NASA Disasters Mapping Portal Product Guide Introduction NASA Possesses Unique Geospatial Assets and Modelling Capabilities

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NASA Disasters Mapping Portal Product Guide Introduction NASA possesses unique geospatial assets and modelling capabilities. The NASA Disasters Program provides partners with data, mapping, and imagery to help to provide situational awareness and inform decision-making before, during, and after disasters.

The NASA Disasters Mapping Portal takes disaster-related data and puts it into understandable, usable formats for use by emergency managers, interagency organizations, and the public. The goal is to bridge the gap between science products and the people who can use the data to assist in preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery.

All data is free and openly available without any login requirements. Data can also be downloaded or ingested into organizations’ own geographic information systems.

Primary Sensor Types NASA employs two primary types of sensors to assist with geospatial data collection: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Optical. These sensors are used by multiple satellites, each with their own strengths and limitations.

Sensor Satellite(s) Strengths Limitations Requires more processing and technological skillset; Can have issues in dense tree Sentinel-1, ALOS-2, Can see through cloud canopy (depends on wavelength); Can have RADARSAT-2, ICEYE-X2 cover and at night SAR issues differentiating between water and snow/ice Can have daily, targeted Aircraft and/or instrument may not be UAVSAR overpasses available; requires additional agency funding Landsat-7, Landsat-8, Different band Can be obscured by cloud cover; cannot be Optical Sentinel-2, MODIS, ASTER, combinations can see used at night (unless using Day/Night Band ISS, VIIRS different features or for hotspots)

Hazard-Specific Products The following pages list products and assets that can be utilized for the hazards listed below. There is often overlap, as many products can be utilized for a variety of hazards. Products are event-specific unless noted as near real-time (NRT). The availability of a final product is determined by the latency (delay) in receiving data, latency of product development, and revisit periods of the satellite. The latencies listed in each table is the estimated time from good overpass to product delivery. Revisit periods for satellites/sensors can be found on page 17. Flood ...... 2 Tropical Cyclone ...... 5 Volcano ...... 8 Earthquake ...... 11 Wildfire ...... 13 Landslide ...... 15

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Flood

Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellite(s) Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution Latency

ESA Product requires manual processing, Damage Damage Copernicus 1-2 day after Identifies potentially damaged increasing latency/delay/delay. Subject to Proxy Map SAR 30 meters Detection Sentinel-1 good overpass areas of focus overpass availability for pre- and post- (DPM) JAXA ALOS-2 event International Feature Angle of photos can distort geospatial Space Station ISS Camera Optical Varies; Low Variable Gives large overview of the event Detection accuracy (ISS) GFMS Maximum Satellite Multiple times Flood Depth Model, GPM 1 kilometer Inundation + Model daily Estimate ESA Copernicus SAR 30 meters Water Extent Sentinel-1 1 day after Classifies existing water, new Subject to overpass availability Map ESA good overpass water, wetlands, and no water Copernicus Optical 20 meters Sentinel-2 ESA 1-2 day after Flood Proxy Copernicus Subject to overpass availability for pre- SAR 30 meters good overpass Classifies water and no water Map (FPM) Sentinel-1 and post-event

Flood Extent JAXA ALOS-2 Flood Color 1-2 day after Can be difficult to identify small areas of Sentinel-1 SAR 30 meters Classifies flood water Map good overpass flooding MODIS Flood Classifies water and no water, Subject to cloud cover blocking view of MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily Map near real-time product surface ESA 1-2 day after Copernicus SAR 30 meters DFO Water good overpass Sentinel-1 Classifies water and no water Extent Map 1-2 day after MODIS Optical 250 meters good overpass Flood Extent RADARSAT -2 Not commonly available except during and Damage Change RADARSAT-2 SAR 30 meters 2-5 Days major disasters Detection Detection

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Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellite(s) Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution Latency

