DOCSLIB.ORG

Hungary Turns Its Back on Europe Dismantling Culture, Education, Science and the Media in Hungary 2010–2019

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hungary Turns Its Back on Europe Dismantling Culture, Education, Science and the Media in Hungary 2010–2019 HUNGARY TURNS ITS BACK ON EUROPE DISMANTLING CULTURE, EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND THE MEDIA IN HUNGARY 2010–2019 B U D A P E S T, 2020 The publicaon of this volume was supported by individuals Contributors: Iván Bajomi, András Bozóki, Judit Csáki, Zsolt Enyedi, István Fábián, György Gábor, Anna Gács, Péter Galicza, Gábor Gyáni, Andrea Haris, Mária Heller, Tamás Jászay, István Kenesei, Gábor Klaniczay, Dénes Krusovszky, Kata Kubínyi, Valéria Kulcsár, Pál Lővei, András Máté, József Mélyi, Gergely Nagy, Erzsébet Pásztor, Gábor Polyák, Péter Radó, Ágnes Rényi, András Rényi, Ildikó Sirató, Éva Tőkei, András Váradi, Mária Vásárhelyi Sleeve, cover design, technical eding: Klára Katona Cover photo: Béla Tarr: Sátántangó © Humán Plaorm © Contributors ISBN 978‐615‐00‐7373‐6 Editor: Humán Plaorm OKTATÓI HÁLÓZAT HUNGARIAN NETWORK OF ACADEMICS CONTENTS SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION 10 Hungary in the 20th Century 10 Characteriscs of the Orbán Regime 13 CULTURAL POLICY 16 SYMBOLIC POLITICS 20 Symbolic Polics and Propaganda 20 Public Space and Symbolic Polics 23 CULTURE AND THE HUNGARIAN CHURCHES 30 EDUCATION 32 Public Educaon 32 Higher Educaon 37 Central European University 43 RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS 45 The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) 45 Historiography and the Polics of Remembrance 50 ARTS 54 Hungarian Academy of Arts 54 Naonal Cultural Fund 55 Theatre 56 Music 60 Literature 62 Fine Arts 64 Film Art and Film Industry 66 CULTURAL HERITAGE 69 Museums and Public Collecons 69 Protecon of Historic Monuments 72 MEDIA POLICY 75 CONCLUSION 79 AFTERWORD 81 CONTRIBUTORS 83 GLOSSARY 84 3 SUMMARY This report has been prepared by independent Hungarian intellectuals who wish to inform the Hungarian and international public as well as European institutions about the severe harm that the Orbán regime governing Hungary since 2010 has caused in the fields of education, science, culture, and the media. The reason for preparing the present report is that the acts of the successive Orbán governments consistently run counter to and consciously violate the fundamental principles, values, and norms of the European Union, not only as regards the rule of law and political and social rights, but also in the case of the cultural areas discussed here. In Hungary, important European values are being jeopardised, including cultural diversity, scientific and artistic autonomy, the respect for human dignity, access to education and culture, conditions for social mobility, the integration of disadvantaged social groups, the protection of cultural heritage, and the right to balanced information, as well as democratic norms like ensuring social dialogue, transparency and subsidiarity. By presenting the activities of the Orbán regime in the fields of culture, education, research, and the media, we provide information about areas little known to the international public. With our report, we wish to draw attention to the fact that an autocratic system has been constructed and consolidated in Hungary with the money of EU taxpayers and with the financial and political support of EU institutions. This system creates a worrying democratic deficit and severe social problems, while it also causes irreparable harm in the fields of education, science, and culture. The authors of the report are leading researchers, lecturers, and acknowledged experts, including several academicians, professors, heads of departments, and a former Minister of Culture. The undertaking was initiated and coordinated by the Hungarian Network of Academics. C U L T U R A L P O L I C Y The report claims that the Orbán regime considers culture important only as a means that helps achieve its political goals. The government's approach to culture is well illustrated by the fact that education, research, the arts, cultural heritage as well as healthcare and social care all belong under the same ministry. The processes observed in different areas of culture (understood in a broad sense) show several similarities. Strong centralisation has taken place in every area over the past ten years, even if in slightly different ways. The central political will is ensured by a radical reorganisation of ownership: in certain cases the short‐term political goals of the government are best served by renationalisation (e.g., the nationalisation of schools previously run by local governments), in others, the government interferes with the private market through complex transactions conducted with the help of its oligarchs (e.g., buying up opposition media), or it may even privatise former state‐run institutions or manage them through foundations (e.g., in higher education). Another typical method besides nationalisation is outsourcing certain public cultural functions (e.g., established churches now play a key role in education). In addition to the transformation of ownership relations, the management of cultural areas