ELECTION UPDATE 2003 SWAZILAND

number 2 · 20 April 2004

contents

Legal Perspective Legal & Institutional Architecture 1 Democratic Towards a Democratic Transition 10 Election Post-mortem Post-mortem of the Swaziland General Election 14 Traditional Politics Chiefdom Politics vs Electoral Process 23 Gender Perspective Interrogating the Gender Question 29

Published with the assistance of NORAD and OSISA LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

The Legal and 2003. This political event SADC region that has not Institutional was preceded by the primary yet undergone a democratic elections held on 19-20 transition by way of Architecture September 2003. This article embracing multiparty for the reviews the legal and competition for state power Swaziland institutional architecture that (for further argumentation Election 2003 structured these two events see Claude Kabemba in this with a view to discovering volume). Even at the real Khabele Matlosa the broader framework for risk of repetition of the Electoral Institute of elections in Swaziland and views in this and the Southern Africa interrogating the possible previous Election Update meanings of that in terms of 2003: Swaziland, it is Introduction the prospects for democratic important to bear in mind transition in the Kingdom. It that in Swaziland the Swaziland organised its is worth stating from the following critical conditions Parliamentary elections over onset that Swaziland is one informed the 2003 electoral the period 18-19 October of a few countries in the process: election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2

• The country has not had SADC countries, but these issues speak to the a Constitution since 1973 rather as Orders for this legitimacy (or lack and just prior to the 2003 denotes the thereof) of the Chief elections public debate overwhelming authority Election Office in the both in and outside the and power of the King eyes of the electorate in Kingdom revolved, in whose executive powers playing its presumed role part, around whether or by far eclipse the as a fair umpire of the not to have a general watchdog role of election game and an election prior to a Parliament; thus the effective institution for Constitutional King’s deliberate leveling the political referendum; however, it political hegemony playing field. came to pass that the (more by design than by election would come first default) throttles the Thus three broad issues are and as such a Draft power of other organs of brought to light in this Constitution that exists the state and in so doing article, namely that lack of a has not as yet been put to thwarts accountability of functioning and living its litmus test through a the executive to the Constitution prohibits fair public enquiry regarding electorate and not to even political play during both its legitimacy and mention its deleterious elections in Swaziland and acceptability; thus, in a effects on checks and this is compounded by the nutshell, the election was balances in the fact that political parties still held under a condition of governance process; and remain banned. Second, the a Constitutional void, so • Again, unlike a majority election is governed by to speak; not only that; of SADC member-states, King’s Orders whose elections in Swaziland do Swaziland does not have primary thrust is not so much not give room for an independent electoral to entrench democratic political competition commission (IEC) and governance, but rather to between and among the election is run by a ensure and perpetuate the political parties, but one-person Chief authoritarian dynastic regime rather the elections are Election Office; the in the Kingdom. Thirdly, that contested by individuals Chief Election Officer even the institutional representing various and his deputy is framework for the constituencies styled appointed by the King management of elections in Tinkhundla; himself and of course Swaziland is far from being • Like the previous recent answerable to the King; an independent and impartial elections, the 2003 this situation raises a player given that it is election was governed by number of key questions strongly beholden to the state three pieces of legislation including the impartiality machine and under strong namely (a) the 1992 of the Chief Election influences of the King. Establishment of the Office as an adjunct of Parliament of Swaziland the state machine, Global and Regional Order; (b) the 1992 accountability of the Context of the 2003 Election Order; and (c) Office to both the Election in Swaziland the 1992 Voter contestants and the Registration Order; It is electorate as well as the Swaziland lives in its own instructive that all the transparency and fairness world despite the political three legal instruments of the Office as it winds of change that have are referred to not as executes its legal swept the SADC region Acts of Parliament, as is mandate of running and since the early 1990s. the case in a majority of managing elections. All Although both the reformed

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Southern African sense depicted above in Only recently, the King Development Community order to suggest that in appointed a Commission to (SADC), through its Organ today’s globalising world work on a new Constitution on Politics, Defence and issues of democratic and a draft dated March Security (OPDS) does not governance and human 2003 does exist. The draft recognise any form of rights have increasingly has not yet been subjected to unconstitutional regimes, become international issues a national referendum to turn much the same way as do 53 that seem to transcend it into a national Constitution member African Union (AU) questions of sovereignty as yet and it is not yet clear and the 54 member even though state when the draft would be put Commonwealth club of state sovereignty, in and of itself, to a public scrutiny which is led by Britain, Swaziland cannot be wished away as its ultimate litmus test. It is still operates a fairly such. Thus, quite obviously worth noting that the Draft authoritarian political system the quest for democratic Constitution of the Kingdom anchored upon traditionalism transition in Swaziland of Swaziland (as it is called) and governments have been should, ipso facto, be rather than providing an formed in the Kingdom even cherished not only by opportunity for the opening in the absence of an concerned Swazi people, but of the political marketplace operating Constitution since also by the international for competition and a 1973. Interestingly, this community as organised in window for democratic debilitating political such formations as SADC, transition, attempts to environment has not become AU and the Commonwealth. entrench dynastic rule a major issue for debate and It is highly possible that behind the façade of clear-cut policy positions small geographic size, institutionalised liberal towards Swaziland in SADC, landlocked status and lack of democracy. Thus, despite the the AU and Commonwealth. a robust resource endowment attempt to institutionalise It is worth pointing out that makes Swaziland invisible to governance in Swaziland both Zimbabwe and Pakistan large multilateral inter-state through emphasis on the key have been suspended from organisations. In the next role of the critical arms of the Commonwealth for section, we review the legal the state such as the alleged human rights abuses and institutional environment legislature, the executive and and other vices emanating for the 2003 election in the judiciary, in the final from bad governance, yet Swaziland and pose a analysis the Draft Swaziland still remains off complex question whether or Constitution still centralises the hook. In fact, during the not this environment creates actual power within the recent Commonwealth an enabling condition for Office of the King and the summit in Abuja Nigeria in democratic transition. King’s Advisory Council. December 2003, following a decision taken by the Club to The Legal and Institutional Whereas the King wields extend Zimbabwe’s Framework for the enormous powers as an suspension, the latter simply Swaziland Election in executive monarch, the withdrew its membership Perspective King’s Advisory Council from the Club, an forms the hub of unprecedented move thereby Since the suspension of the government. The King’s throwing the Club into some Independence Constitution in Advisory Council is kind of disarray. 1973, Swaziland still does appointed for a period of five not have a Constitution and (5) years by the King himself The writer poses the legal is ruled by royal decrees.1 as and is framework problem in chaired by the Senior Crown Swaziland in the broader Prince (Umntfwanenkhosi 1 Lodge et. al, 2001

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Lomkhulu) also appointed by from the royal family and the 10. Minister for the King. The main mandate current Prime Minister Enterprises and of the Council is to advise following the October 2003 Employment: Hon. the King on “whatever issues election is Prince Themba Lutfo Dlamini or matters on which the King Dlamini (former Chairperson 11. Minister for Tourism, may seek advice” 2 This of Tibiyo Taka Ngwane a Environment and centralisation of dynastic royal investment corporation Communication: rule is entrenched behind a whose total net assets stood Hon. Mrs Thandi veneer of political opening in at E420 million in 1996). Shongwe; which the Draft Constitution The King appoints members 12. Minister for Public itself upholds a Bill of of Cabinet from both Works and Transport: Rights in Chapter IV. Chambers of Parliament Hon. Elijah Shongwe Further more, the Draft upon recommendation of the 13. Minister for Health Constitution seems to Prime Minister and the Draft and Social welfare: recognise the central role of Constitution proposes that Hon. Chief Sipho such key organs of state as half of the Cabinet be Shongwe the legislature, the executive constituted by members of 14. Minister for and the judiciary as well as the elected lower house. The Economic Planning the supportive institutions as current Cabinet is as follows: and Development: the bureaucracy or public 1. Rt. Hon. Prime Hon. Rev. Absalom service, yet even in the case Minister: Mr. A.T. Dlamini of all these important Dlamini 15. Minister for Home institutions of governance, 2. Hon. Deputy Prime Affairs: Hon. Prince the King still reigns supreme Minister: Mr. Albert Gabheni in the process stamping the Shabangu 16. Minister for Justice political hegemony of the 3. Minister for Natural and Constitutional dynastic elite. Swaziland Resources and Affairs: Hon. Prince operates a bi-cameral Energy: Hon. David legislature; the National Mfomfo Nkabule Assembly (lower house) and 4. Minister for Evidently, the King and the the Senate (upper house). Of Agriculture and royal house aim to the total of 65 legislative Cooperatives: Hon. consolidate its power and seats, the King appoints 10 Mtiti Fakudze political hegemony even by members and the Attorney- 5. Minister for Finance: the manner in which Cabinet General (the King’s Hon. Majozi Sithole is composed. Quite appointee) is an ex-officio 6. Minister for Public obviously, the Cabinet of Member of Parliament. Of Service and sixteen (with only two the total 30 members of the Information: Hon. women) is dominated mainly Senate, only ten are elected Themba Msibi by the dynastic elite and by the National Assembly 7. Minister for Foreign headed by a Prince. The and the rest are appointed by Affairs and Trade: dilemma that this approach the King representing chiefs, Hon. Mabili Dlamini faces is that then Cabinet is bantfwabenkhosi and special 8. Minister for Housing composed of largely interests3 The King appoints and Urban unelected individuals who the Prime Minister often Development: Hon. may not necessarily have the Mrs Dumsile Sukati popularity among the 2 Draft Constitution of the 9. Minister for electorate which is required Kingdom of Swaziland, 2003, p. 6 Education: Hon. for legitimacy of 3 The Establishment of the Constance Simelane government. A good Parliament of Swaziland Order, example of this paradoxical 1992, p.6

