Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48750-4 — the Intelligence War Against the IRA Thomas Leahy Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48750-4 — The Intelligence War against the IRA Thomas Leahy Index More Information

Index

14 Intelligence Company, 139, 140, 141, release from internment, 26 142, 159, 161 West Belfast MP, 156, 201, 217, 218, 225 Adams, Gerry, 46, 58, 232 African National Congress (ANC), 211 American visa, 222 Agents and armed struggle and British intelligence strategy, 10, 30 1986, 218 motives, 11 1989, 218, 238 Ahern, Bertie, 223, 225 and Belfast, 142, 156 Ahern, Dermot, 201 and Denis Donaldson, 200, 228, 232 Aldrich, Richard J., 7, 14, 17, 56, 78, 90, 140 and Douglas Hurd, 129 An Phoblacht and Father Alec Reid, 127, 200 on informers, 1, 86 and Fianna Fáil, 201 Andrew, Christopher and James Prior, 133 on ofﬁcial histories, 14 and John Hume, 201, 208, 217, 222 on the Cyprus Emergency, 1 and pan-nationalist talks, 218, 222 on the IRA in England, 191, 192, 194 and peace talks, 55, 115, 129, 130, 134, Anglo-Irish Agreement, 202, 215, 222 135, 218, 219, 225, 235 Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 132 and republican strategy, 127, 128 Arlow, Reverend William, 74, 102 and Sir Patrick Mayhew, 209 Armagh (County) and talks with British ofﬁcials and discrimination, 18, 45, 46 June 1972, 52 Armagh city, 180, 198 and the Garda, 200 Craigavon, 181, 202 and the south Armagh watchtowers, Gough barracks, 141 231 Lurgan, 179, 180, 181, 182, 198 and Whiterock leisure centre, 206 Portadown, 179, 180, 198 1984, 206 Atkins, Humphrey, 131 Ard Fheis speech 1984, 215 Barker, Alan 1987, 215 and Raymond Gilmour, 11, 157, 160, See 1990, 215 also Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA); 1991, 130, 219 Gilmour, Raymond 1994, 219, 221 and Sean McCord, 158, 160 arrest and the Derry IRA, 93 1972, 30 on agents, 10 on a military stalemate, 212 on IRA operations in England, 106 on Éire Nua, 115 on surveillance operations, 159 on the Enniskillen bombing, 213 on the Derry IRA, 92, 93, 157, 158, on the IRA cessation 160, 161 1997, 224 on the Garda, 161 on the Irish state, 204, 205, 214, on the IRA in England, 195 215 on the peace process, 196

327

328 Index

Barr, Glenn, 72, 73, 110, See also Ulster loose talk, 86, 149 Defence Association (UDA); number of volunteers Vanguard 1971–1972, 34 Beattie, Desmond, 20, See also Cusack, Second battalion, 34 Seamus Third battalion, 34, 82, 85 Belfast, 18, 68, 72, 97, 101, 138, 149, 189, Bell, Ivor, 13, 55 231, 239 Bennett, Huw, 1, 23, 27 and discrimination, 18, 91 Best, William, 49 and the British Army, 22, 23, 34, 41, Bew, John. See also Frampton, Martyn 42, 45 on talks with the IRA (1972), 244 Andersontown, 34, 37 on talks with the IRA (1975), 245 Ardoyne, 34, 150 on the intelligence war, 3, 4, 81, 143 Ballymurphy, 34, 85, 87, 154, 216 on the IRA’s ceasefire (1975), 67 city centre bombings on the peace process, 3, 209, 223, 244 1992 and 1993, 154 Birmingham bombings, 77, 105, 106, 192 city council, 156, 201, 206, 222 Black, Christopher, 124, 150, See also Clonard district, 31 supergrass trials Crumlin Road, 31 Blair, Tony, 171, 207, 210, 223, 225, 232, Crumlin Road jail, 45, 46, 143, 241, 242 217 Bloody Friday (1972), 63, 64, 65, 93, 97 Divis Flats, 83, 148 Bloody Sunday (1972), 21, 23, 33, 36, 37, east Belfast, 83, 149 39, 58, 93, 160, 202, 242 Falls Road, 20, 34, 35, 39, 216 Boal, Desmond, 110 Lenadoon, 54, 57, 58, 59 Boston College oral history project, 12, 13, north Belfast, 38, 82, 87, See also Hughes, Brendan; McIntyre, 147 Anthony; Moloney, Ed; Short Strand, 34, 229 McConville, Jean; Price, Dolores south Belfast, 151 Boutcher, Jon, 242 the Bone, 34, 150 Bradley, Gerry, 29, See also Black, the Markets, 34, 145, 154 Christopher; Donaldson, Denis; Unity Flats, 34, 85, 87, 88, 147 Feeney, Brian; Molloy, Eamon; west Belfast, 13, 18, 36, 37, 38, 54, 83, Stakeknife; Valente, Peter 84, 124, 143, 144, 147, 148, 152, arrest (1974), 82 156, 201, 217, 218, 223, See also on Belfast IRA cells, 89 Belfast Brigade (IRA) on British Army helicopters, 150, 151 Belfast Brigade (IRA), 5, 82, 91, 101, 102, on British Army security bases, 151 138, 148, 149, 182, 229, 237, 238, on Christopher Black, 150 239, See also Provisional IRA on Denis Donaldson, 229 and Operation Motorman, 87 on Eamon Molloy, 84–5 and the 1972 ceasefire on informers, 154 June to July 1972, 53 on IRA counter-intelligence, 124 and the 1975 ceasefire, 29, 81, 82, 91, on IRA support, 38 107, 113, 116, 117, 246 on Operation Motorman, 88 and the 1997 ceasefire, 223, 231 on Peter Valente, 147 brigade and battalion structure, 85, 89 on screening, 86 brigade quartermasters, 66 on Stakeknife, 145–6 campaign, 10, 35, 36, 39, 82–91, 142–57, on the Belfast IRA, 85, 87, 88, 89, 237, 238–9 150, 153 cells, 5, 89, 121, 125, 126, 145, 148, 150, on the IRA in England, 195 155, 205, 237 on the peace process, 226 civilian casualties, 153, 237 Braniff, Anthony, 148 First battalion, 34 Breen, Harry, 165 Headquarters Belfast Brigade, 66 British Army. See also British government Intended target killings, 35, 36, 82, 89, policy 138, 144, 145 agent, 10, 185

