- - 1 Comédia Stand-Up; Humor; Piada; Dissidência Este estudo analisa o conteúdo das piadas produzidas e apresenta Este estudo analisa o conteúdo das piadas This study is a content analysis of jokes produced and presented by of jokes produced and presented by study is a content analysis This
Stand-up comedy; Humor; Joke; Dissidence Stand-up comedy; Humor; Joke; 10.18568/cmc.v14i40.1348 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Universidade Pontifícia o conservadorismo. Palavras-Chave: 1 semelhança do que ocorre em outros continentes. Os governos de países como ocorre em outros continentes. semelhança do que hoje em dia, em algum grau, a dissi Arábia Saudita, Bahrein e Egito toleram muçulmana rir de a sociedade árabe e dência proposta por tais humoristas. Ver rompe com a imagem estereotipada de pois e surpreendente, si é ocorrência nova e pelo medo estar dominada a ironia por a sátira e suportar ela é incapaz de que Keywords: Resumo: do mundo, tratam de uma em várias partes das por comediantes stand-up que, e do muçulmano na modernidade. Este temática comum, a inserção do árabe países do Oriente Médio e da África, à gênero de humor se difundiu em vários and Egypt nowadays tolerate, to some degree, the dissident humor proposed by proposed humor dissident the degree, some to tolerate, nowadays Egypt and laugh at themselves is a humorists. Seeing the Arab and Muslim societies such breaks with the stereotypical image that new and startling occurrence, since it irony for being dominated by fear and they are unable to bear the satire and conservatism. Abstract: of the world deal with a common theme, parts stand-up comedians that in various kind of This communities in modernity. the inclusion of the Arab and the Muslim East and Africa, similar of the Middle humor became popular in many countries Countries like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain is occurring in other continents. to what caso dos países árabes e muçulmanos caso dos países A. Wainberg Jacques Dissident communication in stand-up communication Dissident comedy: the countries Arab and Muslim case of stand-up: dissidente na comédia A comunicação o COMUN. MÍDIA CONSUMO, SÃO PAULO, V. 14, N. 40, P. 160-179, MAY/AUG. 2017 MAY/AUG. 160-179, N. P. 40, 14, V. COMUN. SÃO PAULO, CONSUMO, MÍDIA DOI
ARTICLE (he is31yearsold),andsecondinthelineofsuccession, isthestrategic of Defense of the country Salman (known as MBS), the young Secretary Vision 2030”.ThisdocumentproducedbythePrince Mohammedbin ety belongsnow totheconsiderationscreatedindocument“Saudi of Saudi womentodrive was thedissident campaignpromotedthroughYouTube fortheright son ofadeeppoliticalconcerntheauthorities.An exampleofthat year, theaverageageoftheir populationwas26.8yearsold. 46.18% ofthe27million Saudis werein2015below 24yearsold.Inthat are manysignsofthistensioninthecurrentSaudi Arabia.Atotal the social, religiousand politicaldissidence ofaparttheyouth.There country. Thatis,theinterculturalexperience hasbeencontributingto of themvindicate somealterationinthe strictpatternsofhabitsthe The traditionalists perceive thatwhentheyreturntothecountry, many tive ofsending everyyearthousandsofstudents toeasternuniversities people. For initia thatreason,theyareopposedtothegovernmental effort toshootdown theliberal desireofasignificant amountofyoung Twitter inmanycountriesoftheregion. tion of ideas, something that happens through YouTube, Facebook and 2011, to fail. The third way is to tolerate, to some extent, the competi April 2011.ThisattitudemadetheDayofWrath,scheduledforMarch ofUS$139billioninbenefitsbetweenthemonthsFebruarytal and Arabia. Thiscountry’s governmentdistributed tothepopulationa measure of‘buying’theoppositionwassuccessfullyappliedinSaudi 2011. The second oneisthe distribution of‘gifts’ to the people. This region. The first one is civil war, as in what is occurring in Syria since regimes in the liberal wave that defies the survival of many authoritative Three exceptionalwayshavebeenusedintheMiddleEasttoface 3 2 plan ofSaudi Arabiaforthenextdecades.Finally, the petitionssentto https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sowNSH_W2r0 Theamountwas199.285intheacademic yearof 2012-2013. Therefore, youthunemploymentandtheir ambitionbecametherea In thecaseofSaudimakesan Arabia,thereligious establishment comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. 3 . Thethemeofthewomen’s positioninsoci jacques a.wainberg 160-179 , may/aug. 2017
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ARTICLEARTIGO - - - - , may/aug. 2017 , may/aug. 160-179 . In Egypt, for example, the rebellion at the . In Egypt, for example, the rebellion 4 dissident communication in stand-up comedy in stand-up communication dissident For the purpose of this study that deals with stand-up comedy as a For The tension amongst liberals, autocratic governors and their con and their liberals, autocratic governors The tension amongst The reactions of the Saudi authorities to these tensions are ambigu these tensions are authorities to of the Saudi The reactions