4 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 dilemma is demonstrated Constitution for Swaziland the current scheme of things, vividly by the result of the through Parliament under the however, the King exercises 2003 election itself whereby leadership of the new powers that have sufficient only one (1) out of seventeen Speaker, Mr. Marwick weight to reverse decisions (17) Cabinet members won Khumalo and consequently or judgements emanating the election. That is not the followed by a national from the judiciary. full story though. Further referendum. However, such more, although one a process would have to Three pieces of legislation opposition leader of the dovetail somehow with the that are central are in respect Ngwane National Liberatory process already initiated by specifically of elections are Congress (NNLC) and the King and just how that the 1992 Establishment of former Prime Minister, Dr happens still remains a the Parliament of Swaziland; Obed Dlamini, stood for million dollar question. So the 1992 Elections Order; elections as an individual there are essentially three (3) and the 1992 Voter and not representing the basic elements of the Registration. The first Order NNLC and won a Swaziland executive branch elaborates on the constituency in Manzini, he of government following the qualifications for does not feature in the 2003 election namely (a) membership to Parliament, Cabinet. In fact Obed power consolidation by the the form and composition of Dlamini’s participation in royal house, (b) exclusion of Parliament, the powers of the election race has raised a opposition voices in the Parliament, procedures for number of questions from Cabinet and (c) parliamentary proceedings as keen observers of the marginalisation of women well as prorogation and Swaziland political scene. propelled by patriarchal dissolution of Parliament. It First and foremost why he ideology and traditionalism further prescribes the form decided to contest the poll (regarding this latter point, and composition as well as while political parties still see Jackie Kalley in this powers of Cabinet. The 1992 remain banned? Why he volume). Establishment of the contested the poll while the Parliament of Swaziland trade union and human rights The King dissolves both the Order provides that “the alliance (Democratic legislature and the executive King may at any time Alliance) had decided to just before elections and prorogue or dissolve boycott the election? What appoints an interim head of Parliament.”5 does he hope to achieve in a government and prior to the Parliament heavily 2003 election government The 1992 Elections Order dominated by the King? was dissolved and a former sets out the law that governs Some have even argued that police commissioner, Mr. the manner in which there is little that Obed Albert Shabangu (currently elections are conducted in Dlamini could change under the deputy Prime Minister), Swaziland. This legislation the circumstances and that was appointed by the King should be read in the best of his achievement as interim head of conjunction with another would simply be to press for government until a new related document entitled unbanning of political government was formed “Notes for Candidates” parties.4 and one may also following the election race. which essentially represents add that all that Obed Compared with both the a useful information bulletin Dlamini could also try to legislature and the executive, for the candidates during achieve would be a national the Draft Constitution seems elections. The 1992 to provide much scope for

autonomous powers of the 5 4 Cornish, Mail and Guardian judiciary from the King. In GOS, 1992, p.12 October 24, 2003

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Elections Order and this linked to the manner in candidates were nominated additional document govern which polling stations were of which 300 were females. the all the three phases of the located within the Following the primary electoral process namely (a) constituencies themselves. elections, 333 candidates the pre-election phase; (b) were voted to stand for the polling day activities; Besides delimitation, another secondary elections of which and (c) the post-election contentious element of the only 30 were women. Quite processes including dealing general election in clearly the Swaziland with election petitions etc. Swaziland revolves around political system is extremely One of the crucial elements the primary elections. This deficient in this respect. of the Swaziland election issue is treated adequately by EISA research on primary revolves around constituency Shumbana Karume in elections in the SADC region delimitation which process number one of the Election as a whole reveals that this is then defines the electoral Update of September 2003, one of the hot-spots that boundaries or what are also and Wole Olaleye in this trigger overt and covert termed tinkhundla. The volume. Thus details around election-related conflicts due Delimitation Commission is how the process unfolds will mainly to lack of intra-party appointed by the King and is not detain us here for it has democracy. But then the principal authority for been sufficiently interrogated Swaziland provides yet determining the appropriate elsewhere as mentioned another dimension of the size of the 55 constituencies above. However, it is worth problem namely that even in as well as the polling stations mentioning that the whole the absence of political within the constituencies. process of nominations and parties primary elections are About 150-200 polling the primary elections used to serve certain stations were set up themselves are open to entrenched political interests, throughout the 55 undue influences by in this regard the dynastic constituencies for the 2003 entrenched political interests elite. election. Delimitation of given that both processes do constituencies is a fairly not conform to the one of the Finally, another aspect of the delicate political process most cardinal principles of electoral process covered by which requires a trusted democracy, namely secrecy the law, yet still highly independent and impartial of the vote. Worthy of note controversial, relates to the body in the form of an also is the fact that during counting of votes once independent electoral nominations and primary polling has been completed. commission to undertake. elections no campaigning is Although candidates are Failing which it suffers not allowed. This happens only supposed to have agents only a legitimacy crisis from between the primary monitoring the whole voting the electorate and is easily elections and the secondary and counting process on their amenable to political elections. Thus, officially behalf, the efficacy of the manipulation such as campaigning for the 2003 agents left a lot to be desired gerrymandering by interested elections in Swaziland during the 2003 election. powerful political actors. happened between 22 Further more, there were not During the 2003 elections, September and 17 October many observers during the for instances, there were 2003. Given the short space election to observe the whole voices in Swaziland which of time for campaigning, the process adequately more so complained about the electorate has difficulties because the interest of the delimitation process and the making informed choice of international community in way in which it tended to preferred representatives in Swaziland (compared to a disenfranchise some Parliament surely. During country like Zimbabwe for communities and this was the 2003 about 1500 instance) is almost zero. So

6 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 the most horrendous election much the same way as Conclusion: Imperatives irregularities could happen in delimitation of electoral for Democratic Transition Swaziland without the notice boundaries. Thus, if this in Swaziland of international and regional exercise is not handled with observers. Fortunately, the utmost care and diligence, It is abundantly evident from umbrella body for Swaziland especially through an the above expose and the NGOs, the Coordinating independent, neutral and subsequent chapters of the Assembly of Non- impartial body, this can also Update that Swaziland has Governmental Organisations generate a massive amount been holding regular (CANGO) monitored the of political dust which, in elections for the composition whole election process and turn, tarnishes the integrity of the National Assembly subsequently prepared a of the electoral process and under a political condition fairly detailed report (see casts the legitimacy of a new considerably devoid of CANGO, 2003). The process government in serious doubt. democratic content. Thus, following the polling day is The actual election does not without any equivocation, extremely open to really happen during polling the major challenge for the possibilities of irregularities. day if we are to be small Kingdom is surely a After the last person has technically correct and part smooth democratic voted in a polling station, of the explanation for the transition. This chapter and ballot boxes are then ferried outcome of polling day the subsequent chapters in to a nearby police station activities lies in earlier this Update read together where they are kept processes. These include with first Update that was overnight. The following both the delimitation of prepared in September 2003 day, the ballot boxes are constituencies and voter just prior to the election of ferried once again to a registration. Once things go October 2003 suggests, in nearby community hall or a haywire on these two fronts, fact, that need for a transition school building where the outcome of an election is towards multiparty political counting takes place. In most bound to be clouded in system is more urgent now other SADC countries, it has incessant and, at times, than say some twenty years been proven that it is not violent conflict among ago when the Constitution only cost-effective but also protagonists in the election was suspended in 1973. In efficient and prudent to have race. Of the total population order to generate debate votes counted at a polling of about 1.2 million people, within the SADC region on station and in countries like Swaziland has an eligible this process, we elucidate in Lesotho the counting at the voting population of about a sketchy fashion some polling station takes place 600 000, only 228 950, of issues and processes that immediately after polling. which 119 535 were women need to inform such a This creates confidence in and 109 415 were men, democratic transition in the process and makes it less registered for the 2003 Swaziland. prone to unnecessary election. Although slightly political intrigue and above the 1998 voter First, the major imperative manipulation. registration, the low numbers for democratic transition in of voters still emphasise the Swaziland revolves around a The last piece of legislation profound problem of voter development of a widely governing elections in apathy in Swaziland as accepted constitutional Swaziland is the 1992 Voter elsewhere in the SADC framework. Thus, a new Registration Order. region as whole (see Wole Constitution is a key Undoubtedly, registration of Olaleye in this volume). imperative and such a legal voters tends to be an document should not just electrically charged process exist but be a living

