BIBLE CANON

M.M.NINAN

Chapter One Canon 1

Chapter Two: Christian Old Testament 42

Chapter Three: Apocrypha 48

Chapter Four: Canon 55

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Chapter One THE OLD TESTAMENT CANON

qaneh qanu canon of scripture

kanon v Basic Theology: A Popular Systematic Guide to Understanding Biblical Truth

The Pentateuch

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• bereshith • we'elleh shehymoth • v wayyikra • bemidbar • elleh haddebarim

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• Five Books of Moses v • Pentateuch pente (5) teuchos (volumes) • Books of the Law • Torah instruction

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MOSAIC AUTHORSHIP

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o Exodus 17:14 Then the Lord instructed Moses, ' ... o Exodus 24:4 Then Moses carefully wrote down all the Lord's instructions o Exodus 34:27 And the Lord said to Moses, 'Write down all these instructions, for they represents the terms of my covenant with you and with Israel. o Leviticus 1:1 The Lord called to Moses from the Tabernacle and said to him, 'Give the following instructions to the Israelites... o Leviticus 6:8 Then the Lord said to Moses, 'Give Aaron and his sons the following instructions... o Deuteronomy 31:9 So Moses wrote down this law and gave it to the priests o Deuteronomy 31:24-26 vv v

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v o o Joshua 1:7-8 ...Obey all the laws Moses gave you. o Joshua 8:31-34 He followed the instructions that Moses the Lord's servant had written in the Book of the Law... o Joshua 22:5 ...obey all the commands and the laws that Moses gave to you. o 2 Chronicles 34:14 ...Hilkiah the high priest...found the book of the Law of the Lord as it had been given through Moses. • v o Matthew 19:7-8 ...why did Moses say a man could merely write an official letter of divorce and send her away?", they asked. Jesus replied, Moses permitted divorce... o Matthew 22:24 Moses said, 'If a man dies without children... o Mark 7:10 For instance, Moses gave you this law from God... o Mark 12:24 ...haven't you ever read about this in the writings of Moses, in the story of the burning bush... o Luke 24:44 ...I told you that everything written about me by Moses and the prophets and in the Psalms must all come true. o John 1:17 For the law was given through Moses... o John 5:46 But if you had believed Moses, you would have believed me because he wrote about me. And since you don't believe what he wrote, how will you believe what I say? o John 7:23 ...do it, so as not to break the law of Moses... • o Acts 26:22 ...I teach nothing except what the prophets and Moses said would happen... o Romans 10:5 For Moses wrote...

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v v And Moses wrote all the words of the LORD. v

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v , which I have written for their instruction."

At least some part of the law and the commandment were written by God Himself.

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v v that is, the ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone.

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THE SAMARITAN PENTATEUCH

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Pentateuch Samaritan Torah torah shomroniyt

There are some differences in content between the Samaritan and Jewish Pentateuch. vvv

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vv v The Interpreter's Bible

Antiquities vv v v v

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TANAKH

TaNaKh

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Law

Prophets

Former Prophets A The Twelve O Prophets (תרי עשר)

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Later Prophets

Writings") -- The Writings" ,כְּתוּבִים) Ketubim The "Sifrei Emet," "Books of Truth" The "Five Megillot" or "Five Scrolls" The rest of the "Writings"

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MASORETIC TEXT

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SEPTUAGINTA

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lingua franca v versio septuaginta interpretum v ἡ µετάφρασις τ ῶν ἑβδοµήκοντα hē metáphrasis tōn hebdom ḗkonta v Septuaginta vv G

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"On the 8th of Tevet, the Torah was rendered into Greek during the days of King Ptolemy, and darkness descended upon the world for three days.' To what may the matter be likened? To a lion captured and imprisoned. Before his imprisonment, all feared him and fled from his presence. Then, all came to gaze at him and said, 'Where is this one's strength? v

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"Once the Torah was imprisoned in the Greek translation, it was as if the Torah were divested of reverence. Whoever wished to, could now gaze at the Torah. Anyone who wanted to find fault with its logic, could now do so, based on the translation. The Sages, therefore, likened the event of this day, to the day on which the Golden Calf was made. For just as the Golden Calf had no reality, and yet its servants regarded it as having real substance, likewise the translation, devoid of the true substance of Torah, allowed non-Jews to imagine that they already knew the Torah"

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COMPARE THE PROTESTANT OLD TESTAMENT AND THE

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TaNaKh Old Testament Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) (Protestant) (Roman Catholic) A O A O A O

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ORTHODOX CATHOLIC PROTESTANT

Pentateuch Historical Books A Wisdom Books

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Prophets A A A O O O

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THE FORMATION OF THE PENTATEUCH PROBLEM OF TRANSMISSION

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JEDP designations of sources.

