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TEXTBOOK of BIOCHEMISTRY for Dental Students TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY for Dental Students TEXTBOOK OF BIOCHEMISTRY for Dental Students D. M. VASUDEVAN MD, FRCPath Principal, Amrita School of Medicine Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Dean, Faculty of Medicine Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Deemed University) Cochin-682 026, Kerala E-mail: [email protected] and SREEKUMARI S MBBS, MD Professor, Department of Biochemistry Jubilee Mission Medical College Trissur, Kerala JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD New Delhi Published by Jitendar P Vij Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd B-3 EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021, +91-11-23245672, Rel: 32558559 Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683 e-mail: [email protected] Visit our website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Branches 2/B, Akruti Society, Jodhpur Gam Road Satellite Ahmedabad 380 015 Phones: +91-079-26926233, Rel: +91-079-32988717, Fax: +91-079-26927094 e-mail: [email protected] 202 Batavia Chambers, 8 Kumara Krupa Road Kumara Park East, Bangalore 560 001 Phones: +91-80-22285971, +91-80-22382956, Rel: +91-80-32714073, Fax: +91-80-22281761 e-mail: [email protected] 282 IIIrd Floor, Khaleel Shirazi Estate, Fountain Plaza Pantheon Road, Chennai 600 008 Phones: +91-44-28193265, +91-44-28194897, Rel: +91-44-32972089, Fax: +91-44-28193231 e-mail: [email protected] 4-2-1067/1-3, 1st Floor, Balaji Building, Ramkote Cross Road Hyderabad 500 095, Phones: +91-40-66610020, +91-40-24758498, Rel:+91-40-32940929, Fax:+91-40-24758499, e-mail: [email protected] No. 41/3098, B & B1, Kuruvi Building, St. Vincent Road Kochi 682 018, Kerala, Phones: 0484-4036109, +91-0484-2395739, +91-0484-2395740 1-A Indian Mirror Street, Wellington Square Kolkata 700 013, Phones: +91-33-22451926, +91-33-22276404, +91-33-22276415, Rel: +91-33-32901926 Fax: +91-33-22456075, e-mail: [email protected] 106 Amit Industrial Estate, 61 Dr SS Rao Road Near MGM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012 Phones: +91-22-24124863, +91-22-24104532, Rel: +91-22-32926896 Fax: +91-22-24160828, e-mail: [email protected] “KAMALPUSHPA” 38, Reshimbag Opp. Mohota Science College, Umred Road Nagpur 440 009 (MS) Phones: Rel: 3245220, Fax: 0712-2704275 e-mail: [email protected] Textbook of Biochemistry for Dental Students © 2007, DM Vasudevan, Sreekumari S All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by authors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and authors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only. First Edition : 2007 ISBN 81-8061-891-9 Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit Printed at Ajanta Offset and Packaginges Ltd. With humility and reverence, this book is dedicated at the lotus feet of the Holy Mother, Sri Mata Amritanandamayi Devi "Today's world needs people who express goodness in their words and deeds. If such noble role models set the example for their fellow beings, the darkness prevailing in today's society will be dispelled, and the light of peace and non-violence will once again illumine this earth. Let us work togethr towards this goal"—Mata Amritanandamayi Devi Preface The medical community of India has warmly received the "Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students", edited by us. It was originally published in 1995, and now running the 4th edition. We were getting persistent requests from teachers of dental courses that a concise version of the Textbook is necessary for catering their needs. In order to satisfy this continued demand, we are now presenting this Textbook of Biochemistry for Dental Students. This book is prepared after consulting the sylabi of Dental courses of various universities. As there are slight variations on the emphasis given by different universities, we have tried to incorporate all the facts prescribed in all those curricula. So, some students may find some chapters unnecessary for their immediate purpose. But a general textbook of this nature has to satisfy the needs of all students. The important points are made into bold letters, so that students can grasp the subject easily. Moreover, the facts are given in point-wise (with numbers), so as to aid easy memorisation. There are two sets of undergraduate students; majority wants only a pass. For them, the essentials of Biochemistry are given in ordinary font. A small group of students aspire for distinction; for them a bit more advanced knowledge is given in small prints. Students just before the examination can skip the tiny letters, but these areas will also become important later in their pursuit