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Bruno Frédérich I Université de Liège Faculté des Sciences Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive Prof. P. Vandewalle Etude de la diversité trophique des poissons demoiselles (Perciformes, Pomacentridae) par l'examen des variations du squelette céphalique à partir de leur vie récifale I – Texte Bruno Frédérich Dissertation présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences Année académique 2008-2009 Je remercie Messieurs les Professeurs et Docteurs D. Adriaens , P. Alibert , D. Lecchini , , E. Parmentier , C. Michel , J.-M. Bouquegneau et P. Vandewalle d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury. Tout d’abord, je tiens à exprimer ma profonde gratitude à Monsieur le Professeur Pierre Vandewalle pour m’avoir accueilli dans son service. C’est également au titre de géniteur de ce sujet de thèse de doctorat que je tiens à le remercier. Sa confiance et son soutient ont contribué sans aucun doute à me donner du courage tout au long de ce travail de 6 années. Son aide au cours de la rédaction a été précieuse. Merci enfin de m’avoir ouvert les portes des récifs coralliens ; ces expériences furent magnifiques. Well,… je tiens également à remercier le Dr. Eric Parmentier de m’avoir aidé tout au long de mon parcours. Merci pour tous tes conseils bienveillants et en particulier pour m’avoir inculqué ton esprit critique. Cheers . Un immense merci à Monsieur Chardon de m’avoir aidé et guidé dans ma rédaction, pour nos nombreuses discussions et débats à propos de la morphométrie géométrique… Merci au Dr. David Lecchini pour les enrichissantes collaborations scientifiques, pour son aide logistique durant la mission de Rangiroa et son hilarante expression de mécontentement « oooooh put… » dont lui seul a la vocalisation adaptée. Un énorme merci… une fois … à Christophe Brié et à sa petite famille sans qui ma mission sur l’atoll de Rangiroa n’aurait pas été un pareil souvenir. Een groot woord van dank gaat uit naar Prof. Dominique Adriaens wie leered me de basis van geometrische morfometrie vijf jaar geleden. I am also pleased to thank the Dr. Dave H. Sheets (Buffalo) for his help in the study of ontogenetic allometries and for all his explanations, comments and suggestions about geometric morphometric methods. Many thanks to Dr. Andrea Cardini (Modena) and Dr. Markus Bastir (Madrid) for their help in geometric morphometrics. Je poursuis avec les isotopes. Merci au Dr. Gilles Lepoint pour tous ses conseils, son aide précieuse dans les analyses, sa gentillesse et son positivisme à toute épreuve. Merci à mon deuxième chef, le Professeur Jean-Pierre Thomé , pour sa compréhension, sa confiance et tous ses coups de pouce octroyés durant ces 6 années d’assistanat au Département. Un énorme merci à mes compères du laboratoire de morphologie fonctionnelle et évolutive pour tes les moments de bonheurs et de rigolades ; Orphal , rebaptisé Mademoiselle Lorphal par un hôtelier malgache et connu comme étant l’homme qui capture des poissons clowns plus vite que son ombre ( je vous donne 15 min, pas plus… si peu de temps ??…c’est a-bu-sé !) ; Grégory , mon compagnon polyglotte (français, wallon, néerlandais, anglais, allemand, arabe et russe) de bureau, accessoirement bibliothécaire et expert automobile à ses heures perdues ; Quentin , le plus gentil de tous, avec qui nous faisons front à tous ceux qui font mumuse avec les sons ; et Nicolas , la moumoutte tueuse hollywoodienne ( vivement le Transporteur 4 !!). Enfin j’associerai à cette liste mon Padawan et mon regretté Michael Skull . Je n’oublie évidemment pas de saluer tous les autres membres de notre labo : Karine , Corby , Philippe , Nicole , Caroline , Julie , Damien , Loïc , Coralie et Laetitia . J’en profite également pour saluer notre secrétaire extra, Marielle et tous les membres du laboratoire d’écologie : Célia , Murielle , Mathieu , Ophélie , Stéphane , Stéphanie , Sophie , Delphine , Arnaud et Mélanie . Les échantillonnages à Madagascar et en Polynésie française n’auraient jamais pu être réalisés sans l’aide précieuse de Jean-Marc Ouin (Aqualab – Belaza), Yannick Chancerelle et Pascal Ung (CRIOBE). Je voudrais aussi remercier infiniment tous mes proches ; mes beaux-parents grâce auxquels je peux m’évader régulièrement en Italie ; particulièrement mon frère et ses supers mots d’encouragements qui se résument assez facilement : « tu bosses toujours à 22h ? T’es un fou toi ! » ou bien « tu es toujours au labo à 19h ? T’es un fou toi !» ou encore « travailler autant d’heures, t’es un fou toi ! » ; ma maman et mon père pour m’avoir toujours soutenu dans chacune de mes idées folles et mes entreprises. Enfin, je terminerai par dire merci à Maria d’être à mes côté depuis 10 ans, d’accepter mes nombreux défauts et de m’avoir aidé à concrétiser tout ce dont je rêve. Bizz de B… TABLE DES MATIÈRES CHAPITRE 1 – INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE 1.1. CONTEXTE ET OBJECTIFS .................................................................................................. 