Index 329

and cross-border roads, 47 and power-sharing, 63, 65, 66, 79, 131, and population control, 17, 19, 22, 28, 37 134, 137, 210 and south Armagh watchtowers, 167, and the Brooke-Mayhew talks 168, 170, 171, See also South (1991–1992), 207, 208, 209 Armagh Brigade and the civil service, 63, 67, 69, 71, 75, and the Garda, 99, 188, 189 79, 122, 130, 133, 194, 199, 241 and the nationalist community, 37, 39, and the Fair Employment Act 45, 47, 48, 93, 102, 187 (1989), 215 and the RUC, 39–41 and the IRA and Sinn Féin, 19, 20, 23, Borucki Sangar, 166, 168, 171 25–7, 49, 53, 54–5, 56–9, 63–72, checkpoints, 34, 43, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 75–6, 78, 79–80, 108–9, 111–12, 96, 100, 156, 162, 167, 170, 174, 114–17, 121, 122–5, 199, 205–10, 176, 189 224–5, 233–4, 238, 240–1, 243–7 computer database, 88, 96 and the McBride Principles, 215 hearts and minds strategy, 23 and unionism, 17, 18–19, 27, 113 helicopters, 150, 151, 152, 167, 170, 172 The Way Ahead for Security Policy (1977), house searches, 37, 88 122, 123, 137 low-profile approach, 27 British intelligence personality cards (p cards), 43, 44, 48, eavesdropping, 9, 146, 151, 152, 87, 96, 152 232, 243 personality checks, 86, 87, 90 electronic intelligence (ELINT), 8, 90, protective equipment, 154, 163 100, 130, 140, 148, 151, 192, 237 Royal Marines, 166, 171, 193 human intelligence, 8, 9, 30, 84, 130, screening, 37, 48, 86 139, 146, 151, 166, 167, 168, 243 British Conservative Party, 19, 64, 125, See intercept and deciphering also British government policy; (COMINT), 90 Brooke, Peter; Heath, Edward; intercepts and deciphering Major, John; Mayhew, Sir Patrick; (COMINT), 8 Thatcher, Margaret; Whitelaw, British Labour government. See Blair, William Tony; British government policy; British General Officer Commanding Callaghan, James; Donoughue, (GOC), 31, 33, 40, 42, 57, 100, 122, Bernard; Mason, Roy; Mowlam, 139, 140 Mo; Powell, Jonathan; Rees, British government policy Merlyn; Wilson, Harold and a dual approach strategy, 66, 68, 137, British Liberal Party, 19 199, 210, 233, 237 Brittany, 196 and a two-front war, 58, 59, 70, 76, 77, Brooke, Peter, 136, 137, 207, 208, 227, See 79, 108, 112, 114, 117, 122 also British government policy; and a unionist backlash, 17, 21, 26, 53, Mayhew, Sir Patrick; Thatcher, 58, 68, 76, 221 Margaret and an acceptable level of violence, 5, 7, Brown, James Joseph, 91 17, 23, 27, 30, 39, 49, 63, 103, 117, Bryson, James, 87 121, 123, 142, 164, 169, 198, 210, Buchanan, Robert, 165 236, 238, 243 Burns, Gregory, 179–80, See also Burns, and an independent Northern Ireland Sean; Dignam, John; Starrs, Aidan (1974–1975), 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, Burns, Sean, 179–80, See also Burns, 71, 74, 75, 76, 79 Gregory and an independent Northern Ireland Burton, Frank, 20 (1977), 129 and criminalisation, 66, 123, 124 Cahill, Joe, 55 and divisions within the state, 7, American visa, 222 240–1 and ceasefire talks (July 1972), 54, 56 and Home Rule, 28 and ceasefire talks (March 1972), 53, 54 and Irish immigrants, 19, 77 arrest (1972), 52 and loyalism, 78 on politicising republicanism, 55

330 Index

Cahill, Joe (cont.) on James Bryson, 87 on republican support following Bloody on the Four-Square Laundry, 32, 33, 83 Sunday (1972), 58 on the IRA cell structure, 89 Callaghan, James, 123, 125, 128, 129 on the MRF, 31, 33 Caraher, Fergal, 45, 166, 168–9 Cusack, Seamus, 20, 22, See also Beattie, Caraher, Micheál, 46 Desmond Caraher, Peter John, 45, 46 Cyprus Emergency, 1 Carron, Owen, 204 Cavan (county), 51, 190 Dáil Éireann, 204, 214, 226 Clarke, George, 29, See also Nairac, Robert Daly, Archbishop Cahal, 168 and informers, 100 Daly, Reverend Edward, 115 and Nairac, Robert, 95 de Baroid, Ciaran, 154, 223 on British Army intelligence, 40 de Silva, Sir Desmond, 130, 139, 141, on human intelligence, 9 142 on RUC Special Branch, 39, 40 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 74, on rural IRA infiltration, 42 110, 114, 132, 236 on the Old Bailey bombing (1973), 104 Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA), 5, 34, 93, Clarke, Phil, 46 101, 102, 138 Cleary, Peter, 166 and Donegal, 92, 93, 99, 107, 158, 161 Coleraine, 32, 44, 90, 96, 209 and local support, 93–4, 162–3 bombing (1992), 178 and loyalism, 163 Collins, Eamon, 145, 185 and Operation Motorman, 64, 92–3, and the supergrass trials, 124 94, 107 on the IRA, 215 and the brigade, battalion and company on the South Armagh IRA, 190 structure, 92 on the South Down IRA, 185, 186 and the IRA ceasefire (1972), 52 Collins, Michael, 45 and the IRA ceasefire (1975), 94–5, 107 Commander of Land Forces (CLF), 30, brigade staff, 94 42, 139 campaign, 10, 34, 35, 36, 37, 81, 91–5, Conning, Father Patrick, 114 138, 237 Constitutional Convention, 68, 69, 73, 111, cell structure, 5, 94, 125, 126, 160–1 112, 113, 114 city-centre bombings, 36, 93, 162–3 Conway, Kieran intended target killings, 35, 36, 91, 93, on Éire Nua, 115 138, 157 on IRA support levels in Derry Derry city, 22, 39, 178, 230, 239, See also (1970s), 94 Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA) on Operation Motorman,92 and British security operations (1970s), on the IRA ceasefire (1975), 81, 116 37, 45, 102 on the rural IRA, 101, 177 and discrimination, 18, 160 on the rural IRA (1970s), 101 and Donegal, 47, 94, 99, 161 on the rural IRA (1975), 97 and Free Derry, 26, 27, 38, 52, 92 on the South Derry IRA (1970s), 178 Bogside, 18, 20, 22, 25, 36, 92, 94, 158, Cooper, Sir Frank, 68, 70, 71, 76, 78, 91, 159, 160 93, 97, 100, 114, 241 Brandywell, 92, 158, 161 Cormac, Rory, 7, 17, 56, 78, See also Creggan, 22, 35, 36, 91, 92, 94 Aldrich, Richard J. Rosemount, 92 Coyle, Kevin Patrick, 158 Shantallow, 22, 92, 93, 162 Craig, Bill, 110, 114 Waterside, 92, 158, 163 Cross, Leonard, 92 Deverell, John, 136 Culbert, Michael, 216, 227 Devlin, Paddy, 24, 26, 55 Currie, Austin, 24, 47 Dewar, Sir Michael, 24, 168, 180 Cursey, Simon, 29, 31, See also Dignam, John, 179–80, See also Burns, Four-Square Laundry and MRF Gregory; Starrs, Aidan on informers, 32 Dillon, Martin, 143, 148, 178 on intelligence, 32 Direct rule, 17, 28, 75, 77

