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e-ISSN: 2615-6423
MAPPING THE CONVERGENCE TRENDS OF TELEVISION
BROADCASTING MEDIA IN INDONESIA
1) Rizki Briandana, 2)Edi Pribadi, 3)Sarata Balaya
1,2) Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia 3) University of Wolonggong Malaysia KDU Penang University College, Malaysia
1,2) Jl. Menteng Raya No.29, RT.1/RW.10, Kb. Sirih, Kec. Menteng, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia 3) 32, Jalan Anson, George Town, 10400 George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Received on May, 11st, 2020 / Accepted on September, 28th, 2020
ABSTRACT
This research will analyze the media convergence with the rapid development of the existing equipment in the broadcasting system of the television station in Indonesia. The digitalisation and advancement of communication and information technology have a tremendous impact on the emergence of a new paradigm and therefore, will also change the overall perspective of humans about various problems that occur around them. With the emergence of digital channels, the analogue media cannot support the existing system independently and require the integration of technologies in the discovery of new platforms. To analyze the paradigm shift of the television stations in Indonesia, this research uses the case study research method through interviews and observation data collection techniques. The research results show that technological and information changes in the broadcasting system in some technical parts of television media, i.e. the library system, post-production and broadcasting systems in the control room of the research. In responding to media convergence, the diversity of technologies involved in the processes of convergence, it makes the work more practical and efficient. Efficiency is very visible in the decent decrease of the production finance (cost) where works become competent with the integration of related units in the processes of convergence. Keywords: broadcasting, media convergence, Indonesian television, analogue-digital.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konvergensi media pada sistem penyiaran stasiun televisi di Indonesia. Digitalisasi serta kemajuan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi memiliki dampak luar biasa pada munculnya paradigma baru, karena akan mengubah perspektif manusia secara keseluruhan tentang berbagai masalah yang terjadi di sekitar mereka. Dengan munculnya saluran digital, media analog tidak dapat mendukung sistem yang ada secara mandiri dan membutuhkan integrasi teknologi dalam penemuan platform baru. Untuk mengevaluasi pergeseran paradigma stasiun televisi di Indonesia, penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian studi kasus melalui wawancara dan teknik pengumpulan data observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan teknologi dan informasi dalam sistem penyiaran di beberapa bagian teknis media televisi, yaitu sistem perpustakaan, pasca-produksi dan sistem penyiaran di ruang kontrol. Dalam keragaman teknologi yang terlibat dalam proses konvergensi, membuat pekerjaan lebih praktis dan efisien. Kata Kunci: penyiaran, konvergensi media, televisi Indonesia, analog-digital.
*Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION postmodernism and the era of virtual culture; where the digitalisation has played a role as a Globally, the digitalisation and meaning of socializing and forming advancement of technologies are playing a relationships in modern society (Sumarni, vital role in changing the ways media operates 2018). and disperses information tremendously (Gane Eilein Landers & Chan-Olmsted & Beer, 2008). Today, we are in the era of (2004) explains that digital and media
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e-ISSN: 2615-6423 convergence has to go beyond the analogue communication technology through digital system, breaking the divisions between computer technology. It leads to the marriage computing, broadcasting, telecoms, opening of computer and communication. the way for the TV to be accessed through the In line with the digital Internet internet, where it can be viewed on a desktop development, it creates a technology being PC, or even on the mobiles. This shows that able to unite several communication platforms we are entering an era of a paradigm shift from the fragmented ones to a single unit where media will be everywhere, easily called “Media Convergence” as "tools" to accessible and we will use all kinds of media support the operation for the technological (both analogue and digital television) in development (Chalaby, 2016; Chinmi & relation to each other (Ravi & Guru, 2016). It Marta, 2020). The media convergence can be is recognised that the development of interpreted as the incorporation or unification communication information technology of mass communication outlets, such as print provides a new paradigm and it changes the media, radio, television, and the Internet overall way of thinking about various together with portable and interactive problems on this earth (Briandana, Dwityas, technologies through various digital Priyono, & Audinna, 2020). presentation platforms (Gushevinalti, Suminar, Consequently, individuals now can & Sunaryanto, 2020; Ravi & Guru, 2016). In a make this cross-space-and-time simpler formulation, the media convergence is communication easier with technological the incorporation or combination of various advancement equipped with various digital media types from separate and different ones platforms (Dwityas, Mulyana, Hesti, (for example, computers, television, radio, and Briandana, & Putrianti, 