first one ever to positive emotion is 4.96 which is less than negative perform stand-up in Palestine and Jordan. David Khari emotions 8.34. Similarly positive emotion is more in Webber Chappelle is another American stand-up video 2 (V 2) i.e. 10.93. In video 03, positive emotion is comedian; he is of 44 years and was born in America. 11.28 however negative is 1.09. Result of video 04 He is also an author, and has been in active since shows that 20.55 are positive however negative 1989-till now. His Subjects for standup humor are emotion is null. mostly biasness, politics of America, popular culture, African-American societies. Purposive Sampling In Table 2, the results show that in videos 01 technique is used, reviewing four selected videos from positive emotion is 16.5 which is less than negative emotions 3.38. Similarly positive emotion is more in YouTube for each Muslim comedian. Videos were video 2 i.e 18.63 and 2.65 is negative. In video 03,

Table 1: Sentimental Analysis of Dave Chappelle

Dave Chappelle TRADITIONAL LIWC DIMENSION V1 V2 V3 V4

I-WORDS (I, ME, MY) 5.38 2.8 4.22 4.74 SOCIAL WORDS 12.62 11.15 7.25 12.74 POSITIVE EMOTIONS 4.96 10.93 11.28 20.55 NEGATIVE EMOTIONS 8.43 3.49 1.09 0 COGNITIVE PROCESSES 13.61 10.47 7.14 8.34 ANALYTIC 42.19 64.64 47.51 41.57 CLOUT 49.76 68.09 38.62 62.35 AUTHENTICITY 19.23 15.44 22.97 17.83 EMOTIONAL TONE 40.55 69.4 67.1 91.68

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98 International Journal of Crisis Communication, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2 Clifford G. Christians

Table 2: Sentimental Analysis of Maz Jobrani

TRADITIONAL LIWC DIMENSION Maz Jobrani V1 V2 V3 V4

I-WORDS (I, ME, MY) 3.28 5.98 4.42 4.35 SOCIAL WORDS 8.87 10.78 24.75 21.3 POSITIVE EMOTIONS 16.5 18.63 10.85 15.08 NEGATIVE EMOTIONS 3.38 2.65 5.34 0 COGNITIVE PROCESSES 5.91 11.2 9.06 8.88 ANALYTIC 65.04 45.26 42.18 43.83 CLOUT 63.92 60.62 54.9 88.2 AUTHENTICITY 27.18 39.07 39.17 33.64 EMOTIONAL TONE 77.04 88.78 62.28 84.36

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Table 3: Sentimental Analysis of Maysoon Zayid

MaysoonZayid TRADITIONAL LIWC DIMENSION V1 V2 V3 V4

I-WORDS (I, ME, MY) 8.33 4.06 3.56 0.33 SOCIAL WORDS 26.39 26.38 21.36 18.52 POSITIVE EMOTIONS 16 22.21 14.54 16.91 NEGATIVE EMOTIONS 3.08 3.24 2.28 4.85 COGNITIVE PROCESSES 6.13 11.4 8.03 12.53 ANALYTIC 20.43 21.34 31.82 31.91 CLOUT 74.02 83.42 75.27 80.61 AUTHENTICITY 36.8 4.68 13.48 7.39 EMOTIONAL TONE 59.92 77.04 64.82 74.56

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Table 4: Cumulative Results of all the Videos of Three Comedians

TRADITIONAL LIWC DIMENSION Dave Chappelle MazJobrani MaysoonZayid

I-WORDS (I, ME, MY) 4.285 4.5075 4.07 SOCIAL WORDS 10.94 16.425 23.1625 POSITIVE EMOTIONS 11.93 15.265 17.415 NEGATIVE EMOTIONS 3.25 2.8425 3.3625 COGNITIVE PROCESSES 48.9775 8.7625 9.5225 ANALYTIC 48.9775 49.0775 26.375 CLOUT 54.705 66.91 78.33 AUTHENTICITY 18.8675 34.765 15.5875 EMOTIONAL TONE 67.1825 78.115 69.085

102 International Journal of Crisis Communication, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2 Clifford G. Christians positive emotion is 10.85 however negative is 5.34. In certain unfortunate events where Muslim faced a Result of video 04 show that 15.08 are positive lot of image issues in world, similarly American however negative emotion is null. comedians also had to go through hatred remarks from their viewers. Amarasingam Muslim comedians are In Table 3, the results show that in videos 01 trying to create a positive image in world by using the positive emotion is 16 which is less than negative kind of dialogues which can bring surroundings of emotions 3. Similarly positive emotion is more in video harmony and peace with world, hence creating the 2 i.e 22.21 and 3.24 is negative. In video 03, positive positive representation of Muslims in world [1]. Andreea emotion is 14.54 however negative is 2.28. Result of studied that comedy by Muslim comedians, like Allah video 04 show that 16.91 are positive however Made Me Funny, The Axis of Evil and Arabs Gone negative emotion is 4.85. Wild. The comedians Mo Amer, Azhar Usman, MazJobrani, MaysoonZayid, Ahmed Ahmed, Aron In Table 4 show cumulative results of all the videos Kader, Preacher Moss and Dean Obidallah are of three comedians. Comments on Dave Chappelle presenting the combination of self-critical humor and videos shows 11.93 however 3.25 are negative. critique of the biases of Muslims in America, and such Similarly comments on MazJobrani’s videos 15.265 comedies are going very successful amongst the were positive and 2.8425 were negative. In results of audiences [16].They are actually using humor as a MaysoonZayid’s video the 17.415 comments were platform to mention the issues affecting their religious positive and 3.3625 were negative. groups and ethnicity. The study showed that the attitude of the viewer toward such comedies is positive,