VIIRS Suomi NPP Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Day/Night Optical 750 meters Daily Can be produced daily VIIRS product Band Lower resolution Power Outage Black Marble Suomi NPP Less latency/delay than HD Optical 500 meters Daily (https://blackmarble.gsfc.nasa.gov/VNP46 Standard VIIRS product A1_RMS.html) Black Marble Suomi NPP Long latency/delay – typically used post Optical 30 meters 2-5 Days High resolution HD VIIRS event Global product, particularly useful Rainfall 0.1x 0.1 NRT – Every 3 outside of the US; frequently GPM IMERG GPM Satellite Accumulation degrees hours updated: 30 min and 3 hour products Land Model, Satellite Relatively high resolution, near Information 3 kilometers Daily Continental United States (CONUS), Only Suomi NPP + Model real-time daily product System (LIS) Relatively long latency/delay (5-10 days SMAP, Satellite 0.25 x .0.25 NRT – Every 3 Global product, near real-time 3- Soil Moisture SMAP after 3rd day of composite), course Model + Model degrees days day composite product resolution Global product, identifies where Evaporative Collection of 5 kilometers NRT – Weekly plants may be drying out, near Stress Index Satellites real-time weekly product ESA Sentinel-1 1 day after Relatively low latency, well Not a classified image; cannot see through Copernicus SAR 30 meters RGB good overpass developed workflow established tree canopy and less useful in urban areas Sentinel-1 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass Modified 1 day after Normalized Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters good overpass Index that identifies water; can Water Difference ESA identify more saturated ground Detection Water Index 1 day after Copernicus Optical 20 meters (mNDWI) good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily Normalized 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters Difference good overpass Index that identifies water; can

Water Index 1 day after identify more saturated ground Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters (NDWI) good overpass

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Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellite(s) Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution Latency

ESA 1 day after Copernicus Optical 20 meters good overpass Sentinel-2

MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily

1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters Shows what the human eye sees. Features not always as noticeable as other True Color good overpass band combinations. Different satellites RGB ESA have different temporal latency based on 1 day after Copernicus Optical 10 meters respective orbit good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass Band combination can make water more noticeable; can differentiate 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters between more green and less Natural Color good overpass Can't see through clouds as well as color green areas of vegetation (trees, RGB ESA infrared 1 day after grass, crops, etc.); can point out Copernicus Optical 20 meters Water good overpass snow and differentiate between Sentinel-2 Detection snow/ice and some clouds MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily (Cont.) 1 day after Band combination can make water Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass more noticeable; can differentiate 1 day after between more green and less Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters Color good overpass green areas of vegetation (trees, Snow/ice can look identical to clouds Infrared ESA grass, crops, etc.); infrared band 1 day after Copernicus Optical 20 meters allows for viewing through some good overpass Sentinel-2 thin/high level clouds; can make it MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily easy to spot snow Landsat 8 1 day after Higher resolution than other Landsat 8 Optical 15 meters Single band, grayscale image only, no RGB Panchromatic good overpass Landsat products DFO Sentinel- ESA 1 Color 1-2 day after Copernicus SAR 30 meters Composite good overpass Sentinel-1 (RGB)

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Tropical Cyclone Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellites(s) Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution Latency

ESA Product requires manual processing, Damage Damage Copernicus 1-2 day after Identifies potentially damaged increasing latency/delay. Subject to Proxy Map SAR 30 meters Detection Sentinel-1 good overpass areas of focus overpass availability for pre- and post- (DPM) JAXA ALOS-2 event International Feature Angle of photos can distort geospatial Space Station ISS Camera Optical Varies; Low Variable Gives large overview of the event Detection accuracy (ISS) GFMS Maximum Satellite Multiple times Flood Depth Model, GPM 1 kilometer Inundation + Model daily Estimate ESA Copernicus SAR 30 meters Water Extent Sentinel-1 1 day after Classifies existing water, new Subject to overpass availability Map ESA good overpass water, wetlands, and no water Copernicus Optical 20 meters Sentinel-2 ESA Flood Proxy Copernicus 1-2 day after Subject to overpass availability for pre- SAR 30 meters Classifies water and no water Map (FPM) Sentinel-1 good overpass and post-event JAXA ALOS-2 Flood Extent Flood Color 1-2 day after Can be difficult to identify small areas of Sentinel-1 SAR 30 meters Classifies flood water Map good overpass flooding MODIS Flood Classifies water and no water, MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily Map near real-time daily product ESA DFO Water Copernicus SAR 30 meters 1-2 day after Classifies water and no water Extent Map Sentinel-1 good overpass MODIS Optical 250 meters RADARSAT-2 Flood Extent Not commonly available except during Change RADARSAT-2 SAR 30 meters 2-5 Days and Damage major disasters Detection