2020). This cross- newspapers) to a single media (Norris, 2012). space that works beyond human imagination, Haftor & Mirijamdotter (2011) defines the world in cyberspace would create a the media convergence as a flow of content "village" that keeps us connected under one across multiple media platforms, the roof. Members of this community would be cooperation of multiple industries with media able to communicate with each other and media migration activities. This efficiently and effectively at any cost. It is phenomenon occurs after digital technology called telecomputing; i.e. the process of and new media emerge to operate as one sending information to or receiving single system. On a negative note, some information from via the internet, and so industry analysts consider that the media people in different places meet at the same convergence marks the weakening of "old time (Iskoujina, 2010; Mulyana, Briandana, & media" such as print media and conventional Rekarti, 2020). Rogers (2000) states that the broadcasting media and the strengthening of Internet will bring the world community to the "new media" that the dynamic development is concept of "global village"; where humans can still occurring today (Ravi & Guru, 2016). stay connected and interactive with one However, one needs to understand that another without any limitation. conventional broadcasting media is “writhing” The concept of the global village, to maintain its existence. Therefore, it takes digitalisation, technological advancement and the advantages of information technology the Internet is not only for individual progress, development through media convergence to but also provides the advancement in the field maintain its services for the technology-based of communication (MacDonald, 2006). The community (Tilley, 2011). In this context, the communication industry is a field that is media convergence refers to the television interdependent on the Internet and broadcasting stations that are going through technological advancement to operate across the processes of convergence fully borders. It is an undeniable fact that it makes a transforming into a digital system (Rains & significant change and impact in the Brunner, 2018). communication industry (Tilley, 2011). As the fastest-growing technological According to Cunningham & Craig (2016), the media, television broadcasting stations are globalization of communication and the characteristically expensive due to electricity transition of the information society is driven consumption, highly specific electronic due to the acceleration of the convergence in equipment, the limited broadcast range, certain
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e-ISSN: 2615-6423 bound time, limited mobility, and system. In this matter, the editing process used concentration of eyes and ears when watching two, three, or four sources/taping materials television shows (Agustina, Dewi, Soemantri, and the results would be saved in the format of Qureshi, & Moenanto, 2020; Murschetz, analogue Betacam Cassettes. An editor would 2016). Based on the above description, it can playback the cassettes alternately for mixing. be concluded that television is a combination It would be carried out in order and did not use of audio and visual elements with certain any Non-Linear Editing system yet. In the limitations that constantly requires upgrading system, all material sources could be edited, for betterment (Briandana & Irfan, 2019). combined and stored into a hard drive. Television has various entertainment From the aspect of equipment in the packages to attract and entertain the watching broadcast control room, the equipment used as audience (Briandana, 2019). According to an image integration tool still used an Dominick (2012), the functions of mass analogue system. In the system, the images communication are to convince (persuade), were combined in a device called the video confer status, anesthetize (narcotization), switcher. The device could only function as create a sense of unity, privatization, and the image integration device with very limited parasocial relationships. For the persuasion video effects facilities. function, television can persuade the audience The digitalisation process almost by assessing an event, strengthening what they penetrates all fields including broadcasting already believe and activating to carry out (Briandana et al., 2020; Enli & Syvertsen, something (for example, the influence of 2016) In the past, the technology was a design campaigns, public service announcements, and for instrumental action and so, it reduced advertisements) (Rains & Brunner, 2018). For uncertainty in the causal relationships for the the main underlying factor, it can speed up the desired achieving results. The technology has content production with the latest technology two components, i.e. hardware and software. and the output or the final broadcast results so As the hardware consists of the technological that the audience can receive clearly (audio) tools in kinds of physical objects or objects, and watch good and clean images (Murschetz, and the software includes the information base 2016). for these tools (Maris, 2016). In the context of this research, In the digital television context, we researchers focused on one of the oldest frequently talk about television hardware and television stations in Indonesia, namely RCTI computer software (Ferguson & Greer, 2016). and MNC TV (Morissan, 2011). RCTI is the The hardware consists of screens or monitors, first private station in Indonesia, while MNC transmitters, cameras, mixers, satellites and so TV is the third private station