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JEDP theory vv Yahweh v Elohim (E) v

A computer analysis of the original Hebrew Genesis shows an underlying unity of an author. Omni

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Wellhausen's Documentary Hypothesis

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J - Jahwist source

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(Yod Heh Vav Heh) Y H W H v v v (hawah)

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E - Elohist source

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D - Deuteronomist source

to show them that “their sufferings were fully deserved consequences of centuries of decline in Israel’s loyalty to Yahweh.”

Loyalty to Yahweh was measured in terms of obedience to the Deuteronomic law vv vv

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Book of Deuteronomy Deuteronomion Devarim Eleh ha-devarim

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vv Yahweh’s grace in the Deuteronomistic History v v v

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P - Priestly source

Elohim as the general name for God in the primeval period

El Shaddai is the first special name for God and it is revealed to the patriarchs v

Yahweh is the personal name for God that is revealed to Moses v

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The Priestly source portrays Yahweh as a God who is interested in ritual v vv

depicts a formal structure in terms of space, time, and social structure v first modeled in the tabernacle later in the temple modeled v v : seven days, seven months, seven years, seven times seven years. The priesthood, the ritual system, and the law represent the cosmic order in a priestly garment.

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THE HISTORICAL BOOKS.

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THE PROPHETICAL BOOKS.

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THE POETICAL AND WISDOM BOOKS.

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CANON OF THE RABBINIC JUDAISM יהדות רבנית v v v יהדות קראית v יהדות רבנית v "תַּ נַ K v v v vvv v v The Great Assembly, 120 scribes v v v v v

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CRITERIA FOR CANONICITY IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

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Old Testament Comparison Table Latins Orthodox (aka Rom. Cath.) Protestant v v v v v v

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Anaginoskomena Books v v

Council of Jamnia- 90 AD

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Alexandria

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Josephus' Contra Apion . 93-95 AD.

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For a detailed reading of the Jewish canonical concept see the article in the Jewish Encyclopedia:

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Chapter Two The Christian Old Testament Canon

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New Testament Endorsement of the Old Testament as Authoritative

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Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

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Paraleipomena Jeremiou v v

Old Testament Apocrypha

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Quoting of Apocryphal Books in the New Testament

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Chapter Three What is wrong with Apocrypha

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21 reasons why the Apocrypha is not inspired:

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ERRORS IN THE APOCRYPHA

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King James Version Defended

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Chapter Four New Testament Canon

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APOSTOLIC ERA

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vv v commandment of the Lord and Savior through the apostles.

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2 Pe 3:15-16) v 1 Th 2:13; 1 Co 14:37) Co 4:16

1 Ti 5:18; Lk 10:7

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THE PSEUDEPIGRAPHA

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THE NEW TESTAMENT APOCRYPHA

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Gospels

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New Testament Acts

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Writings

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Apocryphal Apocalypse

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Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent

The Fourth Session Celebrated on the eighth day of the month of April, in the year 1546.

Decree Concerning the Canonical Scriptures

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Decree Concerning the Edition and the Use of the Sacred Books v v v v v v vv v v v v v

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Christian biblical canons

Early Church

Earliest Christian communities

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Earliest Christian canon of the Old Testament The Bryennios List

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Melito of Sardis (D. 170)

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Eusebius on Melito's canon EH4.26.13–14

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St. Athanasius (296- 373)

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Clement of Rome, in 95 AD

Clement of Rome , in 95 AD

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Marcion of Sinope (85- 150 AD)

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Marcion’s Canon

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Justin Martyr, (100 -165 AD)

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