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Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellites(s) Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution Latency VIIRS Suomi NPP Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Day/Night Optical 750 meters Daily Can be produced daily VIIRS product Band Power Outage Black Marble Suomi NPP Less latency/delay than HD Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Optical 500 meters Daily Standard VIIRS product product Black Marble Suomi NPP Optical 30 meters 2-5 Days High Resolution Long latency/delay HD VIIRS Global product, particularly useful Rainfall 0.1 x 0.1 NRT – Every 3 outside of the US; frequently GPM IMERG GPM Satellite Accumulation degrees hours updated: 30 min and 3 hour products Land Model, Satellite Relatively high resolution, near Information 3 kilometers Daily Continental United States (CONUS), Only Suomi NPP + Model real-time daily product System (LIS) Relatively long latency/delay (5-10 days SMAP, Satellite 0.25 x 0.25 NRT – Every 3 Global Product, near real-time 3- Soil Moisture SMAP after 3rd day of composite), course Model + Model degrees days day composite product resolution Global product, identifies where Evaporative Collection of 5 kilometers NRT – Weekly plants may be drying out, near Stress Index Satellites real-time weekly product True Color Twice daily Storm Tracking MODIS Optical Twice Daily Low resolution RGB images ESA Sentinel-1 1 day after Relatively low latency, well Not a classified image; can have issues in Copernicus SAR 30 meters RGB good overpass developed workflow established dense tree canopy Sentinel-1 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass Modified 1 day after Water Normalized Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters good overpass Index that identifies water; can Detection Difference ESA 1 day after identify more saturated ground Water Index Copernicus Optical 20 meters good overpass (NDWI) Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily Normalized 1 day after Index that identifies water; can Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters Difference good overpass identify more saturated ground

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Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellites(s) Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution Latency Water Index 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters (NDWI) good overpass ESA 1 day after Copernicus Optical 20 meters good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters True Color good overpass Features not always as noticeable as other ESA Shows what the human eye sees RGB 1 day after band combinations Copernicus Optical 10 meters good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters Band combination can make water good overpass more noticeable; can differentiate 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters between more green and less Natural Color good overpass Can't see through clouds as well as color green areas of vegetation (trees, RGB ESA IR 1 day after grass, crops, etc.); can point out Copernicus Optical 20 meters good overpass snow and differentiate between Sentinel-2 Water snow/ice and some cloud MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily Detection 1 day after (Cont.) Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass Band combination can make water more noticeable; can differentiate 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters between more green and less Color good overpass Can't see through clouds as well as color green areas of vegetation (trees, Infrared ESA IR 1 day after grass, crops, etc.); can point out Copernicus Optical 20 meters good overpass snow and differentiate between Sentinel-2 snow/ice and some clouds MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily Landsat 8 1 day after Higher resolution than other Landsat 8 Optical 15 meters Single band, grayscale image only, no RGB Panchromatic good overpass Landsat products ESA DFO Sentinel- 1-2 day after Copernicus SAR 30 meters 1 Color good overpass Sentinel-1 High resolution, focused UAVSAR RGB UAVSAR SAR 10 meters Variable overpasses, potential for daily data capture

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Volcano Product Sensor Spatial Product Name Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Type Resolution ESA 1-2 day after Product requires manual processing, Copernicus SAR 30 meters Damage Damage Proxy good overpass Identifies potentially damaged increasing latency/delay. Subject to Sentinel-1 Detection Map (DPM) areas of focus overpass availability for pre- and post- 1-2 day after JAXA ALOS-2 SAR 30 meters event good overpass 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters Changes to volcano, lava, True Color good overpass Features not always as noticeable as other smoke/ash plumes, etc.; Shows RGB ESA band combinations 1 day after what the human eye sees Copernicus Optical 10 meters good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters Natural Color good overpass Changes to volcano, lava, Can't see through clouds as well as color ESA RGB 1 day after smoke/ash plumes, etc. IR Copernicus Optical 20 meters good overpass Feature Sentinel-2 Detection MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters good overpass Changes to volcano, lava, ESA smoke/ash plumes, etc.; IR band 1 day after Color Infrared Copernicus Optical 20 meters allows for viewing through some Snow/ice can look identical to clouds good overpass Sentinel-2 thin/high level clouds and/or smoke MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1-2 days after ASTER Optical 15 meters good overpass Changes to volcano, lava, Landsat 8 1 day after smoke/ash plumes, etc.; Higher Landsat 8 Optical 15 meters Single band, grayscale image only, no RGB Panchromatic good overpass resolution than other Landsat products