See his book ‘Political Order in Changing Societies’, 1968. Order in Changing Societies’, See his book ‘Political comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, v. 14, n.40, p. 14, n.40, p. v. comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, Saudis (the biggest number on Middle East and 40% of the users of this (the biggest number Saudis has allowed on the Arabian world), even though it is surveilled, media 4 way that Saudi youngsters found to make social criticism, it is important criticism, youngsters found to make social way that Saudi liberalization of communication to emphasize the fact that the relative and You Facebook (Twitter, media on social especially in this country, order in authority the by created initiatives of example another is Tube), by almost three million the population. The use of Twitter to calm down experience of communications was a decisive factor to dismantle the factor to dismantle was a decisive experience of communications in France of case classic the 1995). In (SHANE, experience communist of a victim became monarch, enlightened XVI, an Luis king 1789, the that he himself started.the process of political opening absolutist monarch about how democratizing without losing political absolutist monarch about how control over the country regime resulted in an incapability of Hosny Mubarak’s Square Tahrir instead of consolidating, his attitude “could corrode, to see that their the case of the former Soviet Union, 2013). In (AL-SAYYID, power” among men and women, as well as listening to music and group prayer. to music as well as listening among men and women, the called be to agreed is what for characterized is supporters servative 2007). This concept, created DUNNE, (OTAWWAY; Kings dilemma shakes up all the doubt that implies in pointing Huntington, by Samuel apostasy. His crime was to post messages with doubts about the divine about the divine was to post messages with doubts apostasy. His crime Muhammad Fa The activist for human rights, nature of Mohammed. militancy, hand, was convicted, due to his on the other had al-Qathani, has also in 2013. The clergy Qassim al-Ghamdi to ten years in prison interaction social when he says that faith allows defied ultra-orthodoxy the authorities of the government requiring liberal measures is another is measures liberal requiring government the of authorities the new times. situation of the unexpected Kashgari, for blogger Hamza The repression. at times, ous and include, instance, convicted for 2014, after being was arrested between 2012 and 162
ARTICLEARTIGO materialism. warns hissympathizersonthedangerofwesternvalues, specially their Ayed al-Qarnee, on the other hand (five million followers), usually ti-Semite diatribes againstShiaandinfavorofwomen’s subjugation. He hassevenmillion followers. Hispredicament usuallyincludesan tives. TheclergyMuhammadal-Arifiisoneofthemost popularones. al-Khayr andMuhammadal-Bijadi, twoyounghumanrightactivists. and extravagance of theroyalfamily. Also highlighted are Walid Abu to silencehispostingsthatdenouncedcorruption,financial scandals Great MuftiofSaudi Arabia,Abdul-Aziz ibnAbdullahAlShaykh,tried whoserealidentityisunknown. In2012,the lowers, and@Mujtahidd, free-thinker televangelistthat,inDecember2013,had3.9million fol Fanon. Otherexamplesofdissidents aretheclergySalmanal-Qudah,a authors ofthewest,amongthem,KarlMarx,Popper andFranz author makesasummarybetweensourcesofSalafismandcelebrated lution, banned by the government, is available online. In the book, the He has1.6million followers onTwitter. Hisbook,QuestionsofRevo Salman al-Awdah, amoderatecriticofthe Saudi regimeandwahabism. produced byindependentjournalists that existsinthiscountry. Thatalsohappens withthehelpofvideoclips ment. Thatis,thisschedulecontributestobreakthesocial boredom every day. Thatisexplainedbythefact ofhavingalackentertain biggest consumerofYouTube intheworld,reaching90million views between 18and24yearsoldareInternetusers.Saudi Arabiaisalsothe have Facebook of91%their youngsterswithages accounts.Atotal the 16.2million oftheir internetusersare activeonTwitter and18.26% an amplediffusion ofideasandopinions inthiscountry. Almost32%of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7yuRNL37XU 5 ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlSBqgW5xx0 Twitter becameapreferential wayoffightfortheSaudi conserva Among theSaudi dissidents thatusenewmedia is,forexample, comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. 5 . jacques a.wainberg 160-179 , may/aug. 2017 163 - - - - -
ARTICLEARTIGO , - - 7 No
. Wonho Chung . Wonho ↓ 6 Microcelebrity Macrocelebrity , may/aug. 2017 , may/aug. (web activism star) (Mass media showbiz star) showbiz (Mass media 160-179 Mass Media Twitter/Internet Dissident Communication dissident communication dissident BROADCASTING Saudi comedians are young people educated in foreign universities universities are young people educated in foreign comedians Saudi
NARROWCASTING https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wG-7UhQHurM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Pd0hSAYPVo comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, v. 14, n.40, p. 14, n.40, p. v. comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, 6 7 improvement of the collective humor of the region. They express in improvement of the collective humor songs and programs many of the ideas that circulate monologues, their They also do a creative synthe in young environments of the region. is that of example One culture. Arabian and western between sis country. Among them is, for example, Khalid Khalifa Among country. father is Korean and mother is Vietnamese, is another whose a Saudi stand-up are bilin star who lives in Jordan. Many of these comedians reaches success in the West and