7 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 document upon which Third, both the constitutional engineers; and then civil constitutionalism and the provisions and the actual society and the electorate Rule of Law are firmly practice in the field of should be the engine. Thus, anchored. Integral to this applied politics should this proposition calls for mode of constitutionalism ensure and be predicated constructive and peaceful should obviously be the Bill upon checks and balances engagement of civil society of Rights and the revocation between the main layers or with the state for positive of the 1973 Royal organs of the state namely democratic reforms in Proclamation that banned the legislature, the judiciary Swaziland. party political activity. Then, and the executive branches. a conducive political playing The legislature and the Finally, all said and done, field would be set in motion. judiciary must be able to the international community How far the present Draft hold the executive must also show sufficient Constitution tackles this accountable and reduce interest in the political imperative still remains a incidences of abuse of power developments in Swaziland. moot point. Probably the by the latter due to the These should include, inter general public debate over currently obtaining condition alia, the Southern African this draft document and the of the political hegemony by Development Community subsequent referendum (if the dynastic elite. In this (SADC), the African Union any is planned) will tell us wise, even the current (AU) and the whether or not this is the condition of high Commonwealth to which right format for democratic centralisation of power Swaziland is a member. The transition in Swaziland. within the palace would need interest of the international to be tampered with. It may community in the Second, then having sorted be a good opportunity for imperatives for democratic out the supreme law of the Swaziland to borrow from transition in Swaziland land, Swaziland then has to Lesotho’s constitutional should start first and reform its electoral laws and monarchy and deliberately foremost through electoral institutions steer its political system constructive diplomatic accordingly. In this vein, more and more away from dialogue aimed at exhorting obviously all the three pieces the executive monarchy the ruling elite to open up the of legislation namely (a) the framework. political system in a 1992 Establishment of the democratic direction. Parliament of Swaziland; (b) Fourth, besides the the 1992 Election Order; and unbanning of political parties Hopefully before the next (c) the 1992 Voter for purposes of opening the election in 2008, Swaziland Registration Order would political marketplace for free will have undergone these have to be amended in order and unfettered competition momentous developments to conform to a new for control of state power, it and following that the key democratic Constitution. is also imperative that civil challenge, would shift from Equally important is the society movement in democratic transition to that whole issue of reform of the Swaziland be allowed ample of democratic consolidation. election management body space to operate and lobby (EMB) away from a policy actors for a more government department democratic dispensation. References towards an independent and Democracy operates impartial body in the form of somewhat like a car; the CANGO. 2003. “Report of the an independent electoral state institutions are the Electoral Support Network Observer Mission on the Primary commission. drivers; political parties are and Secondary Elections in the motor mechanic

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Swaziland in 2003”, (mimeo).

Cornish, J. “Not all the Swazi King’s men”, Mail and Guardian, 24 October 2003.

Government of Kingdom of Swaziland. 1992. The Establishment of the Parliament of Swaziland Order, Nkhanini.

Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland. 1992. Elections Order, Nkhanini.

Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland. 1992. Voter Registration Order, Nkhanini.

Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland. 2003. Draft Constitution of Swaziland, Nkhanini.

Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland. Undated. Notes for Candidates No.2. Mbabane.

Lodge, T., Kadima, D. and Pottie, D (eds). 2001. Compendium of Elections in Southern Africa, Johannesburg: The Electoral Institute of Southern Africa.

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DEMOCRATIC PERSPECTIVE

Towards a political culture embedded Unfortunately, the King, Democratic within the liberal democratic who holds all the executive mould. African intellectuals power, is not accountable to Transition in and leaders have called on citizens. For example, while Swaziland Africans to find a democratic corruption is all too common system suitable to African in democracies, including Claude Kabemba dynamics. Swaziland (King well-established ones, an Electoral Institute of and his entourage) claims to independent Parliament and Southern Africa have found that system. judiciary along with a free What the King and his press, can check abuses of Introduction entourage fail to appreciate, power and sanction where however, is that there are possible. This is not possible Swaziland has just organised universal principles beyond in Swaziland as far as the its National Elections. simply as King people to King, and his entourage, is Judging from the observer vote or choose who would concerned. mission reports, these were represent them in Parliament well organised and for a system of governance The Parliament in Swaziland administered. But these to be really legitimate. First, does not fulfil the role elections, as were the there is the need to have the expected of such structure in previous ones, have been presence of parties around democracies. Democratically discredited not on the basis which the entire electoral elected leaders have an of the organisational point of process takes place. important additional source view but on the Secondly, the entire political of legitimacy that can understanding that no system from the electoral reinforce their ability to elections can be credible system, distribution of power make decision in all spheres outside political parties’ to the accountability of of state activities. This is not competition to access power leaders must be accepted by the case in Swaziland where and on the basis that the majority of citizens for it the Parliament is said to be elections must lead to the to be seen as democratic. It rubber stamp of the King to creation of a legitimate and should also be understood all intents and purposes. The credible Parliament. that under a democratic system in Swaziland has system elected leaders are been criticised first for its Current Political accountable to the people. nepotistic and kleptocratic Development in Swaziland: Accountability is one of the tendencies. For example, Opening Pandora’s Box? most critical ingredients of following the recent any democratic system. elections, the King used his The question that challenges Indeed there are countries prerogatives recognised by political scientists and policy that hold elections through a law to appoint 10 MPs to makers alike in Southern multiparty system and where compliment the 55 MPs Africa is how to deal with leaders are not accountable. popularly elected. He used Swaziland which claims to The argument here is that the occasion to appoint his have found a political system under a representative own family members. that is rooted in traditional system of government, Among the 10 were his culture immune from undue leaders are more likely to be nephew Mphiwa Dlamini. influences of the western accountable to their people. He also appointed his

10 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 brother, Prince David calling for more freedom. a King, it is intended to Dlamini as MP. He further Often times, the King has satisfy his subjects and named his sister, Princess promised change but unsure improve their lives. It is Tsandzile to Parliament. It is of his hold on power or therefore logical that if the this kind of behaviour from unsure of his ability and people are not happy with the King that creates tension indispensability, he the way they are being in society and exposes the continues to use an iron fist, governed or ruled alternative deliberate political in a typically Machiavellian form of governance must be enfeeblement of the fashion, to silence the found through a consensual country’s Parliament. The opposition voices. It is only approach. Even in America futility of Parliament is fair to conclude that there and Europe, there are further reinforced by the fact has not been shift of mindset questions about democracy. that the legislature has no in terms of democratisation There are questions about power. In effect, MPs do not in Swaziland, a situation that electoral system. There are create laws, but debate laws contrasts sharply with what questions about the rights brought to them by the currently obtains in a and levels of participation. Cabinet ministers, who are majority of the SADC There are questions on the palace appointees. member states today. authority of government’s actions in controversial Banning of political parties Swaziland’s political situations. But the is another infringement on impasse is traceable from opportunity given to people the democratic right of the 1973 when the King to debate freely and propose Swazi people. The King has abrogated the Constitution. alternatives is the power failed to positively react to Current indicators and in behind the much-celebrated the call of civil society to view of the content of the democracy in various parts deal with this issue and even new Constitution, the King’s of the world especially social the much-awaited position is still that of an democracies in the Constitution does not absolute monarchy with Scandinavia for instance. recognise political parties. wide-ranging powers. The Definitely, the Swazi people For the King, as was for his new Constitution, still to be are not different from other father in 1973, political ratified by the King, is being people and are also capable parties are the source of criticised as a contrivance of generating good ideas and problems and do not advance meant to keep the monarchy propositions that can help the democratic rights. The in power forever. The King and his government to political leadership in Constitution strengthens the advance the common good. Swaziland prefers to relate to powers of the traditional conflict between political leadership, and can be read Nevertheless, all is not lost parties in SADC and lack of as forbidding organised in Swaziland. While the idea democracy within these political opposition to royal of democracy is potentially parties as enough good rule. The King in Swaziland viable everywhere, the reason to maintain their has confused the chieftaincy process of democratisation is position not to allow and governing. He is King long and hard, especially in multipartism through through tradition and not countries where political political parties. The King because of his capacity to progress is hostage to has long promised and govern. economic difficulties linked blocked political reform at to culture. The new the same time. As a result Elections are held for the Constitution has introduced tension has risen sharply in welfare of the citizens and some positive changes recent years with pro- one assumes that a leader though limited. While the democracy and trade unions whatever he does, especially Constitution maintains the

11 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 power of the King, it does that this Constitution did not process of democratisation. have a Bill of Rights and emanate from a wider The challenge is to develop recognises the freedom of consultation. Civil society people’s participation and association. It also refers to organisations were never awareness in the political the status of women. It consulted and the selective management. The creation makes provision for the manner in which of a democratic society in increase of women submissions were made Swaziland cannot start until representation in Parliament opened room for the and unless there is a drastic and government. The 2003 rejection of the Constitution behavioural change from the election did not improve on even before one could even Kingdom. It is thus women representation; only consider its form and imperative that the capacity 9 women were elected to content. There is a need to of pressure groups is Parliament and two go back to the drawing board enhanced and their nominated by the King. We and rethink a better institutional capacity to play have today 11 women MPs constitutional route for this role effectively and out of 65 MPs. Swaziland. register meaningful impact Nevertheless, these changes assured. demonstrate that the King is Second, the place and role of not, as one would like to the King in future political Fourth, Swaziland is a believe, insensitive to the system must be well country where the power of cries and supplications of his determined. Arguably, tradition is so pervasive and subjects. Swaziland may have to as a result the governance follow the Lesotho example process is marked by clear Way Forward of a constitutional monarchy bifurcation: Western modern (see Matlosa in this volume). model and traditionalism. First, there is no doubt His traditional role as the Apparently, the biggest reforms are quickly needed father of the nation should challenge for Swaziland is in Swaziland. Consensus not be tempered with. precisely how to strike the must be reached on key balance between the two issues. These reforms should Third, civil society forms of governance and the cover the Constitution and organisations play a critical dilemma is how to go about the electoral law in the first role in the transformation of it? Fortunately, there are instance. The negotiations societies. The movement of already examples on the would have to include all change in other countries in continent of good practice to stakeholders from the King, SADC was the work of bring about a peaceful political parties, civil society internal forces. Swaziland transformation. In Southern and citizens. There is no civil society has not been Africa, Lesotho could be a shortcut to political able to pressure the country from which transformation. Any change monarchy to introduce Swaziland could learn. that would try to sideline fundamental change for the major actors would not be past decade. There is no Fifth, the Tinkhundla system sustainable in the long run. It doubt the democratisation of organising elections must is with this in mind that process would be slow be changed or amended to Khabele Matlosa argues, “it without civil society ensure that it is more open, would be difficult to have agitation (see Matlosa in this transparent and competitive the current Draft volume). Quite obviously, to give electorate sufficient Constitution adopted as a there is need for a working room to make informed collective Constitutional partnership between and choices on the people who vision.” The underlying among the state, private should govern them. As a basis for this argument is sector and civil society in the consequence of the