Operational Definitions

1.1. Variables

S. No Words Used in Conceptual Definition Operational Definition Comments

1 Islamophobia Islamophobia is the term use as fear about Muslim or Thoughts about Muslim or Islam used to express Islam to other people negative attitudes or emotions (Bleich (2011). 2 Social Media Website that uses to share, creates, generate and The sites which given the detail of social Networking sites spread data with having complete feedback and identities and can be explored. (Holmes, 2014). immediate responses through text. Three main site i.e Facebook, Twitter, YouTube. (Kaplan &Haenlein, 2010).

S. No Positive Words Neutral Words Negative Words

1 love dodge shit 2 glad electoral Hating good swear odd different scripted off slightly real fuck truth fucking better stupid Get famous forced ethics weird favorite upset funniest disappearing best left greatest ruin Legend great man Truth, Al Jazeera, and Crisis Journalism International Journal of Crisis Communication, 2017, Vol. 1, No. 2 103 and creating soft image in the minds of not only United States on 11 September 2001, many Muslim Muslims groups but also American viewers. The overall American idol comedians had to bear stereotypes and feedback on the sampled videos shows that videos are hate speech about them because of their Muslim highly inspirational and supportive for enhancing the status. The findings show that Muslim comedians are image of Muslims in world. Like on Dave chapel engaged in dialogue to help the Muslim community comedy one of the viewers Sean Killion commented deal with the impact of the September 11 attacks and that “I'm glad Chappelle did his best to dodge this to try to reassure the public about Arab and Muslim whole trump hating thing. Good for him”. It is evident Americans as being unpatriotic and hostile to the from the comment that viewer think that Muslims are United States. Although religious scholars seldom take not haters like their image and they are the promoters the cultural importance of comedies seriously, there is of peace. In other comment by a viewer “Quality a lot of evidence that it is an important social force. The content! This channel deserves more than a million combination of social criticism and self-deprecation has subs”on the video of MazJobrani shows that content brought success to comedians of different nationalities provided by Muslim comedians are considered in the past, such as Jack Benni, Lenny Bruce, Richard qualified to have numbers of subscriptions and Priest, and most recently Jerry Seinfeld, Chris Locke, followings. Hence create soft feeling in the minds of the Margaret Cao and Sarah Silverman. Muslim comedians viewers without annoying the audience. Like one of the believe that such mistrust and fear can be countered by comment on Maysoon Zayid video is “I don't agree with comedies. Muslim American stand-up comedy is a your political views. I don't feel bad that you have unique response to negative social discrimination after Cerebral Palsy. But I love your character, idk why, you 9/11, and social critic’s comedians debate the seem super cool, you are extra beautiful, and a lot stereotype and reality of Muslim American life. As a more successful than me” It shows even though result, they continue to pass the American minority audience are not agreeing with the opinion of the traditions that come into contact with American social comedian still she is successful in building positive life through public humor. Analysis of functionalist image in the minds of the audience. Baker (2008) also theory from humor sociology to discern expected social stated that, all the comics from Middle Eastern side, messages of joke intended for entertaining and they are actually using the humor to bring peace and education. It shows how the American Muslim comedy harmony in world with Muslim community. Sorensen affects American Muslims. (2008) has even also stated that comedy is a powerful approach of nonviolent resistance to oppression in a REFERENCES different way than violent resistance. It is very much [1] Amarasingam A. Laughter the best medicine: Muslim evident from the comments on videos that comedies of comedians and social criticism in post-9/11 America. Journal the American comedians is bringing cross cultural of Muslim Minority Affairs 2010; 30(4): 463-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2010.533444 harmony as well like one of the comment by Indian [2] Christensen J. Want to end prejudice? Watch a sitcom." viewer Aditya Aswal on the video MazJobraniis like CNN. February 02, 2006. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/02/ this, “Awesome stuff.Your videos are my guide to a health/sitcoms-prejudice-study/index.html (accessed October 16, 2017) good night sleep. “Subbed, hope u r doing a show in [3] Micu A. Humor Alert: Muslim and Arab Stand-Up Comedy in India soon. Much Love)”. 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Received on 20-12-2017 Accepted on 02-01-2018 Published on 12-01-2018