their gual, were born and/or live abroad, stereotypes and contribute to the all the Middle East. They break social who brought from abroad the experience of stand-upwho brought from abroad the experience to their comedy example of this occurrence. and political critique. The Saudi YouTube stars ended up calling the YouTube The Saudi and political critique. type of celebrification (DRIESSENS, This media. attention of the mass conquers (TUFEKCI, 2013) the ‘microcelebrity’ 2012) happens when he gets of TV channels thanks to the success space in the schedule their Bastos is, in Brazil, a clear 2016). Rafinha on the web (WAINBERG, Humor and Comedy Humor uncertaintiescontext of In this transformation, and political social and Arabia in current Saudi vehicle for expression a popular comedy became to knew how A new generation of comedians and other Arab countries. cultural social, to spread their of communication use the new platforms 164
ARTICLEARTIGO critique whenheshows theinaugurationofanewArtsDepartment–in cursing onTVhiscountry;denouncesracism andmakesasocial an unusual aestheticpatterninSaudi Arabia;heironizes thefearof carriage The argumentagainstwhichhesweetlyprotestis“ that “ tle sisterdon’t touch thatwheel/No woman,nodrive 10 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nk7kveb88nQ 8 tivity thataims,throughjokesandsketches,tomake peoplelaugh.The toemphasizethefactthatcomedyisaprofessionalac It isimportant Theories stereotypes. his roleaseducational.Hisironic jokesaimtobreakethnic andnational in itsmonologues.MazJobrani, anIranian-american comedian, defines work ontheWest explainswhytheethnic andreligiousthemeispresent celebrity. The fact that a good part of the arab and muslim comedian’s 3al6ayer Show season, itreachedonemillion subscribers.Anothersimilar show called became oneofthemostpopularchannelsincountry. Initsthird an abandonedandcrumblingbuilding. not totouchthesteeringwheelofcar:“ can makelotsandofbabies. sit/In thefamily car,butbackseat/Ova-ovaries allsafeandwell/Soyou says: “ of women’s ovarieswouldbeindangerwhenawomandrivescar. He lyrics satirize the argument, common in Saudi Arabia, that the health professionally inthecountry. HissongisaparodyofBobMarley. The Woman, NoDrive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2p7j7ipPLc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZMbTFNp4wI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZn2MvLdYHo His show, LaYekthar Show queens donotdrive No woman, No Drive/Say,Say/Say I remember when youusedto ”. Fahd alsoplayswithhishair,longanddisheveled, Albutairi comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. 10 turnedhismentor,OmarHussein, anotherYouTube , fromFahd Albutairi ”, buttheycancookandmake“ 9 , producedtobesharedonYouTube, ” Inanotherexcerpt,hewarnswomen 8 , thefirstSaudi comedian toact No womannodrive/Heylit jacques a.wainberg Your feetisyouronly ” hesays,ironically, 160-179 , may/aug. 2017 my dinne 165 r”. - -
ARTICLEARTIGO - - - - . It is 11 and by P. and by P. 16 ; by I. M. Suslov Suslov M. I. by ; ; by Victor Raskin 15 14 , may/aug. 2017 , may/aug. . Other relevant theories 12 http://facstaff.uww.edu/shiblesw/hu 160-179 . Linguistic theories on humor were proposed by Victor . Linguistic theories on humor were 13 macrocelebrity(mass media showbiz star) star) showbiz media macrocelebrity(mass Even though there are over one hundred theories that try to explain are over one hundred theories that Even though there This concept can be treated as an intra-psychical occurrence, as be treated as an intra-psychical This concept can http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-44502003000300009 http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.2058 See http://www.oocities.org/hotsprings/Villa/3170/Slavutzky.htm http://www.iep.utm.edu/humor/ Chapter 8 of in the See the main theories on humor
comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, v. 14, n.40, p. 14, n.40, p. v. comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, morbook/h8%20theory.html(Chapter 14 http://www.ufjf.br/revistagatilho/files/2013/05/O-Humor-e-a-Sem%C3%A2ntica-de-Frames1. pdf 15 16 (Neuro-Computational Theory of Sense of Humor (1992) among others. Theory of Humor, 2006) (Ontic-Epistemic Marteison 11 12 13 the humor as a defense mechanism, (usually used by weak people to the humor as a defense mechanism, suffered from the strong people), adaptaget back at the humiliation tion and relief of Humor) Raskin (Theory of the Semantic Script AttardoSalvatore and Humor) of Theory (General are, for example, the one that enhances the capacity of humor of pre the capacity are, for example, the one that enhances situation (Theory of to a determined senting an unexpected perspective superiority 1998; BOYD, 2004); the theory of Incongruence, LATTA, the depre from the audience); (the laughter expresses this sensation and offends the targetcating humor (the one who bullies of the joke); humors: sanguineous, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic. humors: sanguineous, here the Theory of Benign the properties of the humor, we highlight not 2010) to describe and explain WARREN, Violation (MCGRAW; in comedy only humor, but also what happens originally proposed by Freud (1905). That is why it is common the (1905). That is why it is common by Freud originally proposed The state of humor and bad humor of somebody. reference to good to the circumstances change according is malleable and can mind by Hypocrites, classic definition to the that according worth mentioning of four and the combination of the balance is a result temper someone’s theme of laughter (usually defined as ‘smiling showing the teeth’) and of the teeth’) showing defined as ‘smiling laughter (usually theme of the gelotology object of study of 1999) is (ALBERTI, what is laughable although in humor, every comedy implies 2001). That is, (PROVINE, in comedy. humor implies not all the 166