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Tinkhundla system, the References Parliament as an important overseeing institution does Integrated Regional Information not have the material means Network (IRIN), 10/31/2003 or required capacity to fulfill Matlosa, K.2003. “Constitutional its triple functions of Development” in Election Update national representation, 2003: Swaziland , No. 1. Electoral legislative output and control Institute of Southern Africa. of government activity. This results essentially from the lack of a true parliamentary tradition which, itself, is a consequence of the King executive power and domination that does not allow the Parliament to acquire the necessary means and mechanisms to operate in a system where the powers are separated. There is therefore need to strengthen and protect Parliament from the executive interference (the King) as it is now. But this would only be possible when the entire electoral system is reformed and method of governance adjusted with emphasis on the separation power between the executive, the judiciary and Parliament

Sixth, the SADC region has a greater role to play in this process. The SADC region and democratic states in the region must take upon themselves to help and gently guide the Swaziland government to come up with a negotiated system of governance. SADC must engage the King and guide the Kingdom to go through what will be a slow and long road to a democratic dispensation.

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ELECTION POST-MORTEM

Post-mortem of noted a disparate mood and a noted all sorts of allegations the Swaziland slightly less optimistic about the registration picture. A few allegations of certificate, from aspiring General violence were reported in the MPs alleged to have bought Election of press; there were claims in voter certificates to some 2003 two constituencies; Logoba even stealing them. The and Luve that some men capacity of the Elections Shumabana Karume used violence to force voters Office also came into Electoral Institute of to vote for certain question. Candidates Southern Africa candidates. References were admitted that there were also made to a few isolated some successes in terms of Pre-Election Environment cases of intimidation and putting in place all the and the Campaign corrupt practices that necessary mechanisms; occurred during the however it was felt that The atmosphere of the 2003 campaign period. The most various issues on the process Parliamentary elections in commonly mentioned case had not been clearly Swaziland was rife with referred to the traditional articulated to the electorate. contradictory moods. On the chief who used his influence They also lamented on other one hand external observers to intimidate voters in his shortcomings such as the were made to believe that an chiefdom. The Chief unavailability of the voters enthusiastic mood prevailed Electoral Officer in response register to the public before among both the eligible issued a statement warning the election. This meant that voters and the overseers of “that people who manipulate voters could not check on or the elections, for very others would be found challenge their entry. distinct reasons for each guilty” but this was mere group. The election rhetoric, proclaimed sceptics. The court cases arising from authorities were confident primary election disputes that all systems for the The mood among the generated even more elections were in place; 150- candidates was one of uncertainty. A total of 10 200 polling stations had been uncertainty and concern. lawsuits were filed after the prepared to serve at least Particular issues on which primary elections, most of 200,000 eligible voters. The some candidates expressed which alleged vote rigging enthusiasm among the concern focused on election and other forms of electoral eligible voters stemmed from preparations; and the trade of fraud. The day before the the possible adoption of the registration certificates. The elections three court cases Draft Constitution, which registration certificate is the still had not been resolved by political analysts at the key to voting and contains the High Court which University of Swaziland particulars of the voter. In resulted in the temporary believed had given these fact it is the only means by suspension of elections in the elections a catalyst to which voters could be three constituencies involved overcome voter apathy. identified and confirmed in in the election disputes. The the voter’s roll and thereby allegations behind the On the other hand the daily allowed to cast their vote. disputes varied; in papers and several Weeks prior to the elections, constituency the stakeholders consulted, however several stakeholders former Member of

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Parliament for the area public consultation on the allowed, it is only accused the former Justice Draft Constitution had been independent campaigning Minister of registering completed. Pro- democracy that is prohibited; meaning people in absentia, and of activists who called on that permission from both intimidating a Returning people to boycott the ballot the Election Office and the Officer, whilst both in included the Swaziland constituency head has to be and Gege Democratic Alliance (SDA), sought before meetings of a constituencies, disputes an umbrella organisation that political nature can be held. arose from claims that voters includes labour and human Once permission has been were intimidated and others rights groups and the obtained campaigns are then assaulted to prevent them Swaziland Federation of held in the tinkhundla from voting. Political Trade Unions (SFTU). centers, the only venue analysts announced that Despite the boycott, however where such meetings can be these court cases should have we were informed that there held, as stated in the 1973 been ironed out at the latest was unprecedented euphoria proclamation. Traditionally, by Friday, the eve of the and excitement. Quite a large the Returning Officers elections but many cases had section of the population together with the been grounded because there took these elections more constituency headman, were no judges to preside seriously than previous introduce the candidates to over them. Given that the elections and did not heed the constituencies and then court was, in fact, in a two their call for an election organise standard week recess during this boycott and included some campaigning meetings, period, it is no wonder that members of the banned where each candidate is several of those interviewed political parties who were given equal time. In the charged that “the involved as independent previous elections candidates Parliamentary elections were candidates. Obed Dlamini, a would be given at most 15 being held under the absence former Prime Minister from minutes to campaign. It was of the rule law”. Moreover, 1989 to 1993 and president observed that more time to the law in relation to election of the political organisation, campaign was allocated to petitions contributed to the Ngwane National candidates for these making the pre-election Liberatory Congress elections. Other low key process more precarious. As (NNLC) contested the conduits for campaigning it currently stands in the election. Notwithstanding purposes were also utilised; Voter Registration Order of the boycott, the progressives’ these included posters, T- 1992, the law is not clear on reaction to these elections shirts, the print media as well the effect of the filing of an was low-key in contrast to as the national radio. appeal to a Magistrate, High the 1998 elections. There Court Judge or even Court of were no rallies to dissuade Outside the structured Appeal. This factor needs to voters from participating and meetings candidates be clarified so that the nor were there protest campaigned as they wished. election process is not activities staged to provoke Because the law does not affected and the elections the authorities. have any specific campaign can continue with certainty. regulations which govern the It is worth noting that the Campaigning activities and conduct of elections were also slightly candidates, the process is affected by a stay-away Campaigning commenced on easily manipulated. We were campaign staged by pro- 22 September and ended on told that the mechanisms and democracy groups, who had 17 October 2003, the day procedures of campaigning advocated the postponement before the general elections. are laidback; and there is a of the general elections until Campaigning in Swaziland is lot of space to manoeuvre.

15 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2

That said the Election Order was higher than average, employment generating of 1992 does list what is unleveling the playing field projects. considered as unethical to their advantage. There practice. Part II of the Order was the possibility that high We were also informed that lists the following as corrupt profile candidates linked to the composition of practices to which candidates political organisations candidates in these elections are expected to adhere: benefited both in terms of tended to dilute the quality (sections 63) treating the voter support and assistance of the campaign promises. provision of meat, drink or from their organisations. For Candidates did not seem to refreshment in order to that reason we noted that the have the political attitude influence voters, (section 64) involvement of “independent one would require in aspiring using or threatening to use candidates” in future MPs. We were told that two force violence or elections will bring some school-going children were supernatural means to daunting challenges to the contesting the elections and persuade a person to vote, electoral processes, which they used rhetoric that did (section 65) the giving or can be addressed via not quite connect to politics. offering of money, gifts, enacting appropriate For instance they were heard rewards, etc to promise legislation. to have said that they were anyone to vote. Candidates hungry and they needed a hardly adhered to these rules Both the absence of political chance to earn money as an and as a result campaign parties and the calibre of MP. They also focused on irregularities were rampant. candidates affected the minor issues such as There were a lot of quality of campaign promising to provide a complaints about how the promises and issues. Because football pitch. Celebrity campaign process went and candidates have no party candidates also found some there were allegations that platforms to follow, voter appeal this year. With some candidates donated campaign issues were more politicians banned in the food hampers to prospective situational and dependent per Kingdom, it was not voters, provided their own constituency than policy uncommon to see individuals transport and other forms of based as expected in party with such diverse bribes to entice voters. political campaigning. In the background such as fashion absence of political parties and radio producers contest The unprecedented aspiring MPs tend to focus these elections. The general involvement of members of more on local issues that sentiment was that the banned political parties as matter to their electorate at election was a popularity candidates in these elections community level than on contest and that people introduced new elements in issues that emphasise sought to be MPs for the election process that beg national plans and priorities. personal gains. some attention. As much as As a result there was no their participation was a uniformity in the campaign Essentially candidates are welcome initiative which issues; these ranged from restricted to certain issues had created some excitement HIV/AIDS related issues due to the mode of in constituencies and such as passing the necessary governance that presently galvanised interest, it caused legislation to address the rules Swaziland. Many felt it some suspicion among the issue of orphans from was unnecessary to draw on non-politically affiliated HIV/AIDS pandemic, to policy specifics of how they candidates. We were others promising to resolve would press for reform given informed that due to their the problem of the Rule of that Parliament is usually connection with political Law, and promising voters used as an advisory body and groups their level of capacity with roads, clinics and MPs lack the power to

