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Genetic Improvement of Leucaena and Acacia Koa A

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Genetic Improvement of Leucaena and Acacia Koa A GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF LEUCAENA AND ACACIA KOA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HORTICULTURE DECEMBER 1996 By Weiguo Sun Dissertation Committee: James L. Brewbaker, Chairman Richard M. Manshardt Joseph DeFrank James Silva Mingpi Mi We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture. DISSERTATION COMMITTEE Chairperson t x u fii. 11 ACKNOWLEDG EMENT S I am especially grateful to my Advisor Prof. James L. Brewbaker for his direction, advice and encouragement throughout the study. My sincere thanks and appreciation also go to the other committee members: Prof. Richard M. Manshardt, Prof. Joseph Defrank, Prof. James Silva, and Prof. Mingpi Mi for their supports during the study and their inputs in the preparation of this dissertation. I am indebted to staff members of the Department of Horticulture of the University of Hawaii at Manoa and of Waimanalo and Hamakua Experimental Research Stations of UH and Maunawili Research Station of Hawaii Agricultural Research Center. The able help of LAB. 209 students, especially, Mr. Jan Kamemoto for koa seed collection and field work, Drs. Charles Sorensson and Mike Austin for their tree expertise, is gratefully acknowledged. The technical help of Mr. Hector Nora from the Department of Oceanography of UH for the flew cytometry analysis is also greatly appreciated. Finally, I am very grateful to the University of Hawaii for providing me the opportunity to pursue a graduate degree in Horticulture and USDA Mclntire Stennis Forestry Research Funds for providing financial support for this project. Ill ABSTRACT Studies on Leucaena and Acacia koa tree improvement were undertaken in Hawaii from 1992-1996. These studies were described in two sections. The first section includes identification of high biomass yield varieties, estimation of DNA content, vegetative propagation, and forage yield management among Leucaena species and hybrids. Among interspecific hybrids of KX2 (L. pallida x L. leucocephala) and 3-way crosses (A. pallida x KX3 (L. diversifolia x L. leucocephala)), the best entries yielded over 16 Mg ha'Vi^’’ of edible forage dry matter and over 4 0 Mg ha'Vj^’^ for wood biomass. All these hybrids were psyllid-tolerant. Heterosis for forage yield averaged 48% (-75 to 160%) and for wood biomass averaged 85% (-99 to 223%) . Among intraspecific hybrids involving six L. leucocephala accessions, the best entries were the crosses between K397, K565, and K608. They outyielded a widely planted K636 (L. leucocephala). Heterosis for biomass yield averaged 16% (-28% to 80%) . A composite from the selected intraspecific hybrids was released. Nuclear DNA content varied from 1.32 to 1.74 pg/2C for diploid species and from 2.67 to 3.09 pg/2C for tetraploid species. Successful cloning method with more than 80% rooting for KIOOO and KlOOl was developed. More than 30% increase in forage yield IV was obtained by optimizing the harvest intervals of K636 and KX2 F^. The second section includes studies of the identification of quality seed source for reforestation and selection of superior progenies for genetic improvement among Acacia koa collections. A total of 334 koa accessions were collected from the Hawaiian Islands. These accessions were evaluated for various important traits from seed to tree growth characters. Seven field trials involving 178 accessions were established at Hamakua, Hawaii and Mauanawili, Oahu. The koa populations clearly showed great variations in these traits. These variations are essentially genetic in origin and are useful in selecting progenies for tree improvement. High quality koa seed sources from the Islands were identified. The advanced progenies based on fast growth and tree form were selected for further testing. Silviculture practice study showed that koa trees in the mixed plots grew significantly slower than trees grown alone. TABLES OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................... iii ABSTRACT............................................ iv LIST OF TABLES...................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES..................................... xiv SECTION ONE; GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF LEUCAENA....... 1 CHAPTER ONE. LITERATURE REVIEW..................... 5 Leucaena genetic improvement..................... 6 The genes of the genus Leucaena................. 7 Genetic improvement of the genus............... 8 Hybridization/cloning in tree improvement........ 12 Molecular analysis of the genus.................. 14 CHAPTER TWO. VARIATION OF DNA CONTENT IN LEUCAENA SPECIES.......................................... 16 Abstract......................................... 16 Introduction..................................... 