of knowledge. Those who are interested to get more facts may consult our Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students. A question bank, given in the end of the book contains essay questions, short notes and viva voce type questions . These questions are compiled from the question papers of various universities during the last decade. These questions will be ideal for students for last-minute preparation for examinations. The first author desires more interaction with faculty and students who are using this textbook. All are welcome to communicate at his e-mail address <[email protected]> We extend our thanks for the enormous help rendered by Dr. Ananth N. Rao and Dr. R. Krishnaprasad in preparation of this book. We also thank Shri Jitendar P Vij, Chairman and Managing Director, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt Ltd., New Delhi and his associates for their active support in making this publication possible. A textbook will be matured only by successive revisions. We hope that this first edition will be friendly to the students and be attractive to the teachers. Now this is in your hands to judge. “End of all knowledge must be building up of character”—Gandhiji. DM Vasudevan Sreekumari S Contents 1. Subcellular Organelles and Cell Membranes.............................................................................................. 1 Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Cell membranes: Composition, Fluid Mosaic Model, Transport mechanisms, Facilitated diffusion, Ion channels, Ligand gated channels, Voltage gated channels, Active transport, Sodium pump, Uniport, Symport, Antiport. 2. Amino Acids and Proteins............................................................................................................................ 7 Classification based on structure, Classification based on metabolic fate, Classification based on nutritional requirement, Properties and reactions, Iso-electric point, Decarboxylation, Transamination, Peptide bond, Color reactions of amino acids and proteins, Structure of proteins, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures, Primary structure of insulin, Structure-function relationship, iso-electric pH, Precipitation reactions, Denaturation of proteins, Heat coagulation, Classification of proteins, Quantitative estimation of proteins. 3. Enzymology ................................................................................................................................................. 20 Classification, Co-enzymes, Mode of action of enzymes, Active centre, Kinetics, Michaelis constant, Activation, Competitive inhibition, Noncompetitive inhibition, Allosteric inhibition, Key enzymes, Feedback inhibition, Covalent modification, Specificity of enzymes, Iso-enzymes, Clinical Enzymology, Lactate dehydrogenase, Creatine kinase, Enzyme patterns in diseases, Enzymes as therapeutic agents. 4. Carbohydrates -I: Chemistry, Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates .......................................... 33 Monosaccharides, Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose, Stereoisomers, Epimers, Reactions, Benedict's reaction, Osazone, Glycosides, Amino sugars, Deoxy sugars, Disaccharides, Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Polysaccharides, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Mucopolysaccharides, Digestion, Absorption, Glucose transporters. 5. Carbohydrates - II: Metabolic Pathways of Glucose ................................................................................ 46 Embden-Meyerhof pathway, Glycolysis, Regulation, Cori's cycle, BPG shunt, Fate of pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Glycogen synthesis, Glycogen storage diseases, Hexose monophosphate shunt pathway, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. 6. Carbohydrates - III: Regulation of Blood Sugar and Diabetes Mellitus .................................................. 62 Regulation of blood glucose, Glucose tolerance test, Impaired glucose tolerance, Alimentary glucosuria, Renal glucosuria, Reducing substances in urine, Insulin, Glucagon, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic keto acidosis, Chronic complications, Glycated hemoglobin. 7. Carbohydrates - IV: Metabolic Pathways of Other Sugars ...................................................................... 74 Fructose metabolism, Hereditary fructose intolerance, Fructosuria, Galactose metabolism, Galactosemia, Metabolism of alcohol. x Textbook of Biochemistry for Dental Students 8. Saliva and Dental Caries ...........................................................................................................................
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