16 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 deliver on their promises. the voter education for instituting political Because of this, MPs in implemented by the Election reform. Swaziland are seen more as Office was narrow and not There was one success story, extension of government well structured. It only however. A few NGOs officers than legislators. focused on the electoral conducted a successful civic processes and did not engage education programme under Civic and Voter Education all voters. The general the Vote for Women complaint was that the Campaign. This engaged The responsibility for Office’s programmes women candidates in a conducting voter education reached the converted and comprehensive education during elections usually falls not the majority of the rural process by holding on the National Elections population. Their use of the workshops to instruct Office. In this regard the electronic media was also women candidates on Chief Electoral Officer insufficient; it mostly elections issues, gender reported that a nation wide entailed a half hour empowerment and most voter education programme programme. Moreover the importantly, how to run a was conducted by placing Office had an impractical successful campaign. We notices in Swaziland’s monopoly on voter were reminded that the fact national dailies and using education. The idea was for that there were as many as both the state’s radio and the Elections Office to 30 women running as television facilities to subcontract the job, however candidates in these elections advertise the elections. the Chief Elections Officer was an indication that the Pamphlets and booklets were and deputy conducted it campaign had achieved its also distributed informing themselves. goals. the voting population on all the different stages of the To complement the whole Media Coverage elections; from the civic education exercise a registration, nomination, and few NGOs conducted their The print media in campaigning to the voting own voter education Swaziland played an phase for both primary and programmes, but faced some important role in keeping the secondary elections. We official resistance at voters and all stakeholders were informed that the community level. NGOs we informed about the elections information and education met told us that although by their extensive coverage officers in addition went these elections provided of the elections not only in around the communities plenty of opportunities for the run up to the secondary using dramatisations to such initiatives they were elections but also during the explain the election unable to manoeuvre, and preceding different phases processes. The Office had mobilise people freely. This was a marvel also hoped to contract some Another reason cited by considering there was a NGOs to carry out these NGOs for their minimal parallel process on activities but admitted that involvement in voter constitutional issues in the due to limitations on the education this time, was that Kingdom, which was equally budget they were able to do the Draft Constitution review important in terms of relatively little thus making diverted attention from the coverage. We observed voter education for these elections. Issues related to however that the approach elections inadequate. the elections had been the two main dailies; the sidelined, instead NGOs Times of Swaziland and the The NGO community voiced preferred to engage people Observer took was different similar sentiments. They on constitutional issues as it from one another. The charged that the content of provided a larger framework Observer seeing that it was

17 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 government owned took a about 5 minutes. Moreover to explain the haphazard conservative approach to the there seemed to have been coverage of both the print elections whereas the Times some collaboration to ensure and electronic media on of Swaziland, a privately that both the Swaziland election issues. Most media owned paper took a Broadcasting Corporation personnel commented that progressive approach and and other privately owned they were not aware of a tended to sensationalise the broadcasting stations gave policy, law or even a issues. With regard to the aspiring MPs equal access. commission that ensures that content of their coverage we elections were covered noted that the eight cases Reports from the local effectively and fairly or one that arose from the primary observers as well as that allocates fair and free election disputes, received representatives form the time to all candidates. In more coverage in both media indicated that the use recent months however, dailies than pertinent of the media by the Elections media practitioners with the electoral issues that are Office was very limited. Media Institute of Southern aimed at informing the Most commented that there Africa (MISA)’s assistance electorate. The local was very little feedback from have agreed to establish a observers and media the Elections Office to the Code of Conduct to be personnel indicated that various media outlets launched in November that coverage by the broadcasting regarding the election would govern their activities media on the other hand was process. Local observers but these, we were reminded, scant. There were no blamed this lack of are attempts at self- programmes or any other communication on the regulation. At the end of the discussions on elections in mistrust the Election day, Swaziland has no the few weeks leading to the Officers had for the media. regulatory code or law that polling day. That said, at least one will bind media to any of representative from the these codes. The response from the media outlets commented contesting candidates positively on the The Poll and the Count regarding access to the interventions of the Elections media varied. Some Office to ensure that Opening and closing times individuals commented that pertinent information there had been unfairness in regarding the election Approximately 45 polling terms of giving people equal process was regularly fed to stations were visited by access; that candidates with the media. In a related EISA Fact Finding Team in financial influence had matter, we observed that three constituencies; greater access to the print there was no monitoring in the Manzini media. And usually those mechanism within the region, Piggs Peak in featured were mostly the Elections Office to assess the and popular candidates, which media’s coverage of Dvokodweni in the tended to marginalise those elections. This would have . Although in rural communities with no ensured that the media the opening and closing assets. Others however played a more constructive times were clearly set out in commended the broadcasting role in the elections. the notice that was issued on media for providing 16 July 2003 by the King of equitable access. The It is worth noting that there Swaziland, they varied Swaziland Information is no Code of Conduct substantially across the Broadcasting they noted, regarding the behaviour of country. Some were opened allowed all candidates to the media especially during as early as 5.00 am and canvass in the airwaves for elections, which may serve others at 6.00 am and they

18 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 closed between 5.00 pm and caused some confusion that in almost all the polling 6.00pm. These differences in among the voters and stations the team visited the opening and closing times compelled the government to outer perimeter was not that we observed were a arrange transport at the last clearly marked, hence it was result of miscommunication minute. We also noted that difficult to assess whether or between the Election Office voting stations were not not any form of candidate and its staff. The correct easily accessible. Those who campaigning taking place times were clearly not did not have official was or was not taking place communicated to the transport had to walk for within the perimeter. Presiding Officers; many it long hours. seemed had different Voting procedures information and were not Each polling station aware of the correct times. according to the polling The polling arrangements are There were some cases procedures was supposed to clearly set down in the however where the voting be staffed and managed by Election Order of 1992, process was delayed as a the Presiding Officer, polling which also states the laws result of agents and officers and security regarding the counting and candidates arriving late and personnel. The Presiding results process. The rules the material being delivered Officer’s main and regulations, we late. responsibilities were to concluded were not maintain a commanding appropriately communicated Polling Station set-up position, give directions as by the Election Office to its may be necessary, explain to staff, nor were they followed Most voting stations were voters the correct uniformly across the country laid out correctly, with procedures, give assistance as they are set out in the adequate facilities and voting and keep order. A Returning Order. This conclusion was space. Sufficient number of Officer was also appointed based on the following tables and chairs and for each constituency observations. adequate supplies of forms, responsible for the general voters’ rolls, ordinary and arrangement and conduct of We observed that there were tendered ballot papers were the poll in that constituency. many other cases where made available. There were We noticed that in some polling procedures were not two forms of ballot papers, stations, however not all the uniformly followed. Some one for the election of the required staff was present. stations did not check for Member of Parliament and Some stations had the 8 indelible ink on voters the other for the election of required staff and others had thumbs neither did they the Indvuna/community less than four. It was also stamp the voters certificate. headman. difficult to identify them; in Some were stamped at the some stations the election end of the voting at some The number of polling staff was easily identifiable polling stations and at other stations was adequate; in fact with their bright orange polling stations not stamped the Election Office had election bibs whilst in others at all. At most of the stations arranged for a total of 150- staff did not have any form we visited we found more 200 polling stations. of identification to denote than one voter inside the However, the Election their status, which made it station which is against Office, without prior notice difficult for observers to voting procedure whilst combined two stations in one identify those that had other stations only allowed location for some districts, permission to be in the one voter at a time. the morning of the election. stations and those that did According to the Election This change of location not. It is also worth noting Order of 1992 in section 22,

19 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 no person is admitted to a stated that a particular name observed that this was more polling station unless his/her in the registers roll referred a result of inadequate staff name appears on the register to him but there was training by the Election of voters. Persons who are evidence that a ballot paper Office than inability of the exempt are of course, the had already been issued in officials to perform their Election Officers, security his name, not all polling tasks. This raises questions officers, the candidates’ officers followed procedures about staff training and is an agents and observes. The as stipulated in the Election indication that there may not sealing of ballot boxes also Order. Some followed the have been an adequate differed, we observed that instructions by issuing him a administrative system many stations only had their tendered ballot paper and provided by the Election ballot boxes locked and asking the voter to sign a Office for its staff to operate many were not sealed with declaration whilst others in. thread and sealing wax as allowed such voters to vote stipulated in the regulations using the ordinary ballot. All Secrecy of the ballot these different cases arose There were some positive because the registration The secrecy of the ballot observations however. For certificate did not have during the voting was instance we noted that adequate information of the generally assured except for electoral officials observed voter and was open to the assisted voters, in the rules quite well with manipulation and vote particular the elderly, whose regard to voters’ buying. The Elections Office secrecy was compromised as identification. Most admitted that this was an they had to be assisted by the demanded to see the issue that needed to be Presiding Officer. This is registration certificate or the modified. The fact that the authorised, however in such stipulated identification certificate did not have a instances we observed that documents in the case where picture for instance was others too, assisted voters a voter had misplaced his or problematic. such as the security officers. her certificate. They also When assisting incapacitated turned away voters that did Electoral staff performance voters, Presiding Officers not have either form of were required to enter the identification, although there The mission observed that name of the voter on a form were very few such cases. for the most part, election for record keeping; a There were cases where the officials carried out their procedure that was not Presiding Officer allowed duties efficiently and in an always followed. A further voters without appropriate impartial manner. Each tendency that might have voter certificates to vote station we visited was staffed undermined the ballot provided their names were by a sufficient number of secrecy was the way in identified in the registers roll officials which helped to which some voting booths and provided the identity of overcome the workload as were positioned. In a few the voter was confirmed by a this ensured that each staff instances the open end of the traditional chief. In general, was designated a particular voting booth was facing in those stations we visited task. Presiding Officers in windows or officials. we observed that Presiding particular, should be Additionally, the team was Officers only allowed those commended for their diligent particularly concerned with who were on the register to work and support they the writing of the registration vote. provided their staff. In a few number on the counterfoil of of the reported cases where the ballot paper, this meant However, in cases where the procedures were not that it was possible to applicant for a ballot paper followed correctly, the team ascertain who each voter