in Indonesia. on. The computer software includes encoded The television broadcasting station of Rajawali commands, instructions, and other aspects of Citra Televisi (RCTI) Indonesia has aired information from these tools. It allows us to since 1988 and Media Nusantara Citra (MNC) use it for the expansion of human capabilities has aired since 1991. At the beginning of both in solving certain problems, integrating the television stations, the library storage analogue system with migration in the media management system used the analogue where possible outcomes could be achieved equipment based on the broadcast content (Karjaluoto, Ulkuniemi, & Mustonen, 2015). storage of the analogue cassette tapes. At that Media convergence is the slicing time, the storage media for the shooting result of three new media elements, i.e. content results and its program used the Video communication networks, information Tape Recorder (VTR) of the analogue cassette technology and media content (Van den Bulck tape format and the work system was limited & Enli, 2014). The media convergence brings to recording and playing (playback) the unification concept in one information alternately. device to various information services. The From the aspect of equipment in the digitization breakthrough cannot block the editing room/post-production room, it only flow of information (Huang et al., 2006). used the analogue equipment, and the editing Information develops fast and without limit, system had the Linear Editing concept and can prevent individuals from being frequently called the term A-B Roll editing
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e-ISSN: 2615-6423 exposed to the flow of information (exposure and converted to various formats ranging from (Ferguson & Greer, 2016)). JPG, PNG, GIF, or even assembled to video Dominick (2012) states that "the shows. impact of the web defines convergence as the Moreover, the media convergence has blending of the media, telecommunications close relations with media ownership (Huang and computer industries, and the coming et al., 2006). Current media ownership tends to together of all forms of mediated lead to “cross-ownership” and therefore, communication in digital forms". Grant various media frequently have multiple mentions two specific technological ownership (Karlidag & Bulut, 2016). The developments that are very important for current trend of media ownership in Indonesia media convergence, i.e. digital (analogue- also shows the tendency of ownership digital) technology and computer networks convergence (Tapsell, 2012). For example, the (Bennett, 2012). MNC Group has RCTI, Global TV, MNC TV The emergence of media convergence (television), Sindo newspaper (print media), phenomenon has caused many traditional Okezone (online), and Trijaya FM network media to rack their brains so that they can (radio). Moreover, as the giant print media survive the rapid changes in technologies field with Kompas, City News and Tribune, around the world (Huang et al., 2006). The Kompas-Gramedia Group also has main innovation in the field of technology, Kompas.com (online), Sonora FM (radio), and according to Grant, is the ability of the media Kompas TV (television) as its new media to make the virtual transition from analogue to expansion. In this context, new media theory is digital technology (Cave, 2008). "The used to answer the research problems. Analogue World" is a world that has always Fiske (2012) reveals that it is easier to physically manifested because each message understand the digital codes for the impulse in the format of sounds, texts or distinguished units. It differs from analogue images has each reception path (Rains & codes for its continuous scale. Therefore, it is Brunner, 2018). The examples are radio, not surprising if the orientation of human television or microphone. civilization development leads to the The technological development from digitalization process. In other words, the analogue to digital one allows a media to process directs to ease, completeness, and deliver all types of waves in one frequency speed in obtaining and understanding various band. Images, sounds, texts, videos, and all information (Jung & Walden, 2015). kinds of other messages are combined and From the business aspect, the manipulated in the same format, and it digitization promises significant cost changes the format into an instruction efficiency with a wider coverage area and including a series of binary codes (numbers 0 better service quality (Eilein Landers & Chan- and 1) (Van den Bulck & Enli, 2014). Olmsted, 2004). It can serve the users of According to Norris (2012), the benefits from media services based on their needs and wants. the use of digital systems include, "computer Moreover, the more important one is that compatibility and integrity of the data when digitalization can accelerate the emergence of transmitted." In other words, digital devices various creativities in the presentation of can connect and transfer data to other digital content material and therefore, the scope of devices. For example, digital cameras, business can be expanded. Such an cellphones and iPods can be connected to a explanation is a reflection of “Uses and computer. Gratifications theory” where media usage by The multiplexing system allows many audiences advance in line with media signals to be superimposed on one transmitter advancement (Jung & Walden, 2015). and so, it is more effective (Tanner & Smith, The research problem in this article is 2007). The digital coding is also more flexible, the convergence of media on television and so, the stored data can be stored, modified, stations in Indonesia. This research analyzed transferred, and manipulated for various the media convergence in the broadcasting purposes. The examples are images from system of the television station in Indonesia, digital cameras and these can be transferred to such as the library storage system, post- a computer easily, edited through Photoshop, production/editing as well as the event