Index 331

Director and Coordinator of Intelligence East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 5, 10, 99, 101, (DCI), 40, 140 166, 186 Doherty, Anthony, 45 and local support, 48, 102, 185 Doherty, Daniel, 159 and the Ballygawley bus bombing (1988), Doherty, Pat, 128, 201 142, 182, 183 Donaldson, Denis, 2, 236 and the Clonoe SAS ambush (1992), 183 and informing, 3, 184, 200, 228–30, and the Coagh SAS ambush (1991), 183 231–3, 236, 242 and the Coalisland SAS ambush and Sinn Féin, 2 (1992), 183 and the IRA, 2 and the IRA ceasefire (1975), 113, 117 and the peace process, 3, 4, 231–3, and the Loughgall SAS ambush (1987), 234–5, 240, 243 141, 182–3, 184, 235, 247 Donegal (county), 25, 34, 47, 51, 52, 55, and the SAS, 184 64, 65, 91, 94 and the Teebane Cross attack Donegal IRA, 159 (1992), 182 Donoughue, Bernard, 69 campaign, 44, 45–6, 95, 96, 97–8, 101, and British withdrawal, 67 182–5, 186, 198, 237, 239 and James Callaghan, 125 intended target killings, 41, 96, 97, 182 on British withdrawal, 69, 70, 77 Eksund, 196, 197, 230 on direct rule, 77 English, Richard on Harold Wilson, 69–71, 76 and IRA objectives, 128 on independence for Northern on Home Rule, 28 Ireland, 70 on Stormont (1972), 24 Down (county), 24, 179 on terrorism, 9 Portaferry, 179 on the intelligence war, 4–5 Downing Street, 41, 64, 78, 106, 170, on the IRA, 4–5, 10 193, 194 on the peace process, 211 Downing Street Declaration (1993), 220, EOKA, 1 221, 222, 234 ETA, 211 Dublin, 53, 64, 101, 114, 135, 140, 189, 202, 212, 215, 222 Falls Road Curfew (1970), 20, 21, 36 Dublin and Monaghan bombings (1974), Farren, Sean, 201 93, 214 Faul, Father Denis, 114 Duddy, Brendan, 68, 78 Faulkner, Brian, 20 and British officials (1974), 112 Feeney, Brian, 84, 85, 147, 229–30, See also and British officials (1975), 75, 76, Bradley, Gerry; Donaldson, Denis; 109, 112 Molloy, Eamon and British officials (1976–1979), 122, Fenton, Joseph, 146–7, 148, 151, See also 123, 125 Mahon, Catherine; Mahon, Gerard; and British officials (1980–1981), 131 Stakeknife and British officials (1990–1993), 136 Fermanagh (county), 45, 46, 141, 184, and British officials (1993), 220 188, 189 and contacts with loyalists, 110 and discrimination, 18, 46, 47, 98 and Ian Paisley (senior), 74 Belcoo, 176 and John Hume, 117 Belleek, 176, 177 and the IRA Army Council (1975), 67 council, 46 on British withdrawal (1975), 109, 111 district council, 177, 201 on independence for Northern Ireland Lisnaskea, 98, 177 (1975), 70, 75, 109, 110 Newtownbutler, 176 on IRA cells, 89 Roslea, 176, 177, 189 on the IRA Army Council (1975), 116 Tempo, 176 on the IRA leadership (1975), 112, Fermanagh IRA, 6, 99, 164, 184, 186, 188, 115 190, 213 Duffy, Patrick, 91 and local support, 175 Dundalk, 42, 43, 47, 84, 95, 99 and the border, 99

332 Index

Fermanagh IRA (cont.) and the Derry IRA, 92, 93, 94, 161 and the protestant population, 176–7 and the Fermanagh IRA, 188 campaign, 10, 41, 44, 98, 173–8, 198, and the IRA, 91, 188, 204 230, 237 and the Metropolitan Police Special intended target killings, 41, 98, 173, 177 Branch, 106 Ferris, Martin, 197 and the RUC, 99, 100, 188, 189 Fianna Fáil, 19, 22, 200, 201, See also and the South Armagh IRA, 100, Ahern, Bertie; Ahern, Dermot; Irish 165, 188 government (Irish state); Haughey, Garda Special Branch, 42, 100, 106, Charles; Lynch, Jack; Mansergh, 191, 194 Martin; Reynolds, Albert GCHQ, 14, 90, 140, 151, 167 and self-determination, 203 Gibney, Jim, 220 and the IRA and Sinn Féin, 50, 200–5, Gibraltar, 156, 193, 214, 235 206, 217, 221, 225, 227, 234 Gillespie, Patsy, 162 and the Irish Civil War, 203 Gilmour, Raymond, 11, 124, 157–8, 160, and the pan-nationalist talks, 201, 206, See also Barker, Alan 207, 225 Gilvarry, Maurice, 147–8, See also Valente, and the SDLP, 201, 203 Peter Fine Gael, 64, 92, 135 Glover, Brigadier Sir James, 126, 142, 187 Finnis, Ruari, 158 Good Friday Agreement (1998), 127, 170, Finucane, Patrick, 130, 157 171, 181, 200, 219, 220, 222, 226, Fisk, Robert, 88, 96 227, 228, 229, 234 FitzGerald, Garret, 113, 191 Gow, Ian, 193, 207 Fleming, Kieran, 175 Graham, Edgar, 151 Fleming, William, 159 Green, James, 144, See also Heatherington, Flood, Patrick, 158 Vincent; McGrogan, Myles Foley, Frank, 21 Grey, Stephen, 146, 243 on intelligence and security policy, 7, 22, 38, 187 Hackett, Sir John, 65 on Northern Ireland, 8, 21, 22, 242 Hanna, William, 152 Force Research Unit (FRU), 11, 141, 157, Harnden, Toby, 43, 45, 95, 99, 165, 167, 174, 179, 240, See also Ingram, 169, 170, See also South Armagh Martin; Stakeknife Brigade (IRA) and Freddie Scappaticci allegations, 2 Harrison, Tony, 155 and RUC Special Branch, 141–2, 240 Harte, Paddy, 64 and the British government, 141 Harvey, Seamus, 166 and the Tasking and Co-ordinating Haughey, Charles, 200, 203, 217, See also Groups (TCGs), 141 Fianna Fáil; Mansergh, Martin; structure, 139–40 Reynolds, Albert Four-Square Laundry, 32, 82, See also Heaney, Denis, 159 Military Reaction Force (MRF) Heath, Edward, 50, See also British Fox, Billy, 92 Conservative Party; British Frampton, Martyn. See also Bew, John government policy; Thatcher, on talks with the IRA (1972), 244 Margaret; Whitelaw, William on the Belfast IRA, 143 and intelligence, 56, 57, 59, 241 on the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 183 and subversion, 17, 19, 25, 28, 79 on the intelligence war, 3 and the IRA, 25, 26, 39, 56, 58, 59, 65, on the IRA ceaseﬁre (1975), 67, 81, 245 79, 241 on the peace process, 4, 209, 223, 244 and the Irish government, 23, 25 Fryers, Robert, 192 on the IRA, 25 Fulton, Kevin, 185 Heatherington, Vincent, 143–4, See also Green, James; McGrogan, Myles; Garda, 100, 161, 165, 173, 188, 189 O’Brien, Seamus and Gerry Adams, 200 Hegarty, Frank, 157 and the British Army, 99, 188 Hewitt, Steve, 30, 84, 243