20 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 voted for. Fundamentally have their representatives process. The team, in the ballot was not at all present. As for the local addition, observed that secret, and one could view observers, it appeared to closing arrangements slightly this practice as a form of have been the first time that differed per station. The intimidation, among other NGOs deployed domestic procedures for the safe things. observers to observe the keeping of all the sensitive electoral processes. There election material for Security forces was no provision for their example, varied. Most involvement in the electoral Presiding Officers took the Security forces made up of laws but with regard to responsibility in safekeeping both police and soldiers were candidate agents, the law the material. Other stations present at all times in the does set out the rules stored them together with the stations we visited. It was concerning their ballot boxes at the police not clear how many were appointment. It states that a stations. We also noted that authorised to be at each candidate may appoint, if candidates’ agents did not station but we noted that s/he wishes, one polling always accompany the ballot there was an uneven agent and one messenger to boxes to the designated distribution of security represent him at each polling police station, yet again forces. Fewer forces were station, but the Election another example of how deployed to rural areas than Office must be informed in inadequately informed they to stations located in urban writing of the elected were of their responsibilities. areas. Their presence, there representatives at least seven however may have been days before the polling day. Counting of votes at polling more important for Candidates’ agents however, stations maintaining order. Overall we noted seemed unaware of there were no incidents of their duties and did not raise The counting took place the overt voter intimidation but any complaints or concerns next morning and the process their performance could have even when warranted. overall proceeded been more thoroughly Generally agents did not satisfactorily and swiftly assessed. A related issue fulfill their role as expected, especially as the stipulated worth pointing out is that in indicating that extensive counting procedures were some instances, security training is necessary. few and manageable. forces directly assisted Security forces were present voters cast their ballot, and Closure throughout and particularly not the Returning Officer as effective during the stipulated by the election Again closing times, as transportation of the ballots. laws. This practice should be already noted above, varied Candidates and their agents discouraged in future across the country. Most as well as local and elections. closed at 6.00 pm, the international observes were stipulated time and the team also present but in some Local Observers and concluded that overall the stations Returning Candidates’ agents closing process went Officer/unaccredited persons smoothly, with the exception were allowed to observe the Domestic observers and of a few stations. At a voting counting. candidates agents were station in Dvokodweni deployed to observe the delays were experienced and Some observers reported polling process. In some there seemed to be some delays in transporting the stations, however there were confusion among staff about ballots from the police no agents; some candidates the procedures to be stations. At a counting obviously saw no need to followed during the closing station in the Lobamba

21 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 constituency delays seemed included the names of most to have resulted from mere of those who voted, there disorganisation, counting were some instances where commenced two hours after voters who had transfered the material had been were not on a particular delivered. It is worth noting consitituency register that in stations we observed, because the transfers had not the ballot boxes and other been properly addressed or election material were completed in time. Another appropriately sealed as they shortcoming of the processes had been the previous night. as highlighted in the above Procedures overall were account and needs to be followed with the exception brought to the attention of of the Lobamba High School the Election Office, is that counting station where the certain proceedures as Presiding Officer did not required by the election laws verify the count nor tally up were overlooked by the used and unused ballots. election staff.

Conclusion of the poll and the count

In conclusion, the voting process went swiftly in all the regions, Presiding Officers and their staff executed their tasks professionally and in an impartial manner. The Election Office of Swaziland is highly commended for the successful conduct of the election especially given that it is staffed by only a handful of individuals . The delegation also congratulates the Office for the inclusion of women among polling staff. The mission however, observed some inefficiencies in the management of the election. In some cases voters did not always understand the voting proceedures especially in the rural areas, a reflection of the inadequacy of the voter education provided. Although the voters roll

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Traditional Politics Re-examined

Chiefdom impasse between the Kingdom of Swaziland Politics vs traditionalist and the and its people, finally pro-democracy groups. released the first draft in Electoral May 2003 only to find Processes in The impasse is a result that the issue of political Swaziland of domination of the parties was omitted. political landscape by This was a Wole Olaleye the royalist faction, disappointment to many Electoral Institute of which dates back to of the progressive Southern Africa April 1973 when the groups and individuals. Constitution was The final Background to suspended by King recommendation of the Election Results Sobhuza II. Political Commission on an parties were banned appropriate and effective An election is a under the pretence that political system for demonstration of the parties are allegedly Swaziland is a no- will of the people on responsible for the political party system who should govern undesirable political based on the tinkhundla through popular vote. activities, bordering on system The process leading to the subversive that are the general elections in completely foreign to, As the tinkhundla October 2003, which and incompatible with system evolved, its started in July 2003, the normal and peaceful social engineers with the nomination of way of life of the Swazi remained adamant candidates for the people. This state of against the necessity of legislative seats, was affairs continues to political parties for the interrupted twice create a rift between the proper functioning of because of poor voter defenders of the society in Swaziland for participation in the monarch and the several reasons. Most nomination process. It progressives, who are importantly, they was observed that the calling for unbanning of maintain that political nomination process was political parties, and parties’ are incompatible conducted in an total reform of with Swazi chiefdom undemocratic manner in Swaziland political system. They claimed some areas because system. All hopes and that political parties traditional chiefs aspirations were dashed allow division within prevented citizens’ their by the 31 member society in party rights to nominate Constitutional Review affiliation and impose a people of their choice Committee (CRC) set up structure that allows because of personal by the King, Mswati III elections to be grudges. It is quite in July 1996. The CRC, dominated by those who ironic that this which was to draft a derived influence from nomination took place new Constitution wealth or high status. under a state of political suitable for the This they argue, violates

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Swazi tradition that inadequate attempt to constituency () allows everyone, involve citizen representative in the regardless of status, to participation in political House of Assembly. The contribute on an equal processes, especially in second stage involves basis to matters of local elections. secret voting. Polls and national interest; usually take place every and opened the way to The first tinkhundla five years: 1993, 1998, political corruption, the elections were and 2003. funding of certain conducted in 1993. political groups by Swaziland is now the Voter turnout in 1998 foreign powers, and the only country in Southern elections was lower than “buying” of votes by Africa without a in 1993, with just 30% interest groups with the multiparty system. The of eligible voters casting necessary financial monarchy is hereditary; their ballots2 Banned means. the Prime Minister is political parties, trade appointed by the unions and other pro- The King, Mswati III monarch. A bicameral democracy groups had introduced a new Parliament, an advisory called for a boycott of electoral dispensation in body, consists of the the 1998 election and 1992 through the Senate (appointed by the some observers say that establishment of House of Assembly and this was a significant Parliament of Swaziland the monarch) and the reason for the poor level Order 1992. The Voter House of Assembly of voter participation3 Registration Order 1992 (appointed by the (Ibid). Others suggest and the Election Order monarch and elected by that apathy and a lack of 19921 (See Matlosa in popular vote). There are civic education played a this volume). Prior to two stages in the part, as well as 1992, the choice of who elections for the 55 disillusionment with should become a public elected members: incumbent MPs. In fact, representative was a sole primaries and secondary the percentage turnout responsibility of the elite elections. Nomination of was not very different within the Electoral candidates takes place from that of other College. The citizens by show of hands in African countries that were only responsible open session at a have recently held for electing members of meeting held at a local elections (Zimbabwe the Electoral College, school or the chief's 27%, Niger 28%, who then elected kraal. The candidates do Botswana 45%, Zambia Members of Parliament. not officially put 34%) under a one party These amendments themselves forward, but dominant political actor. partially shifted the must be proposed by the Voter turnouts are lower power of electing public people within respective where there is representation away chiefdoms. Those manipulation of political from the Electoral nominated then go into a power. College, which is an primary election and the winners are put on to the 1 Commonwealth Expert ballot for the 2 Rule: 1998 Team: 2003 3 Ibid.