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e-ISSN: 2615-6423 production control room and the media record information, but they can also provide advice & player. Significantly, the research outlined about other sources of supporting evidence the advancement of technology and media and creating access to the relevant sources. convergence from an analogue system to the The interview data collection was digital system for betterment in delivering conducted with six informants involved in the good quality images for its audiences. research object from the beginning, i.e. Head of Operational Programming Department of RCTI, Head of Third Artistic Operations Division of TV MNC Group, former head of RESEARCH METHOD RCTI's Post Production Department in the period of 1990-2000s, Head of Library System The research used the case study MNC TV, Head of Production Department research methods and constructivism RCTI, Ex-News Chief Editor SCTV. paradigm. The constructivist paradigm is a The basis for selecting informants paradigm which is the antithesis of referred to the results of pre-research understanding that places observation and conducted by researchers, where six objectivity in discovering a reality or science informants had the appropriate criteria related (Jankowski & Jensen, 2002). This paradigm to research issues, such as: working in RCTI views social science as a systematic analysis and MNC for more than 10 years, involved in of socially meaningful action through direct the process of media convergence in RCTI and and detailed observation of the social actors MNC, and involved in the use of broadcasting concerned in creating and maintaining or equipment from analogue to digital. managing their social world (Gunter, 1999). The case study research methods are a series of scientific activities that can be carried RESULTS AND DISCUSSION out intensively, in detail and in-depth about a program, event, and activity at the level of Through data collection, it is found individuals, groups of people, institutions and that the transformation from analogue to a organizations to gain in-depth knowledge digital system in the broadcasting media about the events (Yin, 2006). The selected industry of RCTI and MNC. The research is events referred to as cases are actual (real-life divided into 3 (three) parts, i.e. the Library events), which are taking place but something System, Post Production and some equipment did not pass. This case study leads to positive in the Control Room Studio. development called the “Prospective Case Study”. The case study type is required to find Library System trends and directions in the development of a As the RCTI television broadcasting case (Yin, 2006). The follow-up research is in station was built in 1988, the RCTI Library a kind of “Action Research” and it will be only acted as part of the programming carried out by other competent parties (Yin, department unit. The function was the 2013). recording material provider in a kind of Yin (2006) explains the intended as a analogue Betacam Cassettes for analogue bounded system, the system that does not production teams and DVC Pro cassette tapes stand alone. It is essential because a case for the News Production team. The RCTI cannot be easily understood without Library also received foreign film materials in considering other cases, as other parts work a kind of one-inch ribbon. It would be for the system in an integrative and patterned transferred to similar cassettes with subtitles manner. As a case does not stand alone, it can before airing. At that time, the RCTI Library only be understood when researchers also required 26 (twenty-six) VTR players for cut- understand other cases. to-cut material work. Every three months' There are two ways in the research maintenance costs for the VTR head reached a collection technique, i.e.: open-ended total of USD3000 = USD12000 per year and it interviews and observation. The reason for approximately required total annual costs of choosing the interview method is the role of IDR8 billion for the supply of analogue / the informants considered important in the research. The informants cannot only provide
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e-ISSN: 2615-6423 digital analogue tapes to support the RCTI values to exchange rates when they sell their program production. television shows to advertisers. The greater the The process of work remains in a number of viewers accessing the television linear system. In the system, there is a transfer shows, the higher the value or price for the process from the original materials or masters advertiser. The television ratings explain how to the edited or subtitled materials before these the process takes place (Briandana & Irfan, are turned into a master on air. There is a 2019). decline in the quality of the materials several The high acquisition and rating of a times. The first when the material is television program do not necessarily mean reprocessed for other purposes, the material that the television station managers can quality drops from the initial one. Moreover, increase the rate card. This certainly will relate another process that occurs in this linear to the condition of other television stations in system