ARTICLEARTIGO case ofthecomedian defyingsocial and cultural stereotypes,hebrings comedian playswithhumanidentities, including hisidentity. Inthe by theaudience occurssimultaneously ening (a between thecomedian speakerandthe listening audience isnon-threat belief oftheaudience. Italsooccurswhen thesituationofinterlocution oftheaudiencejoke breakssomeexpectation andviolatesanormor median. According thelaughableoccurswhen tothisinterpretation, laughable sentencesalsoallow thedissident communication oftheco when welaugh,despiteourdifferences”. Beyondconnectingpeople, comedian Ahmed Ahmed says something similar. “We are all the same 20 19 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83guK7V7_5M&nohtml5=False 18 vmjiFz2mxBq https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWqFaGwNCMU&list=PLrAlz0YmXl9N0tIhwxwcwX 17 because thefoulpracticeddoesnotappeartobesomething real).The not affectthecomedian directly, whenithappenedalongtimeago or violated norminhiselocution(thathappenswhen theviolationdoes with the‘foul’practicedorbecauseheispersonally distantfromthe is conventionaltocalljewishhumor dance, alsomakesethnic jokes cultures. RussellPeters, acomedian borninCanadawith hindudescen also makescomparisonsaboutthemethodsofdiscipline usedinboth is nervousaroundarabs”.Inhismeetingswithwesternaudiences he name andwiththestereotypesthatArabshate.Hesays,“everyone He playswiththedifficulty thatthewesterners havetopronouncehis theinterculturalcommunication.people closerandfacilitates say that“laughteristhesmallestdistancebetweentwopeople” comedy,his artistic name Victor Borge, a pioneer in stand-up usedto social lubricant.BorgeRosenbaum(1909-2003),apianist, known for https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5V4zYe23QLg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gv1XQ9_4lgE&nohtml5=False https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpVt1POOHvQ&nohtml5=False The benign humorhappenswhenthecomedian isnotcommitted The show oftheEgyptian Khaled Khalafallahdoesprecisely that. Because itisatypeofbenign communication, humorisanefficient soft comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. context)andwhentheperceptionofthesetwoconditions 19 . Thiscontentisalsotypicalfromwhat 20 . 18 . Thisisthecaseinwhich jacques a.wainberg 160-179 , may/aug. 2017 17 . The
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ARTICLEARTIGO - - - - , may/aug. 2017 , may/aug. 160-179 macrocelebrity(mass media showbiz star) star) showbiz media macrocelebrity(mass According to the thesis of Krichtafovitchof thesis the to to inept is humor (2006), According At times, the result of the humoristic elocution surprises the come At times, the result of the humoristic According to McGraw and Warren (2010), purely benign situations situations benign purely (2010), Warren and McGraw to According
comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, v. 14, n.40, p. 14, n.40, p. v. comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, due to the sensation of triumph that the person feels when solving an due to the sensation of triumph that the person feels when solving an reacts better to the audience proposed by the joke (relief). The enigma joke when they are receptive of it (that is what happens in a stand-up for example). The laughter is an expression of the joy it primates and other animals. is also obtainedcauses. As mentioned before, humor to the sen due sation of superiority that the joke eventually causes on the listener, or being something acceptable something being (funny). It is the case of a friend that falls stairs the down the expectation), (breaking but doesn’t get hurt (some The result is that the humor should be understood as thing benign). emotional re of a situation, of their the judgement that a person does and laughter, of smile generation the behavior (with sponse and their capable of controlling the reception of his elocution. That is, a part of capable of controlling the reception can interpret certain the audience statement violation while as a benign When that happens, the result other can treat it as malignant violation. surpass this To in the audience. is the generation of negative emotions understandtype of impact, the listener shall necessarily violation as the bigger the incongruence, the bigger would be the humor performed. the bigger would be the bigger the incongruence, trying to tickle it is not funny to see someone Said in another manner, person. another tickle to trying someone see to funny is it but themselves, message) is not of any because he (as any emitter That happens dian. in daily occurrences of a person. in daily occurrences when It is the case situations are also not funny. and purely malignant the stairssomeone falls down there is not a break of and gets hurt. When a certain The expectation should be, there is no humor. reality of how violation is also benign when there is an alternative explanation for the explanation for is an alternative when there is also benign violation Sometimes, it acceptableto turn allows violated, which norm somehow. to gets closer when the observer benign violation becomes a malignant common comedies’, in the ‘situational norm. This happens the violated what is wrong TV channels. Sitcoms usually enhance in the schedule of 168