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What is clear from the would have wanted such results of the 2003 Swaziland a dramatic change but Parliamentary and the elections result is that this is not the case. Of Tindvuna Tetinkhundla there was widespread the 30 members of the elections on 21 October dissatisfaction with the Senate - the upper house 2003. The result of the performance of of Parliament - 20 are election announced incumbent MPs - a large appointed by the King. excludes constituencies number of whom were The King has where elections result not re-elected into considerable amount of were disputed either at Parliament and serious power and scope to exert the primary and evidence of voter substantial influence secondary levels. disengagement in the over election process. election. This would The number of votes appear to suggest that Summary of the 2003 secured by the elected the process is relatively Elections Results Parliamentary and free from the influence Tindvuna Tetinkhundla of the chiefs, since it The Chief Electoral candidates is as follows: seems unlikely that they Officer declared the

Table 1: Votes won by elected representatives in different constituencies

DISTRICT CONSTITUENCY ELECTED MEMBER NO OF VOTES Tindvuna NO OF VOTES OF PARLIAMENT SECURED Tetinkhundla SECURED Hhohho Lobamba Khumalo Marwick 902 Khumalo 699 Majahodvwa Sibanyoni Mamisa 621 Mkhabela Titus 629 Dlamini Michael 758 Manana 662 Mbalekelwa Motshane Shongwe Elijah M. 869 Dlamini Robert 662 Nkhaba** No Elections Nil No Elections Nil Dlamini Esther 538 Mshengu Mabuza 523 Sikhondze Elphas 320 Ndwandwe Simon 369 Pigg’s Peak Ndlovu Hlobsile 695 Mavuso Philemon 542 Dlamini Henry M. 762 Shongwe Mpostoli 690 Timpisini Tsabedze Zondi S 652 Mamba Jeremiah 652 Dlamini Vusi 1201 Ncongwane 1048 George Mavuso Phillip 1620 Mkhatshwa Musa 915 Masuku Joseph 699 Nxumalo Gagu 1061 Dlamini Lutfo 2021 Dlamini Mpondo 652 Shiselweni Hlophe Gibson 1277 Simelane Nomsa 604 Thwala Titus 743 Dlamini Samuel 567 Sihlongonyane 597 Mbhamali 615 Doward Thokozani Matsanjeni Shiba John 506 Myeni Themba 543 Jele Joshua 787 Langwenya Titus 631 Shiselweni 1 Sithole Vusi 916 Gamedze 619 Dumasani Gege** No Elections Nil No Elections Nil Maseyisini** No Elections Nil No Elections Nil Mabuza Njabulo 486 Dlamini John 602 Simelane Franson 830 Simelane Aaron 765 Dladla Aaron 1194 Dladla Moses 1004 Shiselweni 2 Vilane Enos 394 Dlamini Lymon 325 Malinga Phineas 495 Masuku Titus 382 Hosea Masaku Thulani 681 Dlamini Abel 413

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Table 1 (continued from previous page)

Manzini Nkambule Majaha 351 Dlamini Andreas 322 Dlamini Obed 509 Nxumalo Edgar 587 Magongo Charles 630 Dube S’dumo 410 Mavuso Machawe 1364 Dlamini 1353 Mfan’fikile Nkambule Mfomfo 616 Mkhatshwa Mvelo 533 Mafutseni Sithole Majozi 864 Mkhatshwa 645 Solomon Sikhondze Phillip 536 Dlamini Thandi 455 Dlamini Themba 581 Dlamini 435 Mbhulane Sukati Dumsile 326 Mdluli Clement 378 Ntshangase Mariah 262 Mabuza Kenneth 302 Kukhanyeni Dlamini Clement 1119 Simelane Phola 399 Mhlambanyatsi Mavimbela Petros 263 Zwane Zacharia 346 Msibi Vulindlela 496 Ntshangase S’fiso 451 Mahlangatsha Petros 826 Manyatsi 643 Khandlela Manyatsi Moses 814 Dlamini Mganyeta 485 Motsa Patrick 343 Dlamini Peter 205 Lubombo Fakudze Mtiti 1021 Dlamini Steward 726 Dlamini Mandlenkosi 793 Mavuso Lindiwe 580 Mhlume Mathunjwa Moses 382 Dlamini Bennet 408 Meninjeni Mahlaela 806 Mngometulu 752 Simon Siteki Ntjingila Wiseman 713 Nkambule Msizi 708 Matsanjeni Mbhamali Nkululeko 546 Matsenjwa 656 Bhekithemba Dlamini Thulani 506 Nhleko Lofana 466 Sithobela Mamba Patrick 725 Mamba Enock 706 Myeni Timothy 1045 Dlamini Manesi 1305 Gina Trusty 437 Gina Thomas 363 Siphofaneni Gamedze Gundwane 1841 Dlamini David 536 Source: Extracted from the Report on NGO Electoral Support Network Observer Mission on Primary and Secondary Elections in Swaziland: 19th – 20th September & 18th – 19th October 2003. Published by The Coordinating Assembly of Non-Governmental Organisations (CANGO)

** Elections either did or did not take place in these constituencies because of disputes on primary or secondary elections outcome.

In all constituencies the election (39 276) that voters than usual voter turnout is number of registered voters are more interested in voting much evident in this election for the Parliamentary for Members of the with Hhohho district election is exactly the same Parliament as compared to commanding the highest as those who registered for local council representatives number of votes cast in the the Tindvuna Tetinkhundla (Indvuna Yenkhundla) where Kingdom – 20.3%. Since election. The register of only 31 326 exercised their there is no available estimate voters does not distinguish choice. In total, this number on the actual number of voters on the basis of those represented a mere 18.4% eligible voters in Swaziland, registered for the (39 276) of registered voters it is difficult to extrapolate to parliamentary election and who voted in the the entire population relative those registered for the parliamentary election. This to the proportion of eligible Tindvuna Tetinkhundla figure, when compared to voters in Swaziland. The election. 1998 elections, represents a table below provides the difference of 67.2% (80 569) percentage of registered However, it does appear in number of voters who voter who voted in the 2003 from the number of votes voted in the parliamentary parliamentary elections:- cast for the parliamentary election. Generally, a lower .

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Table 2: The percentage of registered voters who cast their votes in the 2003 parliamentary election

DISTRICT REGISTERED VOTES % POLL VOTERS CAST

Lubombo 44 424 8 815 19.8% Hhohho 57 384 11 658 20.3% Manzini 63 638 9 900 28.1% Shiselweni 48 501 8 906 18.4% Total 213 947 39 279 18.4%

Source: Compiled from the Report on NGO Electoral Support Network Observer Mission on Primary and Secondary Elections in Swaziland: 19th – 20th September & 18th – 19th October 2003. Published by the Coordinating Assembly of Non- Governmental Organisations (CANGO)

Contextaulising the 2003 increase of 15.2% (30 171) its outcome as representing a Elections Results in the number of registered form of democracy that voters compared to 198 445 remains true to African The election under registered voters in 1998 traditions. Others would consideration in this paper is elections. According to the struggle to acclaim any the parliamentary elections statistics provided by the legitimacy to elections for Members of Parliament Swaziland National conducted under a system and Tindvuna Tetinkhundla Elections Office, Manzini that appears to give the within different and Hhohho regions had the people a minimal say on how constituencies in Swaziland, highest number of registered their interest is represented. which was conducted on 18 voters – 63 638 and 61 999 This election, demonstrated October 2003. The counting respectively. This is through its low voter turnout of votes took place on 20 followed by Shselweni (58 is a clear indication that the October 2003 in all 555), and Lubombo (44 Swazi people are refraining constituencies and the 424). from participating in election result was Tinkhundla based elections. announced on 21 October The political impasse in This is a highly striking 2003 by the Chief Electoral Swaziland not only raises feature and possibly a Officer. pertinent question around the victory to the pro-democracy nature of political and movements and the In general, there is no efficacy of the political underground political parties official figure available on system. In appreciating and who called for the boycott of the actual voter turnout for assessing the performance of the election and that the the elections. A total of 228 the various elected tinkhundla system lacks 616 people registered for the representatives in the popular legitimacy as a October 2003 general October 2003 elections, one consequence of apathy election. The number of must query whether an demonstrated through low women who registered to election conducted under a voter turnout. vote far outweighs the state of political impasse number of men: 119 358 characterised by a The challenge for Swaziland women registered compared despairingly low voter as well as outside observers to 109 258 men. The number turnout can be regarded as is to determine whether of registered voters reflects representing the will of the individuals elected through an increase trend when Swazi people. Invariably, the tinkhundla system compared to the previous there will be divergent views without aggregated elections (i.e. 1993 & 1998). on this issue. Some would constituency This number represents an like to see the election and mandate/interest and national

27 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 policy preferences represent contributes to increasing the Institute of Southern Africa, an appropriate and efficient obstacles to participation. In Johannesburg. institutional mechanism for Swaziland, these actions are Rule, S. 1998. Elections in mediating between the state prima facie evidence of Swaziland. Electoral Institute of and people. We should not disengagement. Southern Africa, Johannesburg. loose sight of the http://www.euforic.org/courier/174 fundamental function of any Conclusion -mor.htm political system, which is to represent the interest of the This election result clearly citizens. The capability and demonstrates the urgent need disposition of the tinkhundla to transform the tinkhundla system to be undemocratic system into a political operationally as a system system that provides necessitates the participation adequate and equal of organised political rivals. opportunities for citizens to This would typically be in place questions on the the form of political parties. national agenda and for It is a widely accepted truism expressing reasons for that governance is highly endorsing a particular unlikely in the absence of political outcome over competitive political parties. another. Participation and There is a need for stabilised representation will only party representation. happen through a political system that is designed to One of the key features of promote the protection and any political system is the advancement of citizen’s mass participation of citizens interest such as protection (not subjects as they are against the abuse of state commonly referred to in power and equality before Swaziland) through various the law. The freedom to form social formations and or and participate in political political parties in political parties as an expression of processes. Parties in these people interest as well as a processes provide wider mechanism for structuring representation that extends electorates choice are non- beyond fielding candidates existent. for contestation in election within constituencies. They References help motivate political participation and integrate Commonwealth Expert Team people on a larger scale into 2003. Swaziland National Elections 18 October 2003: Report the political system. Most importantly, they provide an Mkhonta, T. 2003. “More Women avenue for articulating and Register for Elections”, in Swazi aggregating political Observers, 19 September 2003. preferences and interests. Olaleye, W. 2003. “Democracy Repressing and banning of without Political Parties: participatory structures such Contradiction or Congruous? as political parties, Swaziland’s Struggle for competitive elections only Liberalisation, 2004. Electoral