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Product Sensor Spatial Product Name Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Type Resolution International Angle of photos can distort geospatial Space Station ISS Camera Optical Varies; Low Variable Gives large overview of the event accuracy (ISS) Global 0.1 x 0.1 NRT – Every 3 Updates continuously; considers Relies heavily on GPM rainfall; simple Landslide degrees hours rainfall, slope, terrain, etc. classification scheme Nowcast Landslide Risk Global Landslide Shows inherent landslide risk of 1 kilometer Static Layer This is a static layer Susceptibility regions Map FIMRS Active MODIS Optical 1 kilometer NRT – Every 3 Near real-time product updated as Hot spot is over entire pixel area which Fire Points VIIRS Optical 375 meters hours often as every 3 hours may be larger than actual fire on ground Lava Hot Spot 1-2 day after Hot spot is over entire pixel area which Detection ASTER Optical 90 meters Detection good overpass may be larger than actual fire on ground VIIRS Thermal 1-2 day after Hot spot is over entire pixel area which VIIRS Optical 375 meters Anomalies good overpass may be larger than actual fire on ground VIIRS Suomi NPP Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Day/Night Optical 750 meters Daily Can be produced daily VIIRS product Band Power Outage Black Marble Suomi NPP Less latency/delay than HD Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Optical 500 meters Daily Standard VIIRS product product Black Marble Suomi NPP Optical 30 meters 2-5 Days High Resolution Long latency/delay HD VIIRS 1-2 day after ASTER Optical 90 meters Brightness good overpass Can show areas of potentially elevated Temperature Proxy for SO2 absorption MODIS Optical 1 kilometer Twice Daily SO2 Difference VIIRS Optical 750 meters Daily Smoke/Ash Column Sulfur 1-2 day after Plume ASTER Optical 90 meters Shows areas of elevated SO2 Dioxide good overpass RGB using ASTER, MOD 1-2 day after Gives false color view and provides hot Optical 90 meters VNIR, TIR IS good overpass spot detection Column Sulfur 50 Resolution varies from overpass to OMI/OMPS Profiler Daily Images come in daily Dioxide kilometers overpass

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Product Sensor Spatial Product Name Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Type Resolution ESA 1 day after Copernicus good overpass Difficult to interpret by non-SAR scientists; Interferogram Sentinel-1 SAR 30 meters Can detect small changes Needs two identical overpasses 1 day after JAXA ALOS-2 good overpass Surface Surface ESA Likely requires more processing than Change 1 day after Easier to understand than Deformation Copernicus SAR 30 meters interferogram; Needs two identical good overpass interferogram Map Sentinel-1 overpasses High resolution, focused Requires processing by UAVSAR team at UAVSAR UAVSAR SAR 10 meters Variable overpasses, potential for daily JPL, which can increase latency/delay; data capture requires multiple identical overpasses

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Earthquake Product Sensor Spatial Product Name Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Type Resolution ESA Product requires manual processing, Copernicus SAR 30 meters Damage Damage Proxy 1-2 day after Identifies potentially damaged increasing latency/delay. Subject to Sentinel-1 Detection Map (DPM) good overpass areas of focus overpass availability for pre- and post- JAXA ALOS-2 SAR 30 meters event 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters good overpass True Color Features not always as noticeable as ESA Shows what the human eye sees RGB 1 day after other band combinations Copernicus Optical 10 meters good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters Can differentiate between more good overpass Natural Color green and less green areas of Can't see through clouds as well as color ESA Feature RGB 1 day after vegetation (trees, grass, crops, IR Copernicus Optical 20 meters Detection good overpass etc.); Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass Can differentiate between more 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters green and less green areas of good overpass vegetation (trees, grass, crops, Color Infrared ESA Snow/ice can look identical to clouds 1 day after etc.); IR band allows for viewing Copernicus Optical 20 meters good overpass through some thin/high level Sentinel-2 clouds MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily

Landsat 8 1 day after Higher resolution than other Landsat 8 Optical 15 meters Single band, grayscale image only, no RGB Panchromatic good overpass Landsat products