Index 333

Hezbollah, 10 on Ruari Finnis, 158 Hill, Robin, 184 on Stakeknife, 2 Hillery, Dr Patrick, 22 on the Loughgall SAS ambush Holland, 72 (1987), 182 Holmes, Gerard, 158 Internment (1971), 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 37, Hughes, Brendan, 29, 90, See also Fenton, 39, 44, 48, 66 Joseph Iran, 10 and Gerry Adams, 55, 226 Irish Army, 188, 189, 197, 204 and the Boston College tapes, 12 Irish government (Irish state) and the Lenadoon incident (1972), 54 and Eamonn McDavitt (1971), 48 arrest (1973), 82 and fear of a unionist backlash, 214 arrest (1974), 82 and loyalists and unionists, 72–5, 114, on Belfast IRA support (1970–1972), 38 132, 202–3 on Jean McConville, 12, 83, 84 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement on Joseph Fenton, 147 (1985), 132 on Seamus Wright, 33, 83 and the British government, 25, 113, on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 82, 147 131–2, 135, 136, 206–7, 208, 220–3, on the IRA ceasefire (1972), 55 224–5, 233–4, 238 on the IRA ceasefire (1975), 66 and the IRA and Sinn Féin, 50–1, 58–9, on the Loughgall SAS ambush (1987), 74, 92–3, 94, 96, 99–100, 110, 165, 182, 184 187–9, 200–5, 206–7, 208, 212–15, on the Old Bailey bombing (1973), 104 217, 221–3, 224–5, 233–4, 238 on the peace process, 226 and the SDLP, 114, 200–5, 206–7, on Vincent Heatherington, 143 220–3, 233–4, 238 Hughes, Francis, 178 and the United Nations, 74, 113, 188 Hume, John. See also Social Democratic and broadcasting ban, 214 Labour Party (SDLP) constitution, 202 and Gerry Adams, 201, 217, 222, 225 Irish Department of Foreign Affairs, 72, and the British government, 26, 201, 202 73, 74, 102, 110, 111, 113, 135, and the Brooke-Mayhew talks 204, 205 (1991–1992), 208 Offences Against the State Act, 200, 214 and the IRA and Sinn Féin, 26, 117, 134, Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 8, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 227 157, 178 and the peace process, 204 Irish Republican Army (old IRA, Hunt, John, 70 1919–1921), 2 Israel-Palestine conflict, 1 Informers, 243, See also Agents and British intelligence, 9, 30, 130, 243 Jack, Hugh, 192 and the Irish War of Independence Jenkins, Roy, 70, 78 (1919–1921), 2 Johnston, Ivan, 95 and the United Irishmen, 2 Joint Intelligence Committee, 40 definition, 10 motives, 11 Kalyvas, Stathis N, 6, 11, 87, 239 Ingram, Martin. See also Braniff, Anthony; Keenan, Brian, 191 Burns, Gregory; Dignam, John; Keenan, Sean, 91 Fenton, Joseph; Flood, Patrick; Kelly, Gerry, 103, 196, 232 Finnis, Ruari; Hegarty, Frank; Kenyan Emergency, 1, 21, 22, 39 Starrs, Aidan Kerr, Michael, 67–8 on agents and informers, 144 Kerry (county), 101, 191, 197 on Anthony Braniff, 148 Kildare (county), 156 on Frank Hegarty, 157 King, Frank, 122 on Gregory Burns, 179–80 King, Tom, 134, 135, See also Thatcher, on Joseph Fenton, 147, 148, 151 Margaret on motives for agents and informers, 11 Kitson, Brigadier Sir Frank, 23, 29, 30, on Patrick Flood, 158 31, 35

334 Index

Lambert, Stephen, 230, 231 state); Haughey, Charles; Reynolds, Laneside, 24, 57, 64, 109 Albert Larkin, Paul, 190 Marshall, Sam, 181, 182, See also North and Latham, Richard, 176 mid-Armagh IRA Lean, Robert, 124 Martin, William, 165 Leitrim (county), 204 Mason, Roy, 96, 123–4, 125, 128–9, 131, Lennon, Kenneth Joseph, 105 See also British Labour Party; Lewis, Rob, 141, 157, Callaghan, James; Rees, Merlyn; 174, 175 Wilson, Harold Liles, Brigadier Ian, 173 Matchett, William Lisburn, 57, 96, 140, 144 on British security strategy, 132–3 London bombings. See Provisional IRA: on cross-border security, 188 activities in England on intelligence, 9, 10, 11, 41, 89, Long Kesh, 66, 82, 85, 143 141, 142 Loughran, Seamus, 58, 111 on IRA counter-intelligence (1974), 91 Louth (county), 43, 83, 99, 101, 103, 190 on rural IRA units, 154, 186 Lynch, Jack, 22, 23, 25, 50, 59, See also on the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 183 Fianna Fáil on the Force Research Unit (FRU), 141 Lynch, Patrick, 91 on the Loughgall SAS ambush (1987), 182–3 MacDonald, Darach, 171, 172 on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), MacGiolla Bhride, Antoin, 174–5 102, 166, 168, 169, 223 MacManus, Seán, 214 Maudling, Reginald, 22, 23 MacStiofáin, Sean Mau-Mau, 1, 22 and the end of Stormont (1972), 24 Mayhew, Sir Patrick, 209, See also British and the Free Derry press conference government policy; Brooke, Peter; (1972), 52 Major, John; Thatcher, Margaret on negotiations (1972), 26, 49, 50, 53, McAnulty, John, 165 55, 56, 57 McBrearty, George, 159, See also Maguire, on the Eamon McDavitt shooting Charles (1971), 48 McBride, Séan, 110, 215 on the IRA (1970–1972), 44 McCann, Dan, 156 Magee, Patrick, 192, 193, 195, See also McCauley, Martin, 180, See also Tighe, Provisional IRA (IRA): Brighton Michael bombing (1984); Sherry, Peter McClean, Paddy Joe, 48 Maginnis, Ken, 177 McConville, Jean, 12, 13, 83–4, See also Maguire, Charles, 159 Hughes, Brendan; Moloney, Ed; Maguire, Peter, 173 Price, Dolores; Provisional IRA Mahon, Catherine, 148 (IRA): and the disappeared Mahon, Gerard, 148 McCreesh, Raymond, 165, See also Major, John, 133, 197, See also Brooke, McAnulty, John Peter; Mayhew, Sir Patrick; McDavitt, Eamonn, 48 Thatcher, Margaret McElwaine, Seamus, 177, See also and decommissioning, 225 Fermanagh IRA; SAS and John Hume, 207 McEntee, Patrick, 165 and MI5, 194 McGartland, Martin, 148, 149, 150, 151, and the IRA and Sinn Féin, 136, 137, 155, See also Ian Phoenix and Tony 232, 241, 242 Harrison and the pan-nationalist talks, 210 McGladdery, Gary, 103, 191, 196 and the SAS, 210 McGlinchey, Dominic, 178 and the Ulster Unionist Party, 225 McGrogan, Myles, 143–4, See also Green, and the ‘war is over’ message (1993), 209 James and Heatherington, Vincent Malayan Emergency, 21 McGuinness, Martin, 58, 160, 214, Mansergh, Martin, 200, 201, 208, See also 223, 231 Fianna Fáil; Irish government (Irish and Denis Donaldson, 200, 235

