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Fytofágní Hmyz Na Pěstovaných Rostlinách Čeledi Hluchavkovitých (Lamiaceae)

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Fytofágní Hmyz Na Pěstovaných Rostlinách Čeledi Hluchavkovitých (Lamiaceae) PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Fytofágní hmyz na pěstovaných rostlinách čeledi hluchavkovitých (Lamiaceae) Diplomová práce KATEŘINA JANATOVÁ Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Igor Malenovský, Ph.D. Ústav botaniky a zoologie Program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Obor: Učitelství biologie pro střední školy Brno 2021 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Kateřina Janatová Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Fytofágní hmyz na pěstovaných rostlinách čeledi hluchavkovitých (Lamiaceae) Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Učitelství biologie pro střední školy Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Igor Malenovský, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2020/2021 Počet stran: 131 Klíčová slova: křísi; ploštice; brouci; aromatické a léčivé rostliny; hluchavkovité; škůdci; diverzita; střední Evropa; Česká republika; jižní Morava Bibliographic Entry Author: Kateřina Janatová Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Phytophagous insects on cultivated plants of the family Title of Thesis: Lamiaceae Degree Programme: Ecological and evolutionary biology Field of Study: Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Biology Supervisor: Mgr. Igor Malenovský, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2020/2021 Number of Pages: 131 Keywords: leafhoppers; true bugs; beetles; aromatic and medicinal herbs; Labiatae; pests; diversity; central Europe; Czech Republic; South Moravia Abstrakt Tato diplomová práce se věnuje společenstvům fytofágního hmyzu na pěstovaných aromatických a léčivých rostlinách z čeledi hluchavkovité (Lamiaceae). Sběr hmyzu proběhl od dubna do října 2015 na pěti lokalitách v Jihomoravském kraji a v kraji Vysočina. Na dvou z nich (Suchohrdly u Miroslavi a Útěchovičky na Pelhřimovsku) byly rostliny pěstovány v polních kulturách pro výrobu bylinných čajů v biokvalitě. Zbylé tři lokality (Centrum léčivých rostlin Lékařské fakulty Masarykovy univerzity ve středu Brna, univerzitní kampus v Brně-Bohunicích a sídliště Brno-Slatina) představovaly záhony určené k výukovým, resp. okrasným účelům. Standardizované vzorky byly odebrány smýkáním na celkem devíti druzích rostlin: yzop lékařský (Hyssopus officinalis), levandule lékařská (Lavandula angustifolia), jablečník obecný (Marrubium vulgare), meduňka lékařská (Melissa officinalis), máta peprná (Mentha × piperita), šanta velkokvětá (Nepeta grandiflora), dobromysl obecná (Origanum vulgare), šalvěj lékařská (Salvia officinalis) a mateřídouška obecná (tymián, Thymus vulgaris). Celkem bylo nalezeno 6188 jedinců hmyzu determinovaných do 154 druhů, a to 39 druhů křísů (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha), 53 druhů fytofágních a 9 druhů zoofágních ploštic (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) a 52 druhů fytofágních brouků (Coleoptera: Brentidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae a Nitidulidae). Největší počet jedinců (4859) představovali křísi, mezi nimiž dominovaly polyfágní druhy a oligofágové vázaní na Lamiaceae, především pidikřísci Emelyanoviana mollicula, Eupteryx atropunctata, E. decemnotata a E. florida, kteří též na většině kultur způsobovali viditelné poškození (světlé skvrny po sání na listech), a pěnodějka obecná (Philaenus spumarius). Pozoruhodné byly výskyty početných populací invazního druhu E. decemnotata a v České republice původního, ale v přirozených biotopech velmi vzácného pidikříska Chlorita dumosa na brněnských lokalitách. Z celkem 911 jedinců ploštic patřila mezi dominantní druhy polyfágní klopuška červená (Lygus pratensis); za zmínku stojí též poměrně početný výskyt vzácné hnědenky šantové (Heterogaster cathariae). Brouci byli nalezeni ve výrazně menších počtech (418 jedinců) než křísi a ploštice, nejhojnější byli dřepčíci rodů Longitarsus a Phyllotreta. Druhové složení společenstev se lišilo především mezi dvěma polními kulturami v zemědělské krajině na jedné straně a lokalitami v intravilánu města Brna na straně druhé, vliv druhu rostliny byl patrný jen v rámci jednotlivých lokalit. Celkově nejvíce druhů (61) bylo nalezeno na levanduli, ze které však bylo odebráno i nejvíce vzorků, nejméně (15) na šantě, nejvíce jedinců (2060) na tymiánu, nejméně (192) na jablečníku. Při srovnání stejného počtu vzorků byl však průměrný počet druhů i jedinců nejnižší na levanduli, byť rozdíly mezi jednotlivými druhy sledovaných rostlin nebyly statisticky významné. V práci je dále komentována sezónní dynamika společenstev i nejpočetnějších druhů. Součástí diplomové práce je návrh informačního letáku o fytofágním hmyzu na pěstovaných hluchavkovitých rostlinách, určeného pro veřejnost (návštěvníky Centra léčivých rostlin LF MU v Brně). Abstract This diploma thesis deals with communities of phytophagous insects on