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Product Sensor Spatial Product Name Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Type Resolution International Angle of photos can distort geospatial Space Station ISS Camera Optical Varies; Low Variable Gives large overview of the event accuracy (ISS) Global 0.1 x 0.1 NRT – Every 3 Updates continuously; considers Relies heavily on GPM rainfall; simple Landslide degrees hours rainfall, slope, terrain, etc. classification scheme Nowcast Landslide Risk Global Landslide Shows inherent landslide risk of 1 kilometer Static Layer This is a static layer Susceptibility regions Map VIIRS Suomi NPP Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Day/Night Optical 750 meters Daily Can be produced daily VIIRS product Band Power Outage Black Marble Suomi NPP Less latency/delay than HD Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Optical 500 meters Daily Standard VIIRS product product Black Marble Suomi NPP Optical 30 meters 2-5 Days High Resolution Long latency/delay HD VIIRS ESA Copernicus 1 day after Difficult to interpret by non-SAR scientists; Interferogram SAR 30 meters Can detect small changes Sentinel-1 good overpass Needs two identical overpasses JAXA ALOS-2 Surface ESA Likely requires more processing than 1 day after Easier to understand than Deformation Copernicus SAR 30 meters interferogram; Needs two identical good overpass interferogram Map Sentinel-1 overpasses ESA Surface Decorrelation Copernicus SAR 30 meters 1 day after Can detect changes due to event Needs two identical overpasses Change Map Sentinel-1 good overpass JAXA ALOS-2 SAR 30 meters ESA Correlation Copernicus SAR 30 meters 1 day after Can detect changes due to event Needs two identical overpasses Map Sentinel-1 good overpass JAXA ALOS-2 SAR 30 meters High resolution, focused Requires processing by UAVSAR team at UAVSAR UAVSAR SAR 10 meters Variable overpasses, potential for daily JPL, which can increase latency/delay; data capture requires multiple identical overpasses

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Wildfire Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution ESA SAR RGB Can be difficult to identify small burn Copernicus SAR 30 meters Color map areas Sentinel-1 UAVSAR 1 day after High resolution, focused Burn Extent Correlation UAVSAR SAR 10 meters good overpass overpasses, potential for daily Cost of flights and availability of aircraft Image data capture ESA SAR Burned Copernicus SAR 30 meters Area Sentinel-1 ESA Product requires manual processing, Damage Damage Copernicus SAR 30 meters 1-2 day after Identifies potentially damaged increasing latency/delay. Subject to Proxy Map Detection Sentinel-1 good overpass areas of focus overpass availability for pre- and post- (DPM) JAXA ALOS-2 SAR 30 meters event 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters True Color good overpass Features not always as noticeable as ESA Shows what the human eye sees RGB 1 day after other band combinations Copernicus Optical 10 meters good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass Feature 1 day after Detection Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters good overpass Band combination can make it Natural Color ESA Can't see through clouds as well as color 1 day after possible to detect burned area RGB Copernicus Optical 20 meters IR good overpass versus green vegetation Sentinel-2

MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily

1 day after Band combination can make it Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters Color good overpass possible to detect burned area

Infrared 1 day after versus green vegetation; IR band Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters good overpass allows for viewing through some

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Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution ESA thin/high level clouds and/or 1 day after Copernicus Optical 20 meters smoke good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1-2 day after ASTER 15 meters good overpass Landsat 8 1 day after Higher resolution than other Landsat 8 Optical 15 meters Single band, grayscale image only, no RGB Panchromatic good overpass Landsat products

International Angle of photos can distort geospatial Space Station ISS Camera Optical Varies; Low Gives large overview of the event accuracy (ISS) Variable

Fire intensity: shows active fire MASTER areas, burned areas, can see MASTER Burn Severity: doesn't see through False Color Optical 50 meters Variable through some smoke/clouds; Burn (airborne) smoke/clouds RGB Severity: can highlight areas more severely burned, burn extent FIRMS Active MODIS Optical 1 kilometers NRT – Every 3 Hot spot is over entire pixel area which Fire Detection Updated as often as every 3 hours Fire Points VIIRS Optical 375 meters hours may be larger than actual fire on ground VIIRS Suomi NPP Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Day/Night Optical 750 meters Daily Can be produced daily VIIRS product Band Power Outage Black Marble Suomi NPP Less latency/delay than HD Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Optical 500 meters Daily Standard VIIRS product product Black Marble Suomi NPP Optical 30 meters 2-5 Days High Resolution Long latency/delay HD VIIRS 50 Smoke Plumes Aerosol Index OMPS Profiler Daily Daily overpasses kilometers Land Model, Satellite Relatively high resolution, Information 3 kilometers NRT – Daily Continental United States (CONUS), Only Suomi NPP + Model produced daily System (LIS) Relatively long latency/delay (5-10 days SMAP, Satellite 0.25 x 0.25 NRT – Every 3 Global Product, near real-time 3- Soil Moisture SMAP after 3rd day of composite), course Model + Model degrees days day composite product resolution Global product, identifies where Evaporative Collection of Optical 5 kilometers NRT – Weekly plants may be drying out, near Stress Index Satellites real-time weekly product