ARTICLEARTIGO 24 23 22 21 gory, Woody Allen,LennyBruce,RichardPryor,JohnnyCarson,Robin Among them, there are Bob Hope, Ed Sullivan, Mort Sahl, Dick Gre comedy is enormous. have international fame due to thestand-up (SJÖBOHM, 2008) as an additional facet of the cultural Americanization of the world until 2014,whenhisshow wasfinished duetopoliticalpressure. show TheDailyShow withJohnStewart audience replicatingonEgypttheAmerican formatoftheAmerican apartment fortheproductionofTheB+Show. Then,hegotthemass of sympathyandhatred,simultaneously. Initially, heusedhissmall sharp content against the Muslim Brotherhood brought up feelings afterpostingonYouTubeinto ashowbiz star hissatiricalpostings.His presented byBassemYoussef. in 2011,thiscardiologist Starting turned of theBroadcastShow It is the case, for example, that, in general, defy themes that are taboo. up totheaudience. Thisisaconsequence ofthecontentprograms tention istheamountofpopularenthusiasmthatthesecomedians bring in thecountryisanunexpectedsocial phenomenon.Whatcallsourat comediansthe Saudicontext,proliferationofstand-up authoritative laissez-faire ofthecostumesliberalsocieties. Therefore,considering ument thesetheories.Itisacountrywhichsocial normlimits theusual The Saudi casementionedinthisstudy islaboratorialandworkstodoc Unexpected the comedian usuallyusessatire,sarcasmandirony. that works as a defense of the weak against the strong. In its “aggression”, event). Humorisalsoasocial phenomenonandanintellectualweapon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stand-up_comedians http://www.theworldstandsup.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYCF_rppZCY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQvIk7EPi-g&list=RDUQvIk7EPi-g#t=21 The popularization of the stand-up genre The popularizationofthestand-up Something similar happened in Egypt with the show Al-Bernameg comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. 24 . In the United States, thelistof comedians. IntheUnited States, who 21 . 22 . Al-Bernameghadhisshow 23 hasbeeninterpreted jacques a.wainberg 160-179 , may/aug. 2017
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ARTICLEARTIGO - - - - , may/aug. 2017 , may/aug. . 160-179 27 . Other influences are the vaudeville . Other influences are the vaudeville 26 was to amuse guests to an event such as a wedding, with guests to an event such as a wedding, was to amuse 25 ) macrocelebrity(mass media showbiz star) star) showbiz media macrocelebrity(mass The origins of stand-up are multifaceted and ancient. In Jewish com and ancient. The origins of stand-up are multifaceted When this type of show is enjoyed by different peoples, it gets adapted it gets adapted peoples, different is enjoyed by type of show When this Among them, are: Dave’s Leicester Comedy Festival – Leicester & Leicestershire, England; & Leicestershire, – Leicester Comedy Festival Leicester Among them, are: Dave’s http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Badkhonim See https://www.youtube.com/user/aroundthevelt Lebovits. It is the case of Yoel
comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, v. 14, n.40, p. 14, n.40, p. v. comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, 27 Ireland; Melbourne International Comedy – Kilkenny, Kilkenny Cat Laughs Comedy Festival – Montreal, Quebec; International Comedy Festival for Laughs Just – Melbourne, Australia; Festival Scotland; New Zealand International Comedy Festival – Edinburgh, Fringe Festival Edinburgh – Auckland, TV talk-showsgenre even more. International festivals popularized the ended up giving stand-up a global status 25 26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra0eDSXNmhE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xR5Q-FffltM was frequent. The mission of badhan or badran (term that derives from of badhan or badran (term that The mission was frequent. sounds like pronounciation the verb entertain and that in the Yiddish badchen songs and anecdotes acting, their dell’arte. Later on, art and commedia hall, burlesque theatre, the music his jokes is generally fictional, but oftentimes the comedian uses real oftentimes the comedian his jokes is generally fictional, but is an opinionated, this type of show situations and characters. In general, of reality. sharp and funny chronicle comedians type of these of presence the East, Middle of the munities sults that violate cultural, linguistic, social, political, moral and religious political, moral and linguistic, social, sults that violate cultural, where the style is satire. In the environment norms. His preferential go to, willingly and selectively in which the audience happens, show using a language and cultural criticism makes his social the comedian The content of context. to use on another not be possible that would certain countries. What is common is countries do not work on other of a stand-up.the general characteristics Among them there is the pres up, without props in a solo act, standing ence on stage of a comedian quick manner with talks in a direct or scenarios, who to the audience in malapropisms and metaphors, parodies, jokes, involving wordplay, Williams, Jerry Seinfeld, Whoopy Goldberg, Ellen DeGeneres, Sarah DeGeneres, Sarah Goldberg, Ellen Whoopy Jerry Seinfeld, Williams, and Louis C. K. Silverman is hardly trans because humor That happens environments. to different latable, a fact that explains why certain produced in comedy shows 170