1 Hypothèse et buts du travail ......................................................................................................... 3 Organisation du manuscrit ............................................................................................................ 4 1.2. LES POMACENTRIDAE ..................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1. Situation taxonomique des Pomacentridae au sein des poissons ..................................... 5 1.2.2. Définition morphologique des Pomacentridae .................................................................. 6 1.2.3. Taxonomie et phylogénie .................................................................................................. 6 1.2.4. Diversité écologique .......................................................................................................... 7 a) Diversité éthologique et socio-écologique ................................................................... 7 b) Diversité des habitats ................................................................................................... 9 1.3. CYCLE BIOLOGIQUE DES POISSONS CORALLIENS ...................................................................... 10 1.3.1. Correspondance reproduction/œuf .................................................................................. 10 1.3.2. Correspondance dispersion océanique/larve .................................................................... 11 a) Définition du stade larvaire chez les poissons coralliens ............................................. 11 b) Durée de la vie larvaire ................................................................................................ 11 c) Adaptations morphologiques des larves à la vie pélagique ......................................... 12 d) Orientation et capacités natatoires des larves ............................................................. 12 e) Régime alimentaire des larves en milieu pélagique ..................................................... 13 1.3.3. Correspondance colonisation/larve compétente .............................................................. 14 1.3.4. Correspondance installation/juvénile ................................................................................ 15 1.3.5. Correspondance recrutement/adulte ................................................................................ 16 1.4. HÉTÉROCHRONIE , ALLOMÉTRIE ET DISPARITÉ ........................................................................ 17 1.4.1. L’hétérochronie.................................................................................................................. 17 1.4.2. L’allométrie ........................................................................................................................ 20 1.4.3. La disparité et la variation.................................................................................................. 20 1.5. JUSTIFICATION DU CHOIX DES POMACENTRIDAE PARMI LES AUTRES FAMILLES DES POISSONS DES RÉCIFS CORALLIENS ................................................................................ 21 1.6. LA MORPHOMÉTRIE ........................................................................................................ 22 1.6.1. La morphométrie traditionnelle ........................................................................................ 23 1.6.2. La morphométrie géométrique ......................................................................................... 24 1.6.3. Utilisation de la morphométrie géométrique dans le cadre de cette thèse ...................... 25 1.7. BREF RAPPEL DE LA CONSTITUTION DU CRÂNE DE TÉLÉOSTÉENS ................................................. 26 CHAPITRE 2 – MATÉRIELS & MÉTHODES 2.1. MATÉRIEL BIOLOGIQUE ................................................................................................... 28 2.1.1. Missions scientifiques ........................................................................................................ 28 2.1.2. Poissons de musées ........................................................................................................... 28 2.2. MÉTHODES .................................................................................................................. 29 2.2.1. Capture des larves ............................................................................................................. 29 2.2.2. Capture des individus juvéniles et adultes ........................................................................ 30 2.2.3.
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