aromatic and medicinal herbs from the Lamiaceae family. The material was collected from April to October 2015 at five locations in the Jihomoravský and Vysočina regions in the Czech Republic. At two of those sites (Suchohrdly near Miroslav and Útěchovičky near Pelhřimov), the herbs were grown in a field for production of organic herbal tea. In the other three sites, all situated in the city of Brno (Medicinal Herbs Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University; University Campus in Bohunice; and Slatina housing estate), the herbs were grown for educational or decorative purposes. Standardized samples were collected by sweep-netting from nine plant species: Hyssopus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, Marrubium vulgare, Melissa officinalis, Mentha × piperita, Nepeta grandiflora, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris. In total, there were 6188 specimens of insects identified down to 154 species, including 39 species of leafhoppers and planthoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha), 52 phytophagous and 9 predatory species of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), and 52 species of phytophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Brentidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae and Nitidulidae). The largest number of specimens (4859) belonged to leafhoppers: mostly to polyphagous and oligophagous species associated with Lamiaceae, viz. Emelyanoviana mollicula, Eupteryx atropunctata, E. decemnotata and E. florida, that also apparently damaged most cultures by their feeding (leaving light spots on leaves), and Philaenus spumarius. Noteworthy were numerous populations of the invasive species E. decemnotata and the native, but otherwise rare Chlorita dumosa at the plantations in Brno. From the 911 specimens of Heteroptera, Lygus pratensis was among the dominant species at some sites; remarkable was also a relatively numerous occurrence of the rare specialist Heterogaster cathariae in Brno. Beetles were found in lesser numbers (418 specimens) than leafhoppers and true bugs; the most common were members of the flea beetle genera Longitarsus and Phyllotreta. The species composition of the communities differred mainly between the two field cultures located in agricultural landscapes in the country and the cultures located in the urban landscapes of the city of Brno; an effect of the plant species identity was distinct only within individual sites. In total, the most species (61) were found on Lavandula angustifolia (on which also the highest number of samples were collected), the least (15) on Nepeta grandiflora, the biggest number of specimens (2060) on Thymus vulgaris and the lowest number (192) on Marrubium vulgare. However, after standardization on a same number of samples, the lowest mean numbers of species and specimens were collected on Lavandula angustifolia, although the differences between the individual plant species were not significant statistically. Further, seasonal dynamics of the communities and the most abundant species are described and discussed. The thesis also includes a proposal for an information leaflet on phytophagous insects associated with cultivated Lamiaceae plants intended for public (visitors of the Medicinal Herbs Centre in Brno). Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat paní ing. Gabriele Studenské, vedoucí Centra léčivých rostlin Lékařské fakulty Masarykovy univerzity v roce 2015, vedení firmy Bylinky s.r.o. v Suchohrdlech u Miroslavi a panu Janu Šulcovi z Útěchoviček za umožnění sběru vzorků fytofágního hmyzu na jejich pozemcích. Děkuji také Mgr. Petru Kmentovi, Ph.D. za determinaci ploštic, doc. Ing. Janu Bezděkovi, Ph.D. za determinaci mandelinkovitých brouků a Mgr. Filipu Trnkovi, Ph.D. za determinaci nosatcovitých brouků. Největší dík však patří Mgr. Igoru Malenovskému, Ph.D. za milé a citlivé vedení mé diplomové práce, zasvěcení do metod sběru, preparace a determinace křísů, revidování determinovaných vzorků a statistickou analýzu dat (srovnání středních hodnot abundancí a počtů druhů na jednotlivých druzích rostlin, shluková analýza, ordinace). Dále mu děkuji za jeho cenné připomínky a rady, kterými mi pomohl dovést práci do zdárného konce. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracoval/a samostatně pod vedením vedoucího práce s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. V Brně dne 8.2. 2021 ...……………………………… Jméno a příjmení autora Obsah 1. Úvod………………………………………..……………………………………….....14 1.1. Hluchavkovité rostliny a jejich ekonomický význam………………………...…..14 1.2. Hmyz na hluchavkovitých rostlinách…………...………………...………………17 1.3. Cíle diplomové práce…………………………..……...……….………………….22 2. Materiál a metodika……………………………………………………………………24 2.1. Popis sledovaných lokalit………………...……………………………………….24 2.2. Metodika sběru…...……………………………………………………………….26 2.3. Zpracování a determinace vzorků………...…………………….…………………29 2.4. Statistická analýza dat……...……………………………………….……………..29 3. Výsledky………………………………………………………………………….……31 3.1.
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