ARTICLEARTIGO 28 Canadá. Seewww.worldcomedy.club New Zealand;Woman inComedyFestival –Boston,USA;andtheCMWComedyfest Ontario, try, a specific form of expression and a technological channel of fun and As previously pointed out, humor as social criticism found, in this coun The Saudi caseisexceptionalandthatwhyitdeservestobeanalyzed. Study andConclusions laugh easily(FREUD,1905). said, inthistypeofmeeting,theaudience comestotheshow opento makes ashow, thatis,serialactscapableofproducing laughter. And,as tion totheaudience. Theaudience, inturn,expectsthatthecomedian self-critic andwiththeir mockeryproducing asensationofself-depreca tion that is similar from the speaker). At other times, he aims at doing comedian aimsatproducing empathy(causingontheaudience anemo the audience totheshow. to beloved.Itseemsthatthistendencytransgressioniswhatattracts comedianscreative effort. Stand-up also say that they don’t make humor a goodjoke.Acomical situationisalwaysoriginalandresultsfromthe dians. Theyusuallysaythattheywould ratherlosethefriend,butnot aggressiveness,stereotypingandvulgarlanguagefromthecome certain political correctnessisnotpopularinthisgenre.Thatalwaysimpliesa themesand truths tobetold.The breaks thesilencethatprotectscertain Jô SoaresandJuca Chaves,amongothers. Intheseshows, thecomedian ation ofnationalpioneersincludesJoséVasconcelos that shows weremadeinarecentpast.Thegener similar tostand-up north-american experience new andnumerous generationofcomedians equally influencedbythe 30 29 also http://www.standupcomedy.com.br/ Marcela Leal Amongthem,are:Rafinha,Danilo Gentili,Diogo Portugal, FábioRabin,Porchat e https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8u3lwQp8IuM- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yaToH29IcQ Each one of them have a style. At times, the humor exorcized by the In Brazil,thegenrewasrecentlypopularizedwithactingofa comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. http://lista10.org/humor/10-stand-up-comedy-que-valem-a-pena-ver-na-internet/ 28 . However, it is important toemphasize . However, itisimportant jacques a.wainberg 160-179 29 , ChicoAnysio , may/aug. 2017
See 171 30 - - - - - ,
ARTICLEARTIGO - - - - - . This study 31 , may/aug. 2017 , may/aug. 160-179 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stand-up_comedians macrocelebrity(mass media showbiz star) star) showbiz media macrocelebrity(mass We can see that the Arab and Muslim comedians have a common can see that the Arab and Muslim comedians We It is clear that the comedian elaborates a complex and critic speech It is clear that the comedian The choice of these people is explained by the prominence of Islam of these people is explained by the prominence The choice See
comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, v. 14, n.40, p. 14, n.40, p. v. comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, link that is creating humorously about the theme of the Muslim and link that is creating humorously about the theme of the Muslim and 31 attacks is no explicit to political and religious personalities and there That is, of topics depends on the audience. aggressiveness. The choice the stand-up always takes his script and comedian into consideration in environment of the audience. on improv the psychosocial ally is impossible for comedy to exist. the comedians life. In the speeches of aspects of social about different vulgar language, something that we researched about there is not any no direct There are with Brazilian comedians. happens more frequently to observe the humor that emerges from this ethnic and cultural com from this ethnic to observe the humor that emerges that exists in and animosity of distrust considering the context munity, in fa of comedy role surprising the is It relations. international current of a social, diffusion and in the cilitating intercultural communication in Middle Eastern countries where usu political and religious critique (c) inserted in categories capable of pointing out the general nature of out the general capable of pointing (c) inserted in categories 1 below. these presentations. The result is in Table and the Arab world started especially to have in international politics, after the Al Qaeda attacks States in the United 2001. It is relevant in selected for analysis through a list available on the web. This list presents through a list available on the web. selected for analysis countries of 10 different comedians 20 Arab and Muslim com of dissident research project about the properties integrates a wider steps: (a) each the following The method used included munication. content, catalogued. and (b) their joke was registered They were then entertainment, one of the few that are accessible to the population. For entertainment, For to the population. are accessible one of the few that important it is your comprehension, and con the surveilled to consider shared. Therefore, messages are context to what these social servative of the presentations do a content analysis is necessary to in this study of and were on YouTube are available Such shows 13 of these comedians. 172