is also characterised by extreme centralisation and manual control. Decision‐making, even in minor questions, has been pushed up to the higher levels of public administration, which has irrational consequences and often results in an inability to function properly. Extreme centralisation is accompanied by dilettantism, which leads to chaotic situations. The Orbán regime has no experts on cultural policy with a clear vision of the state's role in preserving and developing culture and of the significance and limits of this role, or who could understand the importance of maintaining the autonomies inherent in this sector. The Orbán regime politicises all aspects of culture, thus abolishing the autonomy achieved by certain cultural areas. The cultural policy of the Orbán regime does not rely on the specific characteristics and criteria of the various cultural fields, it only takes into consideration whether those engaged in cultural activities are loyal to the regime. As in all other areas, social and professional consultations have been eliminated from the decision‐making process regarding culture; and this has led to a series of ill‐considered decisions that only serve the interests of persons and groups close to the prime minister and lead to chaotic situations. 5 Instead of aiming to be conservative, preserving or conserving, the Orbán regime approaches culture with a transforming, re‐interpretative and radical attitude. The regime's voluntarism is evident from the fact that if it cannot achieve its goals through the already existing, embedded, and relatively autonomous institutions, then it establishes new parallel institutions with a reallocation of public resources to these. S Y M B O L I C P O L I T I C S Symbolic politics has a key role in sustaining the Orbán regime. Symbolic politics focuses on national cohesion, nation‐ building, the ethnically based unification of the nation across the borders, and the symbolic strengthening of the role of Hungary as a middle power in the Carpathian Basin. Official national policy considers Hungarians living outside the borders part of the “nation's body”, while the Hungarian citizenship given to these minorities and the significant support provided to their institutions by the Hungarian state serves the internal and external political goals of Fidesz. The regime is characterised by the unscrupulous appropriation of national symbols and the sacralisation of power. Government discourse defines national cohesion on the basis of race and ethnicity, built on the symbols of Hungarian prehistory and legends. In the meantime, the opposition is excluded from the nation and is portrayed as an enemy serving foreign interests. Government communication makes serious efforts to continually sustain the psychosis of fear and menace. Similarly to the practice of totalitarian dictatorships, simplified posters and fliers reiterating messages of a few words play an important part in the political communication of Fidesz. The propagandists of Fidesz use a wide range of means of linguistic occupation of the public sphere from coining new words through militarising public usage, to pathetic and kitschy metaphors, scapegoating, and the dehumanisation of their political opponents. These means were also put to use in the hate campaigns against the refugees, George Soros, and Brussels. Orbán's speeches and government communication repeatedly designate enemies and exaggerate the significance of their actions by accusing them of participating in a global conspiracy. The war on critical intellectuals is fought not only through voluntarist and administrative interventions into the field of culture, but also by means of symbolic politics and propaganda. Certain groups of intellectuals and independent civil organisations are regularly targeted by the media empire financed by the government. Symbolic politics and all‐pervasive propaganda are primarily meant to ensure the loyalty of groups at the lowest levels of social hierarchy, whereas in reality, social inequalities are becoming increasingly conspicuous, and the economic and social policies that focus on the interests of the national middle‐class, eliminate the elementary forms of solidarity from the system of public redistribution, neglect and even despise the poor and the disadvantaged. The Orbán government has involved the churches in its culture war, putting them into the service of ideological retraining. The regime exploits religious sentiment for its own legitimation, the sacralisation of power, and the justification of its timelessness and unquestionability. P U B L I C E D U C A T I O N The Orbán government's radically centralising, arbitrary and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • András Kovács Hungarian Jewish Politics from the End of the War Until the Collapse of Communism