Index 335

and Irish republican strategy on the peace process, 216, 222, 224, 227 (1976–1998), 128, 130 on the rural IRA, 101–2, 186 and talks with British representatives, on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), 173 128, 207 McKerr, Gervaise, 180, See also Burns, and the Free Derry press conference Sean; Toman, Eugene (1972), 52 McKittrick, David, 208 and the IRA ceasefire (1975), 115, 220 McLaughlin, Mitchel, 201 and the peace process, 136, 196, 219, McShane, Roy, 229 220, 224, 231, 232 McSheffrey, Eddie, 160 arrest (1972), 91, 94 McVeigh, Columba, 95, See also Provisional Mid-Ulster MP (1997), 225 IRA (IRA): and the disappeared on the south Armagh watchtowers, McVeigh, David, 179 171, 231 McVeigh, Patrick, 37, See also Military McGuire, Maria, 53, 55 Reaction Force (MRF) McHugh, Susan, 212 McVerry, Michael, 101 McIntyre, Anthony McWhirter, Ross, 106 on Denis Donaldson, 3, 228, 229 Meaklin, William, 95 on Stakeknife, 3, 145, 146, 148, 228 Meath (county), 144 on the peace process, 3, 227 Meehan, Martin, 45 McKearney, Tommy, 226, See also East Megraw, Brendan, 144, See also Provisional Tyrone Brigade (IRA) IRA: and the disappeared on agents and informers, 228–9, 236, Metropolitan Police Special Branch 243, 248 (MPSB), 7, 104, 105, 193, 240 on British strategy, 42, 66, 88, 134–5 and Garda Special Branch, 106 on county Tyrone, 46 and IRA activities in England, 106 on Denis Donaldson, 184, 228–9 and Kenneth Joseph Lennon, 105 on IRA activities in England, 102–3, 104, and MI5, 106–7, 140, 194, 240 192–3, 194 and Patrick Magee, 193 on IRA cells, 149–50, 160 and the arrests of Peter Sherry and on Martin McGuinness, 231 Patrick Magee, 192 on Sinn Féin, 157 MI5, 14, 33, 76, 90, 174, 240 on Stakeknife, 145, 146, 150 and agents and informers, 140 on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 85, 88, 142, and Harold Wilson, 78 149–50, 152 and intelligence cooperation, 40, on the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 139, 140 48, 184 and intelligence rivalries, 7, 141 on the IRA and the Irish state, 214 and Metropolitan Police Special Branch on the IRA ceasefire (1975), 82 (MPSB), 106, 194 on the IRA leadership, 226 and TCGs, 141 on the IRA’s Long War strategy, 126 and technical surveillance, 140, 151, 180 on the Loughgall SAS ambush and the IRA, 136, 192, 197 (1987), 182 and the Police Service of Northern on the peace process, 216, 231 Ireland (PSNI), 142 on the RUC and UDR, 213 and The Way Ahead for Security Policy on the rural IRA, 44, 99, 100, 187, 190 (1977), 122 McKee, Billy, 68, 109, 110 on Libyan weapons, 197 McKee, Kevin, 33, 82–3, See also Hughes, MI6, 65, 68, 76, 131, See Oatley, Michael; Brendan; Wright, Seamus Steele, Frank McKeown, Laurence Middleton, Donald, 70, 112, 122 on civilian casualties, 153 Military Intelligence Liaison Officer on IRA activities in England, 105, 194–5 (MILO), 33, 40 on surveillance, 150 Military Reaction Force (MRF), 29, 32, 83, on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 85 84, See also Cursey, Simon on the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 184 and 14 Intelligence Company, 139 on the IRA, 144, 154, 177, 178 and Belfast, 31–2, 37–8, 39

336 Index

Military Reaction Force (MRF) (cont.) Mumford, Andrew, 54 and the Four-Square laundry, 32–3, 82–3 Murray, Father Raymond, 33 and the shooting of James Bryson, 87 and the shooting of Patrick McVeigh, 37 Nairac, Robert, 95–6, 97, See also foundation, 30, 33 Provisional IRA: and the Ministry of Defence (MOD), 43, 96 disappeared, South Armagh Mitchell, Tom, 46 Brigade (IRA) Molloy, Eamon, 84–5, See also Bradley, Nelson, Brian, 242 Gerry; Feeney, Brian; Moloney, Ed Nelson, Rosemary, 139, 141, 142, 181 Moloney, Ed, 12–13 Neumann, Peter, 23, 67, 208 on Denis Donaldson, 228 Nicaragua, 211 on Eamon Molloy, 84–5 North and mid-Armagh IRA, 5, 6, 179–82, on Gerry Adams and the peace process, 187, 198, 237, 242 225–6 North and mid-Down IRA, 178–9, 198 on IRA internal security, 145 Northern Ireland Office, 52, 55, 64, 68, 70, on Myles McGrogan and Vincent 76, 90, 112, 122, 135, 241 Heatherington, 143 on the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 183 Ó Bradaigh, Ruairi, 63 on the Eksund, 196 and elections, 111 on the intelligence war, 4, 29 and Glenn Barr, 73, 110, See also Barr, on the IRA ceasefire (1975), 81 Glenn on the peace process, 135, 227 and the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 69, Monaghan (county), 47, 51, 95, 190 106, 109–10, 111–12, 115 and county Tyrone, 99 on a federal Ireland (Éire Nua), 49–50, and Seamus McElwaine, 177 51, 52, 55 and the Fermanagh IRA, 176 on loyalism and unionism, 109–10, 112 and the IRA, 50, 99, 189 on peace talks, 51 and unionism, 51 Ó Caoláin, Caoimhghín, 225 Morris, Frank, 25 Ó Conaill, Daithí Morrison, Danny and talks with Sir John Hackett, 65 and talks with the SDLP (1988), 203 and the Free Derry press conference on civilian casualties, 153 (1972), 52 on Denis Donaldson, 231–2 and the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 111, on screening, 86 112, 116 on Stakeknife, 2 and the IRA ceasefire (June–July 1972), on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 34, 39, 55, 57–8 85, 156 and the SDLP, on the Brooke-Mayhew talks, 208 on a federal Ireland (Éire Nua), 49–50, on the cell structure, 155 51–2, 55 on the intelligence war, 197–8 on elections, 111 on the IRA ceasefire (1972), 52–3 on loyalism and unionism, 51–2, 110–11 on the IRA ceasefire (1994), 198 on peace talks, 52, 115 on the IRA’s Long War strategy, 127 on the Constitutional Convention, 111 on the peace process, 3, 211, 217–18 on the Irish government, 59 on the republican leadership, 231–2 Ó Dochartaigh, Niall on the rural IRA, 41, 45, 186 on British strategy, 122, 205 on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), on Derry city, 37, 93 45, 171 on negotiations, 56, 220 Mowlam, Mo, 233, See also the British on regional IRA units, 239 Labour Party, Blair, Tony, Powell, on the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 109, Jonathan 114, 117, 122 Mulhern, John Joseph, 148, See also on the IRA’s Long War strategy, 126, 128 Stakeknife on the peace process, 4 Mulholland, Marc, 51, 153 on the republican leadership, 239 Mulroe, Patrick, 94, 99, 100, 189 Ó hAdhmaill, Féílim