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Landslide Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution ESA Product requires manual processing, Damage Damage Proxy Copernicus SAR 30 meters 1-2 day after Identifies potentially damaged increasing latency/delay. Subject to Detection Map (DPM) Sentinel-1 good overpass areas of focus overpass availability for pre- and post- JAXA ALOS-2 SAR 30 meters event 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters True Color good overpass Features not always as noticeable as Shows what the human eye sees RGB ESA 1 day after other band combinations Copernicus Optical 10 meters good overpass Sentinel-2 MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass 1 day after Band combination can make Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters identifying landslides easier; Can Natural Color good overpass Can't see through clouds as well as color ESA differentiate between more green RGB 1 day after IR Copernicus Optical 20 meters and less green areas of vegetation good overpass (trees, grass, crops, etc.) Feature Sentinel-2 Detection MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily 1 day after Landsat 7 Optical 30 meters good overpass Band combination can make 1 day after identifying landslides easier; Can Landsat 8 Optical 30 meters good overpass differentiate between more green

Color Infrared ESA and less green areas of vegetation 1 day after Copernicus Optical 20 meters (trees, grass, crops, etc.); IR band good overpass Sentinel-2 allows for viewing through some thin/high level clouds MODIS Optical 250 meters Twice Daily Landsat 8 1 day after Higher resolution than other Landsat 8 Optical 15 meters Single band, grayscale image only, no RGB Panchromatic good overpass Landsat products International Angle of photos can distort geospatial Space Station ISS Camera Optical Varies; Low Variable Gives large overview of the event accuracy (ISS)

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Product Product Sensor Spatial Satellite(s) Latency Strengths for Applications Limitations for Applications Category Name Type Resolution MODIS Flood Classifies water and no water, Flood Extent MODIS Optical 250 meters NRT – Daily Map near real-time (daily) product Global Near real-time product that 0.1 x 0.1 NRT – Every 3 Relies heavily on GPM rainfall; simple Landslide updates continuously; considers degrees hours classification scheme Nowcast rainfall, slope, terrain, etc. Landslide Risk Global Landslide Shows inherent landslide risk of 1 kilometer Static Layer This is a static layer Susceptibility regions Map VIIRS Suomi NPP Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Day/Night Optical 750 meters Daily Can be produced daily VIIRS product Band Power Outage Black Marble Suomi NPP Less latency/delay than HD Lower resolution than Black Marble HD Optical 500 meters Daily Standard VIIRS product product Black Marble Suomi NPP Optical 30 meters 2-5 Days High Resolution Long latency/delay HD VIIRS Rainfall 0.1 x 0.1 NRT – Every 3 GPM IMERG GPM Satellite Accumulation degrees hours Land Model, Satellite Relatively high resolution, near Information 3 kilometers NRT – Daily Continental United States (CONUS), Only Suomi NPP + Model real-time daily product System (LIS) Relatively long latency/delay (5-10 days SMAP, Satellite 0.25 x 0.25 NRT – Every 3 Global Product, near real-time 3- Soil Moisture SMAP after 3rd day of composite), course Model + Model degrees days day composite product resolution Global product, identifies where Evaporative Collection of Optical 5 kilometers NRT – Weekly plants may be saturated, near Stress Index Satellites real-time weekly product

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Revisit Periods Revisit periods are the time it takes a sensor to revisit a location to capture imagery. This can be useful to understand when the next overpass is and when new data and products may be available. There are numerous factors that can affect the quality and usability of a product, so the revisit period is not necessarily the time until the next product is available. Some sensors are on board multiple satellites which decreases the revisit period. These sensors are: MODIS, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2.

Satellite/Sensor Revisit Period ALOS-2 14 days ASTER Twice Daily (1 Day, 1 Night) Landsat 7 16 days Landsat 8 16 days MODIS (Aqua, Terra) 4 Times per Day (2 Day, 2 Night) Sentinel-1 6-12 Days Sentinel-2 5 Days VIIRS Twice Daily (1 Day, 1 Night)