    András Kovács Hungarian Jewish politics from the end of the war until the collapse of Communism The present study examines Jewish politics in Communist Hungary. As it is widely known, politicians of Jewish origin played an important role in the political life of post-war Hungary as leaders of the Communist party or as officials in the Communist governments. Their activity had a considerable effect, both directly and indirectly, on the life of Hungarian Jews. "Judeo-Bolshevic" rule is still a favorite topic of contemporary antisemitic publiciations. No doubt, the question of whether the Jewish origin of these politicians had an impact on their decisions, and if so, to what extent, could be a relevant subject for historical study. However, this essay deals with a different topic. It is concerned only with those politicians in post-war Hungary who identified themselves publicly as Jews or openly represented Jewish causes. How did these politicians, who viewed Jews as a collectivity and sought to defend the Jews’ collective interests, act in the troublesome post-war decades? 1. Prelude: from alliance to collaboration – Hungarian Jewish politics from Emancipation until the Holocaust “Hungary was the most unfavorable environment for the emergence of modern Jewish politics.” This was the conclusion drawn by Ezra Mendelsohn from an analysis of the circumstances of Jewish politics in Hungary after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise (of 1867). (Mendelsohn, 1983. 107). Indeed, during the period in question, Hungary was the only country in Eastern Europe not to be affected by the political conflicts that led – in Russia, 2 Poland, the Baltic states, Romania and (after the First World War) in Czechoslovakia – to the development of autonomous modern Jewish politics and influential Jewish political organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarian Archaeology E-Journal • 2016 Autumn
    HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2016 AUTUMN www.magyarregeszet.hu DIVIDED CLOAK SAINT MARTIN AND PANNONIA Two Exhibitions at Szombathely and Pannonhalma MARIANNE SÁGHY To celebrate the 2016 Extraordinary Jubilee Year of Mercy and the Year of Saint Martin of Tours, two stun- ning archaeological shows are on display from June 3 to September 30 and November 30 respectively at the two localities most closely connected with the memory of the saint in Hungary: Savaria/Szombathely, his birthplace, and the Abbey of Saint Martin on the Holy Mount of Pannonia, his cultplace. As if to imi- tate the gesture of which the saint is best known and to demonstrate the newfangled cooperation of the two places for Martin’s legacy, the exhibitions divide between themselves classical and late antique material culture found in the territory of present-day Hungary. Martin, the Roman soldier became first a hermit then the Catholic bishop of Tours, and the two exhibitions focus on the two contexts of his life: Romanitas and Christianitas. The Iseum Savariense Museum presents Roman Pannonia and the transition from paganism to Christianity in the Danubian provinces in the third and fourth centuries, while the Pannonhalma Abba- tial Manor Exhibition Centre concentrates on the Church in fourth-century Pannonia and Illyricum and the conversion to Christianity of the Germanic, Iranian, and Turkish steppe peoples settled in the Carpathian Basin during the Great Migrations from the fourth to the eighth century. A survey of the late antique heri- tage of the region has been long overdue in Hungary – now made particularly urgent by the partial acquisi- tion of the Seuso Treasure (Hungarian Archaeology Summer 2014) – and the Year of Saint Martin of Tours offers an excellent opportunity both to take stock of the new findings and to look at well-known pieces with a fresh eye.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Hungarian Academy of Sciences: a Guide
    UNDERSTANDING THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: A GUIDE UNDERSTANDING THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: A GUIDE UNDERSTANDING THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: A GUIDE MAGYAR TUDOMÁNYOS AKADÉMIA • 2002 Produced in the Institute for Research Organisation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences with the contribution of the departments and scientific sections of the Secretariat of HAS, co-ordinated by Attila Meskó, Deputy Secretary-General of HAS EDITED BT JÁNOS PÓTÓ, MÁRTON TOLNAI AND PÉTER ZILAHY UPDATED BT MIKLÓS HERNÁDI With the contribution of: Krisztina Bertók, György Darvas, Ildikó Fogarasi, Dániel Székely English reader: Péter Tamási ISBN 963 508 352 1 © Hungarian Academy of Sciences CONTENTS FERENC GLATZ: INTRODUCTION 7 SÁNDOR KÓNYA: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (1825-2002) 10 First decades (1825-1867) 10 After the Compromise (1867-1949) 13 The Academy under the communist system (1949-1988) 14 The transition (1988-1996) 15 The Academy in a new democracy (1996—2002) 16 ELECTED CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 18 MEMBERSHIP OF THE HUNGARLAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 19 I. Section of Linguistics and Literary Scholarship 19 II. Section of Philosophy and History 21 III. Section of Mathematics 23 IV Section of Agricultural Sciences 26 V Section of Medical Sciences 28 VI. Section of Technical Sciences 30 VII. Section of Chemical Sciences 33 VIII. Section of Biological Sciences 36 IX. Section of Economics and Law 39 X. Section of Earth Sciences 41 XI. Section of Physical Sciences 43 THE ORGANIZATION AND
    [Show full text]
  • HSR Vol. XLV, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2018)
    Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLV, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2018) In this volume: Jason Kovacs reviews the history of the birth of the first Hungarian settlements on the Canadian Prairies. Aliaksandr Piahanau tells the story of the Hungarian democrats’ relations with the Czechoslovak authorities during the interwar years. Agatha Schwartz writes about trauma and memory in the works of Vojvodina authors László Végel and Anna Friedrich. And Gábor Hollósi offers an overview of the doctrine of the Holy Crown of Hungary. Plus book reviews by Agatha Schwartz and Steven Jobbitt A note from the editor: After editing this journal for four-and-a-half decades, advanced age and the diagnosis of a progressive neurological disease prompt me to resign as editor and producer of this journal. The Hungarian Studies Review will continue in one form or another under the leadership of Professors Steven Jobbitt and Árpád von Klimo, the Presidents res- pectively of the Hungarian Studies Association of Canada and the Hungarian Studies Association (of the U.S.A.). Inquiries regarding the journal’s future volumes should be directed to them. The contact addresses are the Departments of History at (for Professor Jobbitt) Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, RB 3016, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada, P7B 5E1. [email protected] (and for Prof. von Klimo) the Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave. NE, Washing- ton DC, USA, 20064. [email protected] . Nándor Dreisziger Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLV, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2018) Contents Articles: The First Hungarian Settlements in Western Canada: Hun’s Valley, Esterhaz-Kaposvar, Otthon, and Bekevar JASON F.
    [Show full text]
  • Print This Article
    Cómo referenciar este artículo / How to reference this article Németh, A., & Pukánszky, B. (2020). Life reform, educational reform and reform pedagogy from the turn of the century up until 1945 in Hungary. Espacio, Tiempo y Educación, 7(2), pp. 157-176. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.284 Life reform, educational reform and reform pedagogy from the turn of the century up until 1945 in Hungary András Németh email: [email protected] Eötvös Loránd University. Hungary / János Selye University Komárno. Slovakia Béla Pukánszky email: [email protected] University Szeged. Hungary / János Selye University Komárno. Slovakia Abstract: Since the end of the 19th century, the modernisation processes of urbanisation and industrialisation taking place in Europe and the transatlantic regions have changed not only the natural environment but also social and geographical relations. The emergence of modern states changed the traditional societies, lifestyles and private lives of individuals and social groups. It is also characteristic of this period that social reform movements appeared in large numbers – as a «counterweight» to unprecedented, rapid and profound changes. Some of these movements sought to achieve the necessary changes with the help of individual self-reform. Life reform in the narrower sense refers to this type of reform movement. New historical pedagogical research shows that in the major school concepts of reform pedagogy a relatively close connection with life reform is discernible. Reform pedagogy is linked to life reform – and vice versa. Numerous sociotopes of life reform had their own schools, because how better to contribute than through education to the ideal reproduction and continuity of one’s own group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ends of Four Big Inflations
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Inflation: Causes and Effects Volume Author/Editor: Robert E. Hall Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-31323-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/hall82-1 Publication Date: 1982 Chapter Title: The Ends of Four Big Inflations Chapter Author: Thomas J. Sargent Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11452 Chapter pages in book: (p. 41 - 98) The Ends of Four Big Inflations Thomas J. Sargent 2.1 Introduction Since the middle 1960s, many Western economies have experienced persistent and growing rates of inflation. Some prominent economists and statesmen have become convinced that this inflation has a stubborn, self-sustaining momentum and that either it simply is not susceptible to cure by conventional measures of monetary and fiscal restraint or, in terms of the consequent widespread and sustained unemployment, the cost of eradicating inflation by monetary and fiscal measures would be prohibitively high. It is often claimed that there is an underlying rate of inflation which responds slowly, if at all, to restrictive monetary and fiscal measures.1 Evidently, this underlying rate of inflation is the rate of inflation that firms and workers have come to expect will prevail in the future. There is momentum in this process because firms and workers supposedly form their expectations by extrapolating past rates of inflation into the future. If this is true, the years from the middle 1960s to the early 1980s have left firms and workers with a legacy of high expected rates of inflation which promise to respond only slowly, if at all, to restrictive monetary and fiscal policy actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarian Archaeology E-Journal • 2021 Spring
    HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL • 2021 SPRING www.hungarianarchaeology.hu A LATE ROMAN LUXURY VILLA IN NAGYHARSÁNY, AT THE FEET OF THE SZÁRSOMLYÓ MOUNTAIN Zsolt Mráv1 Hungarian Archaeology Vol. 10 (2021), Issue 1, pp. 11–21. https://doi.org/10.36338/ha.2021.1.2 Those who visit the tourist attractions of the Villány–Siklós wine route may not even suspect that a ruin of a high-status Roman villa is hiding under the picturesque landscape with vineyards at the foot of the Szár- somlyó Mountain. The Mediterranean beauty and climate of this region attracted the late imperial elite of the Roman Empire, among whom an influential, senatorial family built its luxury villa here. This villa only revealed its significance and treasures slowly. After the excavation of its bathhouse, an unfortunately com- missioned deep ploughing twisted large pieces of the mosaic floors out of the ground. After a long pause, the Hungarian National Museum continued the investigation of the site in 2016. The excavations brought to light the villa’s banquet hall, the floor of which was once covered with colourful mosaics representing the highest quality of Roman mosaic art. Masterpieces of Roman glass craftmanship – pieces of a wine set – were also found here. The villa of Nagyharsány plays an important role in the research of the Seuso Treasure too. The luxury reflected by the interior decoration and the artefacts of the banquet hall proved that the educated and wealthy imperial aristocracy was present in late Roman Pannonian provinces, the members of which could afford a set of silver tableware comparable to the Seuso Treasure in quality, understood the literary and visual culture based on the classical education of the elite, and spoke its sophisticated language.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungary IONAL B at an RN K E F T O Health Care Systems in Transition N R I I WORLD BANK
    European Observatory on Health Care Systems Hungary IONAL B AT AN RN K E F T O Health Care Systems in Transition N R I I WORLD BANK PLVS VLTR R E T C N O E N M S P T R O U L C E T EV ION AND D The European Observatory on Health Care Systems is a partnership between the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, the Government of Norway, the Government of Spain, the European Investment Bank, the World Bank, the London School of Economics and Political Science, and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Health Care Systems in Transition Hungary 1999 Hungary II European Observatory on Health Care Systems AMS 5001891 (HUN) CARE 04 01 02 Target 19 1999 (R) Target 19 – RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE FOR HEALTH By the year 2005, all Member States should have health research, information and communication systems that better support the acquisition, effective utilization, and dissemination of knowledge to support health for all. By the year 2005, all Member States should have health research, information and communication systems that better support the acquisition, effective utilization, and dissemination of knowledge to support health for all. Keywords DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE EVALUATION STUDIES FINANCING, HEALTH HEALTH CARE REFORM HEALTH SYSTEM PLANS – organization and administration HUNGARY ISSN 1020-9077 ©European Observatory on Health Care Systems 1999 This document may be freely reviewed or abstracted, but not for commercial purposes. For rights of reproduction, in part or in whole, application should be made to the Secretariat of the European Observatory on Health Care Systems, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • STUDENT Workbook
    Map of the European Union Colour in the countries that are part of the EU. Shade in or use another hue to colour in the five candidate countries: Turkey, Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia Let’s take a short journey through Brussels’ Mini Europe During your visit, you will discover our European roots, the Member States of the European Union, and the European Union and its implementation in Brussels. Answer to the questions during your visit. These answers will help you when you complete the presentation of Europe at the end of the notebook. Made with the support of the Brussels Capital Region on the www.minieurope.eu occasion of the 50th anniversary Design and production: of the Treaty of Rome. Mini-Europe STUDENT Bruparck, 1020 Brussels workbook Tel. : 02/474.13.13 In May 1951, Robert Schuman declares that the best way of living together Start of the visit at the top of the park near the flags. at peace is by working together. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome is signed, thus forming the Common Market. Europe will develop to form the European Union in 28 countries (then 27 following after the Brexit). Never have as many humans gathered together of their own free will. The European Union has enjoyed many great successes: Flags are always displayed alphabetically in the language of the country. Throughout your journey, you will find their names in your language and their - PEACE: the longest period of peace for the past 1000 years. country’s language. - DEMOCRACY: which is reinforced little by little, every day.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe
    On behalf of the European Commission DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe Final Country Report Hungary April 2012 Authors: Fruzsina Albert Ágnes Hárs Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission may be held responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this publication. Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe VT/2010/001 Table of Contents 1. Socio-Economic and Political Overview ............................................................................. 3 2. Main emigration and internal migration trends and patterns ............................................... 5 2.1. Main emigration trends ............................................................................................... 5 2.2. Main internal migration trends ..................................................................................... 7 2.3. Main characteristics of migrants .................................................................................10 3. Nation-wide labour market and social development trends under the influence of emigration ........................................................................................................................13 3.1. Economic and labour market developments ..............................................................13 3.2. Social security ...........................................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • EU Gender Mainstreaming Policy in Hungarian Rural Development
    Room for Growth: EU Gender Mainstreaming Policy in Hungarian Rural Development by Allison Beresford B.A. in English and Comparative Literary Studies, May 2009, Occidental College A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of The Elliott School of International Affairs of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 17, 2015 Thesis directed by Sharon L. Wolchik Professor of Political Science and International Affairs © Copyright 2015 by Allison Beresford All rights reserved ii Dedication To Addie, whose love will always fill my heart. iii Acknowledgements It took a team of people, and arguably, the influence of a few generations to write this thesis. I will start by thanking those who most directly provided me with the tools to become a better researcher and critical thinker. Well before I had even chosen a research topic, actually even before I had enrolled in graduate school, I knew I wanted to work with Dr. Sharon L. Wolchik. Not only has her expertise in gender and post-communist states contributed immensely to my own research, but her constant support and kind words of encouragement always provided me with much-needed reassurance. I owe my Reader, Dr. Jane M. Henrici, my deepest gratitude. In my first semester of graduate school, she inspired this topic and patiently read through early, very rough proposals. Not only did her instruction shape me into a much more astute and sensitive researcher, her constant encouragement helped me to believe in myself. I was fortunate to have the ideal combination of readers for this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Theses of the Phd Dissertation Topic and Objectives of the Treatise
    Theses of the PhD Dissertation Topic and Objectives of the Treatise The study aims to discover, by analysing quantity and quality changes, the historical perspective of public education and call the attention to special regional values through the Lipcsei Imre example of Békés County in the light of the country-wide state and ecclesiastical tendencies. The researcher’s intention includes showing the various churches’ role in running different types of school and the Slovakian minority’s fight for HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN BÉKÉS COUNTY IN preserving their identity, by the way of questioning statistics, THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS central documents and the county’s educational files regarding the national groups. Consultant: Dr. Vaskó László In Hungary, just as anywhere in the world, political changes have a considerable impact on public education. During the 20th century more transformations of great consequence perverted the Hungarian society, affecting remarkably all the segments of school-life. The author treats the tendencies of the history of education during the twenty years following the Trianon Treaty, with special regard to the general and specific features of schooling in Békés County. The period between the two World Wars is of special importance in the history of the Hungarian education, since, notwithstanding a school network truncated by the annexations University of Debrecen Faculty of Humanities 2005 2 and the economic setback caused by the lost war, there were Methods Applied considerable changes in the structure, administration, curricula and almost all spheres of education. In the study’s central focus there is a general survey of We believe that having joined the European Union we the elementary people’s school, the urban and secondary cannot neglect the values of the past.
    [Show full text]