ARTICLEARTIGO Muslim comedians. TABLE comedyinshows ofAraband 1.Thecontentofstand-up dian inSaudi come stand-up (He isthefirst Fahad Albutairy White Sudani). Known asWS– father isSudanese. Scottish andwhose lim whose mom is (Sudanese Mus Omar Ramzi Show). host ofthe3al6ayer (Saudi comedian, Omar Hussein Comedian descent) ofHindu States lives intheUnited (Canadian who Russell Peters Bahrein) (Comedian in Ali Fingerz in Kenya) hindu descentborn (British Muslimof Imran Yousuf on YouTube). La Yekthar Show Arabia. Hoststhe comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. - - Brazilian womenissomethingfrightening “Being arabinaBrazilianbeach”:thenudity of Criticizes Iranians andpraizesthePhilipinos planes, somethinghecalls‘walkofshame’ Criticize thedivisions ofclassexistinginair Ironizes thesizeofhiscountry Criticize women’s situationinArabsociety Ironizes themoodofinsecurity Ironizes people’s interestinpolitics Multiculturalism Disdain tothepoor Criticism totheroyalfamily Muslims livinginEngland Ironizes commonday-to-day habits. Ironizes flightroutine. Criticizes publicsecurityhabits inArabsociety. countries: heiswhite,butalsoSudanese. Trying toexplainatthecheckpoints inArab The dilemma ofbeing awhitesudani. The useofalcoholicbeverageinArabsociety. Seduction ofwomenbymeninArabsociety. Women’s condition inArabsociety Love Family habits Themes ofthejokes jacques a.wainberg 160-179 - Human identity Arab women Uses andhabits Content Human identity Social stereotypes Cultural shock Friends andenemies Social status Geopolitics society Women inArab National security Politics Social criticism Human identity Social stereotypes Social habits National Security , may/aug. 2017 173
ARTICLEARTIGO Consumption and the woman and national Ethnic stereotypes Identity National identity of a citizen Bahrein National identity stereotypes Social Identity Self-criticism national and Ethnic identity Content Cultural shock Human identity stereotypes Ethnic - , may/aug. 2017 , may/aug. 160-179 TABLE 1 (continuation) TABLE Makes a well-humored chronicle of uses and Makes a well-humored chronicle Lebanon: seduction between habits in today’s men and women; the way people talk on between men and the phone; the difference Lebanese accent abroad women; ironizes conflict Palestine/Israel Makes ironic sketches of how americans say of how sketches Makes ironic of a practic with his appearance ‘salam’. Plays society. ing Muslim in an American to travel with a his situation of having Ironizes of terrorists to the names name that is similar services. included in names of security Marriage rules Traffic Marketing of Ikea Shopping malls Mother Themes of the jokes Themes of - azhar usman azhar
Ali Al Sayed Arab (United Emirates) Amer Zahr (Palestinian/ American) Ray Hanania (Palestinian/ American) Nemr Abou Nassar (Lebanese) Imran al Aradi Maz Jobrani (Iranian-American as Persian known Pink Panther). Ahmed Ahmed from (Comedian Egypt). Salameh Rami from (Comedian Lebanon). Comedian Azhar Usman come (Muslim who lives in dian Chicago). comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, v. 14, n.40, p. 14, n.40, p. v. comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, 174
ARTICLEARTIGO amount oftheaudience. Aclassicexampleofthistypemanifestation which inanothercontextwouldbereceived sharplybyagood palatable can becalledsubversive(CABRAL,2007). ates laughter. Thatiswhythejokeof the satire permeated by sarcasm norm,hesurprisespeople,somethingthatcre escapes theestablished median’s speechishisdeviant character(BERGSON,1980).Whenhe participation oftheaudience ofashow. Butwhatcharacterizestheco nign byoccurringinaspecial situation,thatiscreatedbythevoluntary (KRICHTAFOVICH, 2006).Andasproposed, histransgressionisbe idea thatcomedyisanintellectualweaponavailabletothecomedian problems tory is,comedyhasbeenservingtothepubliccatharsisoflocalpolitical belongs to.Evenintumultuous environments, asthePalestinian terri and themythsofcollectiveimaginarytowhichown comedian istheconflicts,contradictionsinternal group,whatisimportant among them, Scott Blakeman other ArabandMuslimcomedians act alongwithJewishcomedians, forPeace.dallah, co-creatorofStand-Up Inthisevent,heandmany peace betweenbothpeoples.ThisisalsotheattitudeofDeanObei Palestinian manmarriedtoaJewishwoman.Hecreateshisshow about ment infavorofsomepoliticalcause.ItisthecaseRayHanina, a to thegroupBnei Israel example, ofSamsonKoletkar,aJewishHindufromMumbaibelonging that isusedequally incomedians ofotherorigins.Thatisthecase,for anti-Arab stereotypescultivatedintheWest. Groupidentityisatheme communion ofinterest,fightingagainstislamophobiaand Arab identity nowadays. To a great extent, there are, in all of them,a 34 33 32 is theactofAmerican comedian GeorgeCarlin(whodied in2008). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mA95W9FKR9o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcE5nLymJLs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUAEbEsQjUQ The amicable contextprotectsthecomedian andmakesthemessage As previously mentioned, the reviewed literature proposes the There areonlyfewspecific casesinwhichthereareopening engage 34 comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. . 32 . 33 . When the target of the comedy is the . When the target jacques a.wainberg 160-179 , may/aug. 2017 175 ------