17 Materials and methods............................ 19 Results.......................................... 24 Discussion....................................... 29 CHAPTER THREE. HETEROSIS AND RECURRENT SELECTION FOR FORAGE, TOTAL DRY MATTER, AND PSYLLID RESISTANCE IN LEUCAENA INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS 3 4 Abstract 3 4 Introduction 3 6 Materials and methods 3 9 Results.......................................... 44 Discussion....................................... 65 CHAPTER FOUR. HETEROSIS AND CORRELATIONS OF GROWTH TRAITS AMONG INTRASPECIFIC LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA PROGENIES........................... 71 Abstract......................................... 71 Introduction 7 3 Materials and methods............................ 75 Results 7 8 Discussion....................................... 85 VI CHAPTER FIVE. PROPAGATION OF TRIPLOTD LEUCAENA CLONES BY CUTTINGS................................. 91 Abstract........................................... 91 Introduction....................................... 9 2 Materials and methods.............................. 9 4 Results............................................ 98 Discussion........................................ 103 CHAPTER SIX. FORAGE YIELD MANAGEMENT OF LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA AND AN INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS KX2............................................... 107 Abstract.......................................... 107 Introduction...................................... 108 Materials and methods............................. 112 Results........................................... 113 Discussion........................................ 120 CHAPTER SEVEN. SUMMARY OF SECTION ONE.................. 12 3 SECTION TWO; GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF ACACIA KOA....... 12 9 CHAPTER EIGHT. LITERATURE REVIEW..................... 13 3 General biology................................... 134 Distribution.................................... 13 4 Taxaonomy and evolution background.............. 135 Phenology....................................... 138 Breeding systems and seed production............ 139 Uses.............................................. 141 Wood products................................... 141 Land reclamation and watershed protection........ 141 Forage.......................................... 141 Management and production......................... 14 2 Establishement.................................. 142 Nutrients and micro-organism requirments........ 14 4 Insect and disease problems..................... 14 4 CHAPTER NINE. VARIATION OF OF ACACIA KOA SEED AND SEEDLING CHARACTERISTICS.......................... 14 6 Abstract.......................................... 14 6 Introduction...................................... 147 Materials and methods............................. 149 Results........................................... 152 Discussion........................................ 165 Vll CHAPTER TEN. GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF ACACIA KOA PROGENY TRIALS................................... 170 Abstract......................................... 170 Introduction..................................... 171 Materials and methods............................ 173 Results.......................................... 178 Discussion....................................... 201 CHAPTER ELEVEN. SUMMARY OF SECTION TWO............. 207 APPENDIX A. Listed K number, taxon, origin, latitude, longitude, PI number, ID number and elevation (m) of studied Leucaena accessions....... 211 APPENDIX B. Acacia koa accessions collected at the University of Hawaii.......................... 214 APPENDIX C. Average seed width (W), length (L), L/W ratio, and seed shape of 92 koaaccessions 219 APPENDIX D. Average seedling height (Ht) of 81 Acacia koa collections from Oahu, Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii measured at two-, five-, and eleven-week-old ages in greenhouse at Waimanalo Research Station in 1995.......................... 220 APPENDIX E. Field layouts of a series of seven SET koa progeny trials conducted at the CTAHR Hamakua Research Station on the Island of Hawaii and the HARC Maunawili Research Station on Oahu from 1991-1995............................ 221 LITERATURE CITED..................................... 228 Vlll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Leucaena collections, origin and mean DNA content determined by flow cytometry, K number refer to accession number used by the University of Hawaii and code used by the Oxford Forestry Institute.................... 2 0 2.2 Analysis of variance for DNA content of ploidy level and species................................ 2 7 2.3 Average DNA content, standard deviation (SD), and percentage variation (PV) of Leucaena species within ploidy level.....................
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