is the delivery of the recording material the setting of ads rate card prices. Therefore, it by hand carry or manually by the hands from is not easy for a television station to set the the library officers to the destination (for selling price of the ads individually. example; the materials are brought to the As a business institution, therefore, ASAKA robotic player in the Master Control Cost Efficiency is an important factor for the Room for airing) every day. television station owners to running their Considering the costs that RCTI has to businesses and earning the revenue (low cost = allocate, in the early 2000s after getting the high profit). approval of the RCTI BOD, a basic concept was proposed in the Programming Division. This digitalization process has an The proposal was the tapeless concept for impact. The Library Programming unit taping or shooting materials and hard disks for has been upgraded its status to the the broadcast material storage system as the Operational Programming Department. first generation server. The impact of this new The department handles Subtitling & concept change can be shown directly for the Dubbing, Transcription, Library reduction of purchasing costs for content, Censorship and Quality analogue/digital Becatam cassettes and Control (QC), which previously were maintenance costs for VTR heads. Moreover, under other departments, such as the hand-carry era for the broadcast materials Acquisition Programming and has ended when the materials can be carried Planning Scheduling and Techniques out with the transfer by data. for QC (Personal Communication, 1 Bogdanowicz et al., (2003) mentions September 2019). the process as commodification, spatialization, and structuring. The elaboration in the section Therefore, the Operation on Commodification frequently relates to three Programming Department is established into points; i.e. content, audience, workers. The an integrated system. It not only functions as commodification is the process of converting the data storage but also handles the traffic use-values into exchange rates. If it measures activities for all forms of raw or finished the use-value of the television shows on the materials to be used in RCTI. Moreover, the usefulness and consumption (watched), then system is called Archiving Library System. In the exchange rate is measured from the this system, the library can manage all library potential values of these shows being sold and materials in a kind of files containing audio- ending with the exchange rate (Tapsell, 2012). video material and metadata, other codes as The television shows that cannot be well as data on the in-charge individuals sold previously are processed in such a way involved in making the materials including and therefore, the television gets an "exchange high and low-resolution format and others in rate". The television owners convert the use one file transfer.
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Figure 1: Material Ingest System to Library Source: Research Findings
This media library convergence occurs analogue/digital tape recorder and changed when the material ingest equipment unit is into the Non- Linear Editing (NLE) system. In established. The materials have been this new system, moreover, the editing process transformed from cassettes to files in various no longer uses the editing pattern with separate video formats. Moreover, the data storage material in cassettes but with the ingest system is stored in the hard disks, SDAT, DLT pattern. The results will be stored in files on (Digital Library Tape) and the first generation the NLE computer. LTO (Linear Tape-Open) with a total capacity In the researchers' interview with of 250GB. From the latest information, RCTI Head of Post Production MNC, he explains currently uses the sixth-generation LTO with a that: total capacity of hundreds Terra bites with the robotic system in calling each use of its LTOs The migration of early generation tools to store the required data, as well as the occurs when the early generation Avid restoration system to the LTO. editing applications used PCs. At that time the Avid system could not be classified as cheap in the procurement Post Production costs. However, for the Post The media convergence also occurs in Production requirements at that time, the Post Production RCTI unit. The unit RCTI tried the migration from the functions as the editing pattern in the linear linear system to the non-linear system. editing system frequently referred to as the AB The migration could no longer be Roll editing. In the unit, the editing process postponed. It occurs in 2002 when used the tape to tape format for playback of RCTI acted as an Official Broadcast the edited and recorded material. Moreover, it Partner of the Viva World Cup in would be stored in 1 (one) unit Korea and Japan for Indonesia
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(Personal Communication, 1 Avid editing software is relatively September 2019). cheap and efficient. However, it remains to have some weaknesses. The operation is on a Over some time, the development of PC, it frequently experiences "crashes" due to the Avid editing software evolved. It releases the virus susceptibility. the Avid Express DV Pro series and it can be Finally, the editing software in the operated on the PC laptop media. However, it post-production moves from Avid to Apple is very inexpensive and the company's software called the Final Cut Pro (FCP). It is decision to purchase it to support the RCTI operated on a Mac computer which viruses do sports team's coverage of the World Cup not contaminate easily. event.