Index 337

on IRA activities in England, 104, 195, on cross-border roads, 47 212–13 on house searches, 37 on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 35, on internment, 39 126, 149 on Irish security forces, 189 on the peace process, 216, 227 on screening, 86 O’Brien, Brendan, 127, 162, 214 on the border area, 186 O’Brien, Seamus, 143, See also on the IRA, 36, 81, 82, 85, 88, 103, Heatherington, Vincent 126, 168 O’Doherty, Shane Paul on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), and IRA activities in England, 101, 104 168, 170 and the Tyrone IRA, 101 on the south Armagh watchtowers, 167 on Derry city, 22, 36–7 Operation Kenova, 148, 247, See also on Operation Motorman, 92 Stakeknife on the Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA), Operation Motorman, 55, 87, 150, See also 35, 93–4 Belfast Brigade (IRA); Derry on the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), Brigade (Derry city IRA) 94–5, 115 O’Donnell, Catherine, 202 Paisley, Ian, 74, 114 O’Loan, Nuala, 83, See also McConville, Palmer, Brian, 83, See also McKee, Kevin; Jean Wright, Seamus O’Reilly, Tom, 174 Patterson, Henry, 42, 176, Oatley, Michael, 76, 109, 112, 115, 131, 213 136, 207, See also MI6 Perry, Margaret, 179, See also Burns, O’Callaghan, Sean Gregory and IRA activities in England, 191–2, Phoenix, Ian 193, 195 on intelligence rivalries, 141 and IRA arms shipments, 197 on IRA activities in England, 192, 195 on the rural IRA, 101 on Martin McGartland, 149 O’Doherty, Shane Paul on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 36, 143, and IRA activities in England, 101 146, 152, 156 on Derry city, 22, 36–7 on the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), on Operation Motorman, 92 183 on the Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA), on the Loughgall SAS ambush (1987), 35, 93–4 141, 182 on the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), on the SAS, 152, 210 94–5, 115 on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), O’Donnell, Catherine, 203 167, 195 Official IRA (OIRA), 20, 34, 44, 46, 48, Police Ombudsman Northern Ireland, 83, 49, 157 146, 148 Oldfield, Sir Maurice, 131 Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), Omand, Sir David 13, 142 on community support, 7, 22, Powell, Jonathan 38 on constructive ambiguity, 109 on divisions within the state, 7 on decommissioning, 224, on intelligence cooperation, 41 225 on intelligence strategy, 65 on pan-nationalist strategy, 207 on types of intelligence, 8 on republican leaders and the peace Open-source intelligence (OSINT), 8, 241 process, 220, 228, 232 Operation Banner, 19 on the IRA ceasefire (1972), 244–5 on ‘an acceptable level of violence’,7, on the IRA ceasefire (1975), 246 17, 123 on the peace process, 247 on British intelligence and security on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), strategy, 38, 66, 130, 131, 145 171 on checkpoints, 189 Powell, Lord Charles, 131, 197 on criminalisation, 123 Price, Dolours, 13, 84, 103, 246

338 Index

Price, Marion, 246 Balcombe Street ‘gang’ (1975), 104, Prior, James, 128, 133, 134, 135 106 Provisional IRA (IRA), 2, 34–5, 91, See also Baltic Exchange bombing (1992), 193 Belfast Brigade (IRA); Derry Birmingham pub bombings (1974), 77, Brigade (Derry city IRA); East 105, 106 Tyrone Brigade (IRA); Fermanagh Bishopsgate bombing (1993), 194 IRA; North and mid-Armagh IRA; Brighton bombing (1984), 125, 131, 193, South Armagh Brigade (IRA) 195, 197 activities in England, 5, 10, 71, 77–8, 81, cell structure, 5, 89–90, 125–6, 130, 138, 102–7, 163, 164, 165, 191–6, 197–8, 154–5, 205 223–5, 230, 233, 237, 239 Chief of Staff, 24, 44, 53, 54, 104, and a British declaration of intent to 191, 196 withdraw (1972), 53–4, 56, 57 Christmas ceaseﬁre (1990), 217, 218 and a British declaration of intent to civilian casualties, 138, 153–4, 162–3, withdraw (1974–1975), 66, 67, 68, 186, 204–5, 212–13, 237 75, 76, 108, 109, 110, 111–12, 113, Cloghogue checkpoint attack (1992), 114, 237, 246 189, See also South Armagh and a British declaration of intent to Brigade (IRA) withdraw (1976–1979), 122 counter-intelligence measures, 88–9 and a British declaration of intent to Deal barracks bombing (1989), 193 withdraw (1980–1998), 219, 224 Derryard checkpoint attack (1989), 189 and decommissioning, 223, 224–5, 234 Docklands bombing (1996), 224 and Libyan weapons, 157, 164, 174, 197, Downing Street mortar attack (1991), 198, 204, 205, 226, 230 170, 193, 194, 197, See also South and loose talk, 85–6, 149 Armagh Brigade (IRA) and loyalists, 51–2, 53–4, 57–8, 73, Enniskillen bombing (1987), 177, 212, 210–11 213, See also Fermanagh IRA and loyalists and unionists, 55, Five-point peace plan (1971), 52, 245 109–11, 213 formation (1969), 30 and Newry, 5, 42, 145, 165, 168, 185–6, Free Derry press conference (1972), 52 190, 239, See also South Armagh General Army Conventions, 191, 226 Brigade (IRA) General Headquarters (GHQ), 101, and ‘shoot-to-kill’ incidents, 181, 187, 104, 226 210, 242 General Order Eight, 204 and the Ballysillan Post Ofﬁce SAS Green Book, 204 ambush (1978), 152 Guildford pub bombings (1974), 105 and the disappeared, 33, 82–5, Harrods bombing (1983), 193 95–6, 144 Heathrow mortar attacks (1994), 194 and the Irish state, 204–5 Houses of Parliament bombing and the Mitchell principles, 223 (1974), 105 and the peace process, 247 hunger-strikes (1980–1981), 91, 124, and the SDLP, 26, 49–50, 52, 134 128, 131, 134, 148, 156, 157, 160, and the suspension of Stormont 165, 178, 202 (1972), 24 Hyde Park bombing (1982), 193 Armalite and Ballot-Box strategy internal security unit, 2, 130, 145–6, 147, (1981), 233 150, 180, 185, 190–1 Army Council, 26, 51, 52, 67, 74, 102, leadership, 108, 109, 111, 112, 121, 122, 104, 109, 128, 129, 164, 191, 196, 153, 154, 191–8, 199–200, 197, 224, 226, 232 224–5, 234 Army Executive, 191, 224 Long War strategy, 126–30, 138, 165 assassination of Joe Bratty, 210, 211 M62 coach bombing (1974), 105 assassination of Lord Mountbatten Magherafelt bombing (1993), 162, 178 (1979), 125, 131 Manchester bombing (1996), 223, 224 assassination of Raymond Elder, Newtownards bombing (1993), 179 210, 211 Old Bailey bombing (1973), 103–4