ARTICLEARTIGO - - - . 37 , may/aug. 2017 , may/aug. 160-179 . One example of that was his song called “Brazil . One example of 36 . In Brazil, a similar character would be Juca Chaves. His be Juca character would a similar . In Brazil, 35 macrocelebrity(mass media showbiz star) star) showbiz media macrocelebrity(mass We can also say that the stand-up is a therapeutic space comedy show We Humor allows these comedians to spread in a mitigated way critical mitigated in a to spread comedians these allows Humor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyBH5oNQOS0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDlxQJNemEo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8POa5mdXLBQ
comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, v. 14, n.40, p. 14, n.40, p. v. comun. mídia consumo, são paulo, 35 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMyDvqnwIm4 36 37 in which the comedian elevates the audience’s self-esteem allowing self-esteem allowing elevates the audience’s in which the comedian untouchable, that before was presented as them to laugh at something by being holy and/or dogmatic. The context of interlocution is amicable criticism to the women’s condition in Arab society and the other would in Arab society condition to the women’s criticism Therefore, that stereotype Muslims in a hostile way. societies be Western and a facilitator of a conversa comedy performs the role of a mediator In conclusion, it is an instrument of collective tion among civilizations. education. stereotype; the identity and group self-esteem; the dilemmas of inter self-esteem; the dilemmas stereotype; the identity and group shock and the values of the Arab, cultural interlocution; the cultural society. Muslim and Western a sharp 2015). Among them are, for example, messages (WAINBERG, In the examined sample we can consider, as previously mentioned, the we can consider, as previously mentioned, sample In the examined that act set of comedians diverse content of the jokes produced by this is, the insertion theme, that of the world with a similar parts in different values the and days modern into community Muslim and Arab the of ethnic the are shows these of themes main them. The by cultivated ire. In his solo shows, he used to criticize uses and habits as well as uses and habits as well used to criticize he ire. In his solo shows, national characters that in 1960, but release one year after goes to war”, created Final Considerations His presentationsHis about irony with filled reflections philosophical were in an acid was polemic his black humor sense. Frequently, the common taboo,were that about themes way him arrested even got that something in the 70’s sat Since 1955, he makes political in showbiz. jokes make him famous 176
ARTICLEARTIGO v. 28,n.1,p.1-22,2004. BOYD, B.LaughterandLiterature: APlayTheoryofHumor. Philosophy andLiterature, BERGSON, H.Oriso.RiodeJaneiro: Zahar,1980. ATTARDO, S.Linguistic theoriesofhumor. Berlin:Mouton deGruyter,1994. (Orgs.). Egypt’s Tahrir Revolution.Denver: LynneRiennerPublishers,2013. AL-SAYYID, M.K.‘WhatwentwrongwithMubarak’s regime?’In:TSCHIRGI, D.etal. ALBERTI, V. Orisoeorisívelnahistóriadopensamento.RiodeJaneiro: Zahar,1999. References it, thecomedian iscapableofemphasizing polemic singularities. habits, and between cultures. The difference allows contrast, and through Muslim, betweensocial classes,betweenfriendsandenemies, between ference, either between men and women, between western and Arab/ tracism isbroken. imposed bycordiality, bypoliticalcorrectnessandthefearofsocial os show, emotionsbubble upbytheaudience, contained andthesilence comedy sponded inanaggressivewaybythelistener. Inastand-up communication is tense and the shrewd criticism of the speakeris re environments ofsocial living.Itdiffers fromtheinteractionsinwhich a spaceoffreedom,somethinginexistentinotherformalandsurveilled Ultimately, intheresearchedshows, predominates thethemeofdif comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. Stand-up comedy Stand-up jacques a.wainberg 160-179 , may/aug. 2017 177 - - -
ARTICLEARTIGO - - - - , 16(6), p. : tradução e comentários : tradução e comentários . 2006. Available at: TUFEKCI, Z. Not this one: social movements, the attention economy, and microceleb movements, the attention economy, TUFEKCI, Z. Not this one: social XX(X), p. 1-23, 2013. Scientist, rity networked activism. American Behavioral Revista mitigado. E-Compós, v. a utopia e o discurso J. Entretenimento, WAINBERG, 18, n.1, p. 1-21, 2015. v. Revista dissidente. Animus. comunicação ______. O ativismo das estrelas e a 15, n. 29, p. 1-21, jul. 2016. incongruity. Londres: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. Londres: Union. ended the Soviet information how Dismantling utopia: SHANE, S. Ivan Dee, 1995. SJÖBOHM, J. Stand-up and the role of comedy around the world: Americanization 2008. University, Malmo Suécia: globalized media. able at: ARTICLEARTIGO do Sul. cação Social (FAMECOS) –Pontifícia Universidade CatólicadoRioGrande (1996). FullprofessoratthePost-Grad Program attheFaculdade deComuni (1990) andPhDinCommunication Sciences attheUniversidade deSãoPaulo Sul (1979),MastersdegreeinJournalismattheUniversity ofSouthCarolina Graduated inHistoryatthePontifícia Universidade CatólicadoRioGrande About theauthor Date of acceptance: 01/31/2017 Date ofacceptance: Date ofsubmission: 09/13/2016 comun. mídiaconsumo, sãopaulo, v. 14,n.40,p. jacques a.wainberg 160-179 , may/aug. 2017 179 - ARTICLEARTIGO