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Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Management EMM 2020 I Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Management EMM 2020 23rd of October 2020 Center for Environmental Studies Copyright©2020 by Center for Environmental Studies, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya All copy rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copy rights owner, the Deputy Director (Research), Center for Environmental Studies. The Center for Environmental Studies is not responsible for statements and opinions expressed by contributors of this publication. ISBN 978-955-589-296-4 Published by: Center for Environmental Studies (CES) University of Peradeniya Peradeniya, 20400 Sri Lanka http://www.pdn.ac.lk/centers/ces/ Printing Supported by: Center for Distance and Continuing Education (CDCE) University of Peradeniya Peradeniya, 20400 Sri Lanka https://cdce.pdn.ac.lk/ Printed by: Balin & Co - Pvt Ltd No 61, D.S Senanayake Veediya, Kandy, Sri Lanka MESSAGE FROM THE VICE CHANCELLOR It gives me great pleasure in sending this message on the occasion of the 2nd International conference of Center for Environmental Studies, Environmental Monitoring and Management (EMM2020) organized by the Center for Environmental Studies together with International Relations Office (InRO) and Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya. There is a critical need for a transformational change in the relationship between nature and people in the contemporary world, as managing the environment and understanding its impacts drive increasing regulation and activities to reduce pollution. The EMM2020 offers a holistic view of environmental performance, to provide a foundation for identifying and analysis of pollutants and their control by decision- making within reasonable time and cost considerations. However, there are implications when moving from screening to implementing the results, especially in measuring and monitoring the effects of different actions. So this conference will be an excellent opportunity for researchers and academics in different disciplines of Environmental Sciences to present their research findings and to participate in stimulating discussions and propose novel and robust solutions towards efficient environment management and sustainable development. I extend my sincere appreciation to the members of the Conference Organizing Committee towards their tremendous efforts to make this event a success. Further, I wish all participants of the Environmental Monitoring and Management a productive and enjoyable experience. Prof. Upul B. Dissanayake The Vice-Chancellor University of Peradeniya I MESSAGE FROM THE CHIEF GUEST I am deeply honored and thankful to be invited as the Chief Guest for this occasion and I am writing this message with great pleasure on the Occasion of the Conference on “Environmental Monitoring and Management 2020”, the 2nd International conference of the Centre for Environmental Studies of the University of Peradeniya”. At a time global environment change due to anthropogenic activities is being heavily concerned, and facing numerous challenges in finding remedial measures, initiatives taken by the University of Peradeniya to address environmental related issues through a conference like this by gathering key stakeholder institutes such as relevant Ministries, Departments, Universities, Research Institutes, Private Sector and Non- Government, and Professionals as well as the younger generation who will be the future of the country is greatly appreciated. Such an event would tremendously benefit not only to gather current knowledge on the severity of the issue and sector specific mitigatory discoveries, but also for future networking opportunities as it brings together all relevant professionals. I thank the organizing committee for their enthusiastic efforts in making an event like this a reality. I wish the conference and the Center for Environmental Studies, University of Peradeniya every success and would be happy to extend the fullest cooperation of the Ministry of Environment for any related future endeavors. Dr. Anil Jasinghe Secretary, Ministry of Environment II MESSAGE FROM THE CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS With the rapid growth of population, advancing technologies and increase in related waste generations, environmental concerns are receiving a greater attention among the public. We are now experiencing environmental issues which are unknown, and are extraordinary in their magnitude, speed and cruelty. Though such issues concern all countries, developing countries are the most vulnerable. Second International Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Management organized by the Centre for Environmental Studies (CES) will be held on 23rd October 2020 in collaboration with the Postgraduate Institute of Science (PGIS) and International Relations Office, University of Peradeniya. Due to the present COVID- 19 pandemic situation, the organizing committee decided to conduct the event as a virtual conference taking all possible measures to provide utmost convenience for effective participation. We strongly believe that the conference would provide a sound platform to disseminate high quality research outcomes, development of sustainable solutions for environmental issues and productive discussions for shaping future directions for a wider scientific community. This conference covers a wide range of environment related subjects which are extremely critical and important. Some presentations directly highlight the importance of social responsibilities, need of effective and efficient sustainable technologies, regulations, ethics and corporate governance to ensure the environmental sustainability. We wish to invite intellectuals from Universities and Research Institutes, policy makers from relevant Ministries/Departments, entrepreneurs from Private Sector and Non-Governmental Organizations, and young scientists with interests and looking for a better environment to participate the conference and to collaborate with for future activities. We hope that you will find the conference is an informative and a memorable one. Prof. S.P. Nissanka Center for Environment Studies Prof. H.M.T.G.A. Pitawala Postgraduate Institute of Science Prof. G.B.B. Herath Faculty of Engineering III MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR- CES Environmental issues ranging from local to regional and to global scale with different magnitudes are of significant importance to humankind. The Centre for Environmental Studies (CES) of the University of Peradeniya has been providing training, research and consultancy services with the objective of supporting and possibly improving the nation's ability to address these wide ranges of pressing environmental problems. With its focus on innovative and interdisciplinary approaches, the CES has been accomplishing these goals by bringing together scholars from related disciplines, interested students, leading stakeholders and the wider community beyond the university. It is with great pleasure that I write this message on behalf of the Board of Management of the CES, that the CES is able to organize the 2nd International Conference on “Environmental Monitoring and Management EMM 2020” in collaboration with the International Relations Office (InRO) and the Postgraduate Institute of Science (PGIS) of the University of Peradeniya. This conference is conducted under the four thematic areas “Policies, the Law, and Social Responsibility in Environmental Management”, “Environmental Hazards, Monitoring, Water Security, and Water Safety”, “Technologies in Pollution Control and Resource Recovery” and “Sustainable Resource Utilization”. I believe that this conference will provide an excellent opportunity for Sri Lankan and international researchers, local and regional policymakers, and other related organizations to present their research findings, share their knowledge and experiences in an interactive environment. This kind of dialogue among academics, researchers, policy makers and industrial professionals is very much important in developing effective and efficient collaborations and identifying viable solutions to address current environmental issues. I am glad that this conference has drawn so much interest among key stakeholders and very grateful to all those who have submitted papers and contributed in many ways to make this conferences a success. Dedicated and generous support of the organizing committee, International Relations Office, Postgraduate Institute of Science and the Center for Distance & Continuing Education is greatly appreciated. Prof. S.P. Nissanka Director of Center for Environmental Studies University of Peradeniya IV PREAMBLE The Center for Environmental Studies (CES) of the University of Peradeniya, which was established in 1992, has been offering interdisciplinary environment related research programs, training and consultancy and in addressing pressing environmental problems at the national level. The CES successfully conducted its first International Conference under the theme “Sustainable Environmental Management” on 17th and 18th March, 2016. It is evident that overuse of natural resources, environmental hazards, environmental pollution and degradation are currently major global and local environmental issues that require better monitoring and management through a systematic approach for a sustainable future. As a concerted effort to address the above issues, the CES decided
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