Index 339

Quartermasters, 104, 157, 196 and Headquarters Mobile Support Unit Regent’s Park bombing (1982), 193 (HMSU), 139, 166, 180, 187 Shankill fish shop bombing (1993), and ‘shoot-to-kill’ incidents, 187 153, 211 and the Garda, 99–100, 188–9 St Mary’s Axe bombing (1992), 170, See and the nationalist community, also South Armagh Brigade (IRA) 39–40, 187 Thiepval barracks bombing (1996), 224 and The Way Ahead for Security Policy TUAS strategy (1994), 221–2 (1977), 122 volunteers and the peace process, 225–8 Chief Constable, 100, 140, 152 Warrenpoint ambush (1979), 125, 167, death statistics, 186 168, 170 Reserve, 186 Warrington bombing (1993), 196, 212 Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Branch (RUC SB), 7, 29, 90, 92, See also Rathcoole, 54, 57 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) Rees, Merlyn, 114, See also British and Garda Special Branch, 99–100, government policy; British Labour 188–9, 194 Party; Callaghan, James, and intelligence cooperation, 39–41 Donoughue, Bernard; Jenkins, Roy; and intelligence guidelines, 141 Mason, Roy; Wilson, Harold and intelligence rivalries, 141–2, 240 and British strategy (1974–1975), and MI5, 140 63, 137 and Military Intelligence Liasion Officers and British strategy (1975–1976), (MILO), 33 117, 122 and south Armagh, 172 and criminalisation, 123 and TCGs, 141 and independence for Northern Ireland and the Gransha ambush (1984), 159 (1974–1975), 66, 67–8, 69, 70–2, and the intelligence system, 138–9 74–7, 79–80, 110, 111–12, 122 and the Metropolitan Police Special and IRA activity in England, 77–8 Branch (MPSB), 106–7, 192 and IRA ceasefire talks (March 1972), 53 E4A, 139, 151 and IRA talks (July 1972), 54 surveillance in Belfast, 151–2 and the ban on Sinn Féin, 111 Rural IRA, 6–7, 41–8, 95–102, 107, 164, and the Constitutional Convention 165–91, 239–40, See also East (1975), 69 Tyrone Brigade (IRA); Fermanagh and the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), IRA; North and mid-Armagh IRA; 66–72, 75–80, 107, 110, North and mid-Down IRA; South 111–12, 241 Armagh Brigade (IRA); South Derry and the legalisation of Sinn Féin and the IRA; South Down IRA UVF, 68 and Ulster loyalists, 70–1, 72, 75, 76–7 Sands, Bobby, 46, 184, 229 on British strategy (1974–1975), 137 SAS, 8 on IRA activities in England, 106 and Antoin MacGiolla Bhride (1984), on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), 97 174–5 Reid, Father Alec, 127, 200, 203, 217, 225, and Peter Cleary (1976), 166 See also Adams, Gerry and rural IRA units, 190, 198 Reynolds, Albert, 201, 208, 217, 222, See and Seamus Harvey (1977), 166 also Ahern, Bertie; Fianna Fáil; and TCGs, 141 Mansergh, Martin and the Ballysillan Post Office depot River Bann, 46, 187 ambush (1978), 152 Robinson, Vincent, 148 and the Coagh ambush (1991), 183 Rowan, Brian, 230 and the Coalisland ambush (1992), 183 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 18, 138, and the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 141, 188, See also Royal Ulster 174–5, 182–4, 190 Constabulary Special Branch (RUC and the Fermanagh IRA, 177–8 SB), See also Clarke, George; and the Gibraltar ambush (1988), 156 Matchett, William; Phoenix, Ian and the Gransha ambush (1984), 159

340 Index

SAS (cont.) Sligo (county), 125 and the intelligence structure, 140 Smith, Brigadier Mike, 173 and the Loughgall ambush (1987), 141, Smith, Howard, 24 182–3 Smithwick Tribunal, 165 and the peace process, 210 Social Democratic and Labour Party Saville Inquiry (Bloody Sunday Inquiry, (SDLP), 55, 58, 59, See also British 2010), 21, 33 government policy; Hume, John; Scotland, 192 Irish government (Irish state); Shenton, Private Christopher, 160 Provisional IRA (IRA); Sinn Féin Sherry, Peter, 192, See also Magee, Patrick; and a federal Ireland, 50 Phoenix, Ian and British government policy, 23–8, 63, Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), 8, 90, 130, 64, 113, 121, 131–2, 134, 135–6, 192, 243 206–7, 208 Sinn Féin, 2, 124, See also British and Derry city, 138, 162 government policy; Irish and independence for Northern Ireland government (Irish state); Provisional (1974–1975), 74, 113 IRA (IRA); Social Democratic and and majority rule, 17, 21 Labour Party (SDLP) and pan-nationalist talks, 200–5, 206–7, and a federal Ireland (Éire Nua), 49–50, 208, 217, 220–2 51–2, 72, 109, 110, 115 and Stormont majority rule, 24, 28 and abstention, 111, 133, 214, 226 and the IRA and Sinn Féin, 24–6, 28, and British government policy, 26, 121, 49–51, 54, 111, 113, 131–2, 156, 131–7, 199, 205–10, 215, 219–22, 162–3, 181, 185, 199, 200–5, 206–7, 228–34, 238, 243–7 208, 211, 215, 220–2, 225, 226, and Derry city, 162–3 227, 233, 237, 238, 247 and elections, 225, 238, 247 and the Irish government, 113, 200–5, and informers, 228–33 206–7, 208 and Irish-America, 222 and the suspension of Stormont and local councils, 202 (1972), 20–1 and pan-nationalist talks, 199, 200–5, rent-and-rates strikes, 22 206–8, 216–17, 219, 221–3, 225, Towards a New Ireland strategy,50 233–4, 238 South Africa, 196, 211 and the American government, 234 South Armagh, 168, 190 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement, 215 and British Army watchtowers, 166–7, and the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 153–4, 170–1 156–7 and Croslieve Mountain listening and the broadcasting ban (UK), 135 tower, 140 and the Downing Street Declaration and the Borucki Sangar, 166 (1993), 220–2 and the shooting of Harry Thornton and the IRA ceaseﬁre (1974–1975), (1971), 45 115–17 Camlough, 44 and the Irish government, 58–9, 117, Crossmaglen, 42, 44, 45, 165, 166, 131–2, 135, 199, 200–5, 206–8, 212, 168, 172 213–17, 221–3, 224–5, 233–4, Culderry, 166 238, 247 Cullaville, 170 and the Long War strategy, 126–30 Cullyhanna, 166, 168 and the peace process, 199–235, 243–7 Forkhill, 166 and the SDLP, 58–9, 117, 131–2, 162–3, Keady, 95 181, 184–5, 199, 200–5, 206–8, nationalists and Dundalk, 47, 99 211–12, 215–17, 221–2, 224–5, Newtownhamilton, 95, 98 226, 227, 233–4, 237, 238, 247 Tullydonnell, 98 and unionism, 202, 206, 219, 221 South Armagh Brigade (IRA), 5, 41, 95, proscription, 54, 58, 135 164, 186, 187, 190, 242, See also Slater, Alistair, 175 Provisional IRA (IRA); South Slater, Hugh, 92 Armagh