Figure 2: Flow of Material Storage in the First Generation LTO or Archiving Library System (Source: MNC Digitalization Phase)
Control Room input & playback digital storage media called In RCTI and MNC's Control Room XT VIA EVS company production. All media studio, the media convergence is significantly player and record functions can be carried out shown in the media player and record. at the same time and this tool can record 12 Initially, RCTI and MNC's media player used inputs in the HD format or 4 channels in the the analogue/digital VTR Player and it was 4K format inputs at the same time. For other recorded on the analogue / digital VTR Record benefits, this tool can transfer the multy Betacam unit. In this digitalization era, recording results via the LAN network from moreover, the media is replaced with multy studio to library or directly to the editing room
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e-ISSN: 2615-6423 in another place. It can be carried out because impact on reducing the number of workers there is a storage unit called NAS (Network involved in the past system. Attach Storage). The presence and use greatly Moreover, other negative aspects saves and cuts the uses of similar cassettes and include the reducing of social interaction PlayBack and Record VTRs on television between employees. It directly causes stations. ineffective communication because face to Moreover, it has an impact on the face communication is no longer desirable in system in the RCTI and MNC's Master the cyberspace world. As a result, it causes Control Room (MCR). Firstly, it used the loss of social presence and so, communication material Playback system via VTR player is not effective again. It does not see and feel Betacam. Right now it depends on a server and the facial expressions and body language of uses the Video PlayList software installed on other persons and finally, it will have an the MCR computer. impact on the misunderstanding of the message contents. Generally, this reflects the SMCR (Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver) CONCLUSION model, the process and the phenomenon of communication using various platforms. In a postmodern society, technological advances have had a considerable impact on the development of media, most notably in REFERENCES television stations. The interactive capabilities of digital media have altered the dynamics of Agustina, A., Dewi, T. T., Soemantri, N. P., communication and have given rise to new Qureshi, N. Y., & Moenanto, G. (2020). applications that were not previously possible. Environmental Communication in RCTI and MNCTV is one of the examples of Indonesian Television News Coverage. the map of media convergence television Aspiration Journal, 1(1), 56–72. station in Indonesia, occurs in the Library Bennett, L. (2012). Transformations through System, Post Production and some equipment Twitter: The England riots, television in the control room studio. The studio has been viewership and negotiations of power equipped with new technology and it is a through media convergence. convergence. The presence of technology Participations: The International successfully makes a convergency. Journal of Audience and Reception Media convergence in the Studies, 9(2), 511–525. broadcasting system positively makes work Bogdanowicz, M., Burgelman, J.-C., Collins, easier, more practical and efficient. In the R., Curran, J., Gandy Jr, O. H., Golding, efficient aspect, it is visible from the amount P., … Horwitz, R. (2003). Toward a of financing (costs) that have dropped political economy of culture: Capitalism dramatically if compared to those in the past. and communication in the twenty-first It makes work completed more quickly century. Maryland: Rowman & because everything has been integrated Littlefield Publishers. between the related units. From the aspect of Briandana, R. (2019). Television and National economic implications, the convergence Identity: An Ethnography of Television affects companies and the broadcast Audience in the Border of Indonesia- technology industry. This changes the nature Malaysia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu of business behaviour. The benefits of media Politik, 23(1), 72–85. convergence are very profitable for the https://doi.org/10.22146/ jsp.27205 company's development. Moreover, the easy Briandana, R., Dwityas, N. A., Priyono, B. J., access to information makes industries and & Audinna, S. (2020). Film companies more easily and quickly anticipate transformations from analog to digital: A the challenges, new needs of consumers and case study of film restoration in intense competition. In terms of workers, Indonesia. Humanities and Social however, it is not uncommon to have an Sciences Reviews, 8(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18510/h
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