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GENDERPERSPECTIVE

Interrogating and women still believe that choices for Parliament. the Gender it is still not right for women Zakhe Hlanze, research to be involved in politics”. associate with Women and Question in the She also stated that single Law blamed the advocacy Swaziland women were most likely to groups for the lack of Electoral be excluded because in political success “We didn’t Process Swazi culture, married know the women who stood women are taken more for election; we don’t even Jackie Kalley seriously in their know if they were about communities, yet ironically, women’s rights and Electoral Institute of 11 Southern Africa they could be prevented from problems (Only Two seeking office by their Women Get into 9 Historical and Cultural husbands Swaziland’s Parliament: Background 1998). Swaziland Progamme Other examples of the Officer for Women and Law, Swazi women have been customs to which women Maureen Magwadza engaged in a long struggle candidates adhere include itemised other reasons for for emancipation in electoral kneeling when addressing the lack of representation by matters, fighting age-old gatherings attended by chiefs women such as lack of custom and tradition. and men, as well as the empowerment, no follow-up Women have been wearing of a headscarf. If support from their considered as minors and widowed, participation in an communities, the risk of denied control and election is not permitted, and humiliation by other women neither is election to who voted for others, time ownership of assets. 10 Inheritance has been through Parliament The period of and energy necessary in the male children with the mourning is two years, and addition to running the home effect that women have been this denies thousands of and caring for children; and unable to advance both capable women the chance to stated “women are often socially and economically. run for office or even to cast custodians of culture and are Dependency on men for a ballot. trained to be submissive. It can be very difficult for them access to the land has gone 12 as far as women heads of The 1998 Elections to enter politics” household having to gain permission for land use In the 1998 elections, 2 The 2003 Elections through sons or other male women were elected to the relatives. Culture and House of Assembly although In the five years since the political structures have been 200 were nominated for 1998 elections, women have the main obstacles in Parliament. This number been engaged in a quiet discouraging women seeking remained unchanged from cultural revolution, in which election the support that they the 1993 election. In addition the battle against HIV/AIDS need. As stated by Phumzile to the 2 elected women, King has played no small part. The Dlamini, the head of the Mswati III included 2 mourning period hinders a Justice, Peace and women among his 10 woman’s ability to earn an Reconciliation Department

9 with the Council of Women Candidates Fight Age- 11 Only Two Women Get into Swaziland Churches “ It is a Old Sexism: 1998 Swaziland’s Parliament: 1998 matter of attitude; many men 10 Ibid. 12 Ibid.

29 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 income and further tips on how to impress the voters representation with the impoverishes destitute and how to run a successful difference being marginal. families. The demographic campaign. The time for an The Shiseleni region topped education campaign is before the change wrought by MP enters office, even before she the by one HIV/AIDS is raising a is elected. Once they are in the vote, with 102 nominated for ‘threat’, in the view of the House of Assembly, it is almost too the former and 101 for the traditionalists, that more late to ground them in an latter, while Hhohho was not women will enter the public understanding of basic issues, far behind with 99. The because of their work duties. For service. As women at the most part, the candidates are drought–stricken Lubombo present, are not permitted to made up of community leaders. If had approximately 52 own property or secure bank they have been nominated, and women nominated with an loans, Women and Law in succeeded in the primary elections unofficial report that a Southern African have to run in the general elections, woman was forced to then they have influence and successfully managed to put supporters. They will continue to withdraw by her husband. into place in the Draft be involved in the developmental Thwala stated “It is true that Constitution a section that issues. It is important that they be a number of women were makes it illegal to refuse to trained as well, even if it turns out nominated, but a number 14 do business with women.13 they don’t become MPs. declined… so to me, the The Draft Constitution figures are not different from Participants were also perhaps heralds the end of previous elections, except introduced to a wide range of the Swazi custom that that perhaps now, there has social issues as well as bestows on women the legal been a lot of interest from a information on gender status of minors as it number of people.”15 empowerment and specific prohibits discrimination on legislation that is required to the basis of sex, but it was Voter Turnout elevate the status of women not ratified by the King in such as property ownership time for the 2003 elections. According to the permission for women. The King has made it clear Commonwealth Expert that none of its provisions Team, the turnout of women Approximately 255 women, will be allowed to stand if voters as a proportion of the from a total of some 1000 they are in conflict with total number was impressive, were nominated to stand as Swazi law and custom. although poor transport Members of Parliament in facilities may have deterred the parliamentary elections. Nevertheless, Non- some women from voting 16 This excluded a number of Governmental Organisations those who were nominated (NGOs) have played a Women in Parliament as constitutency heads seminal role in increasing the (Tinvuna Tetinkhundla) and number of women legislators Five women were appointed those elected constituency in the 2003 elections. The to the 65-member House of councillors (Bucopho). National Director of the Assembly and four as According to figures Swaziland Chapter of constituency governors. The supplied by the Chief Women in Law in Southern was the Elections Officer, almost all Africa explained: most disappointing with only three (considered one female candidate, We engaged in a candidate educationally advanced) Nomsa Simelane appointed education process like never regions of Shiselweni, as constitutency governor for before. We held workshops to Manzini and Hhohho had the Sandleni. In the Lubombo instruct women candidates about lowest number of women the issues. But we also gave them 15 Lushaba: 2003 14 Hall: 24 October 2003 16 Commonwealth Expert Team: 13 Hall: 2003 2003

30 election update 2003 · swaziland · number 2 region, three women emeged Given the number of women Speaker in the House of as winners, Trusty Gina was to make it to Parliament in Assembly.20 elected MP for Nkilongo the national elections, His while Lindiwe Mavuso of Majesty seemed to be the Conclusion Hlane and Manesi Dlamini last hope for those who became governors. The same advocate the appointment of The challenge for greater number of women were women to positions of participation of women in elected in Manzini , with two power.18 In reality, the King the political development of becoming MPs. These are appointed two women two Swaziland is two-pronged. Dumisele Sukati from MPs to complement the five First, the constitutional and Manzini North and Maria elected women MPs, one of legal framework must be a Ntshangase of Manzini whom is his sister Princess conducive one for gender South. Thandi Dlamini is the Tsandzile. This raised the equality. Second, women’s constituency governor at representation of women in organisation ought to Ludzeludze. Only two the House of Assembly to intensify the gender struggle women were elected in the 11%. in Swaziland with or without Hhohho region. Esther constitutional reforms. Dlamini and Hlob’sile The national director of the Ndlovu became MPs for Swazi Chapter of the This conclusion means that Mbabe East and Pigg’s Peak Women in Law in Southern constitutional and legal respectively The number Africa summarised the reforms are a critical represents 8.6% of the total current increase in the imperative for increased number of candidates elected number of women participation in the for both the MP and Indvuna representatives as follows: governance process. How the Yenkhundla (constituency We fought hard to get Draft Constitution addresses governor) posts This comes women into Parliament. We this issue remains to be seen. far below what SADC is are succeeding. Swazis now Be that as it may, addressing advocating when it comes to see what these women can gender imbalances in decision-making since it do. They see us in positions Swaziland, as elsewhere, is a desires a 30% women of authority; they see us political issue that forms part representation 17. speaking from the floor of of lobbying and advocacy by Parliament – this will make both women’s organisations an impression. It has been and other pro-democracy Section 95 (3) of the Draft difficult for women to be groups in the country. Constitution states that 20 elected before – now it will Senators, at least eight of be easier. People will no whom shall be female, shall longer dismiss the notion of be appointed. If the Draft women in positions of power, Constitution was adhered to or be afraid of us in those at least 12 of the people on position19 His Majesty the King’s list of appointees should be This position was further women. The Draft contains validated by the appointment clauses that make it of Trusty Gina, the first compulsory for the King to female to the post of Deputy appoint at least eight women into the Senate and four into the House of Assembly. 18 Maphala: 24 October 2003 19 Swaziland: Mswati Picks His New MPs :2003. 17 Maphala:2003 20 Yende:2003

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References IRIN News. “Mswati Picks His “Women Candidates Fight Age- MPs” old Sexism”, 1998.. Africa News Commonwealth Expert Team. http://www.irinnews.org/report/asp Service, 15 October 2003. Swaziland National http://www.swazinews.co.sz/storie Elections Lushaba, A. 2003. “255 Women s/15 October_women.htm Nominated” in Time of Swaziland. Hall, J. “Candidates Vote to http://www.times.co.sz/002.htm “Only Two Women get into Promote Social Agenda if Swaziland’s Parliament” 1998, Elected.” Maphala, I. 2003. Times of Inter Press Service, 26 October. http://www.afrika.no/detailed/4262 Swaziland, 21 October http://www.swazinews.co.sz/storie .html s Maphala, I. 2003. Times of Hall, J. 2003. “Swaziland Women Swaziland, 24 October Yende, M. 2003 “Trusty Gina is Battle with Culture In Order To http://www.times.co.sz/002.html#a First Female Deputy Speaker” Fight AIDS”, rticle 8 Times of Swaziland, 18 November http:www.times.co.sz/002/html http://www.aegis.com/news ips/20 / 03/ip030908.html

THE EISA RESEARCH TEAM

Dr. Khabele Matlosa is the Senior Advisor-Research Department.

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