Index 341

and British Army helicopters, 169, and the rural IRA, 190–1 172, 173 and the South Down IRA, 185 and British Army watchtowers, 166–7, Stalker, John, 180, See also Royal Ulster 170–1 Constabulary Special Branch and British vehicle patrols, 169 (RUC SB) and checkpoints, 167 Starrs, Aidan, 179–80, See also Burns, and IRA operations, 186 Gregory; Dignam, John and IRA operations in England, 166, 170, Steele, Frank, 24, 25, 51, 55, 57, 58, 64, 89, 195, 198, 223–4, 237 See also MI6 and local support, 168–9, 172–3, 187 Stormont and Robert Nairac, 95–6 and British security policy, 18–21 and smuggling, 165, 172–3 and Irish nationalists, 24 and the border, 172 and Sinn Féin, 133, 219, 229 and the Borucki Sangar, 171 and the British government, 23–4 and the Cloghogue checkpoint attack and the IRA, 28, 53 (1992), 189 and the RUC, 40 and the Croslieve Mountain listening and the SDLP, 17, 20 tower, 167 collusion debate (2015), 236 and the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 102, suspension (1972), 17, 21 113, 117 Unionist majority rule, 17, 18, 23, and the IRA ceasefire (1994–1996), 231 48, 51 and the IRA ceasefire (1997), 223–4, 233 Stuart, Edward, 83, See also Military and the Irish Civil War, 45 Reaction Force (MRF) and the Irish War of Independence, 45 Sunningdale Agreement and Executive and the killing of Lord Justice Gibson (1973–1974), 65, 69, 70, 72, 76–7 (1987), 170 Supergrass trials, 124–5, 131, 158, See also and the Newry barracks attack Gilmour, Raymond (1985), 170 Surveillance, 9, 96, 100, 151–2, 159–60, and the SAS, 102, 166 161, 163, 192–3, 237 and the Warrenpoint ambush (1979), Swift, Alan, 161 168, 170 Syria, 10 and vetting volunteers, 190–1 arrests, 223 Taliban, 14 campaign, 95–102, 165–73, 190–1, 223, Tasking and Co-ordinating Groups 237, 239 (TCGs), 141–2, 182–3, 240 Crossmaglen barracks attacks, 168 Taylor, Peter intended target killings (1969–1972), 41 and Stephen Lambert, 230 intended target killings (1972–1975) on British intelligence, 66 ,96–7 on discrimination, 46 intended target killings (1976–1998), on IRA activities in England, 196 167–8 on IRA arrests, 91 risk averse culture, 173 on the breaking of the IRA ceasefire sniper attacks, 98, 167, 169, 170 (1996–1997), 224 training, 99 on the Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA), South Derry IRA, 178, 185 93, 160 South Down IRA, 42, 185–6, 198, 237 on the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 112 Special Powers Act, 18 on the IRA ceasefire (June–July 1972), Stakeknife, 184, 236, 242, 247 50 and Aidan Starrs, Gregory Burns and on the Lenadoon incident (1972), 54, John Dignam, 180 58 and Freddie Scappaticci allegations, 2, on the Metropolitan Police Special 150, 236 Branch (MPSB), 106 and Joseph Fenton, 147 on the MRF, 32, 33 and the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 143, Teggart, Bernard, 84 145–6, 148, 150, 155 Terry, Sir Peter, 193

342 Index

Thatcher, Margaret, 130, 197, See also Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), 35, 41, British Conservative Party; Brooke, 138, 177, 179, 213 Peter; Heath, Edward; Hurd, and the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 35 Douglas; King, Tom; Major, John; and the Derry Brigade (IRA), 159 Mayhew, Sir Patrick; Prior, James and the Down IRA, 179 and Brighton bomb (1984), 193 and the Fermanagh IRA, 176 and intelligence, 241 and the IRA, 92 and multi-party talks, 131 and the North and mid-Armagh IRA, 180 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the rural IRA, 186 (1985), 132 and the Tyrone IRA, 182, 183 and the intelligence services, 141 Ulster loyalists, 66, 75, 112 and the IRA and Sinn Féin, 131–6, and British government policy, 18–19 137, 241 and British intelligence, 8 and the IRA hunger-strikes (1980–1981), and collusion, 181, 242 128, 131 and independence for Northern Ireland, The Hunt Report (1969), 18 78, 79, 114, 129 Thornton, Harry, 45, 47 and independence for Northern Ireland Tighe, Michael, 180, See also HMSU; (1974–1975), 67, 71, 72–4, 75, McCauley, Martin; North and 113–14 mid-Armagh IRA and the ‘Glenanne gang’, 181 Toman, Eugene, 180, See also Burns, Sean; and the IRA, 210–11 HMSU; McKerr, Gervaise; North Ulster Special Constabulary and mid-Armagh IRA (B-Specials), 18 Toolis, Kevin, 157, 158 Ulster Unionism Trainor, Patrick Gerard, 148, See also and discrimination, 46–7 Valente, Peter and Home Rule, 28 Tuzo, Sir Harry, 33, See also British Army and independence for Northern Ireland Twomey, Séamus, 52, 54, 55, 56, 67, 115 (1974–1975), 73–5 Tyrie, Andy, 72, See also Barr, Glenn; UDA and majority rule, 17–24 Tyrone (county), 45, 48, 103, See also East and the Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), Tyrone Brigade (IRA); McKearney, 132, 202–3 Tommy and the British government, 114, 122, and Cookstown council, 202 137, 225 and discrimination, 18, 46–8 and the IRA, 176–7, 213 and Dungannon council elections, 185 and the Irish government, 74–5 Cookstown council elections, 46–7, and the peace process, 202–3, 233 201 rejection of Éire Nua, 50 Dungannon, 46, 47, 97, 114, 182 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 19, 65, 132, nationalists and Monaghan, 47, 99 177, 202, See also Ulster Unionism Omagh, 46, 182 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 63, 68, See Omagh council elections, 185, 201, 222 also Ulster Loyalism Strabane, 47, 185 1913–1914, 28 unafﬁliated republicans (dissenting UK representatives for Northern Ireland, republicans), 11, 12 24, See also Smith, Howard; Steele, United States of America government Frank (US government), 222, 234, 240 Ulster Defence Association (UDA), 210 Urban IRA. See Belfast Brigade (IRA); and independence for Northern Ireland Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA) (1974–1975), 71–2, 73–4, 79, Urban, Mark, 124, 140, 174, 175 113–14 and the British government, 114 Valente, Peter, 147–8, See also Bradley, and the IRA, 52, 72–3, 110–11 Gerry; Feeney, Brian and the Irish government, 72–4, 113–14 Vanguard, 72, 73, 110, 114, See also Craig, and the Lenadoon incident (1972), 54, Bill 57, 58 Vengeful, 32, 152, 174

Index 343

Wales, 192, 193 Party; Callaghan, James; Walsh, Damien, 212 Donoughue, Bernard; Jenkins, Roy; Walsh, Séanna Mason, Roy; Rees, Merlyn and the peace process, 227 and discrimination in Northern on arrests, 188 Ireland, 18 on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 85, 154 and independence for Northern Ireland on the IRA’s Long War strategy, 127 (1974–1975), 63, 66–8, 69–72, Ward, Judith, 105 75–9, 113 Whitelaw, William, 18, 40, See also British and intelligence, 241–2 Conservative Party; British and IRA activities in England, 77–8 Government policy; Heath, Edward; and loyalists and unionists, 75–7 Major, John; Thatcher, Margaret and talks with the IRA (1972), 49, 52, and the IRA, 17–18, 26, 28, 53–5, 56–7 63, 64–5, 79 and the fifteen-point plan, 53–4 and the IRA ceasefire (June–July 1972), and the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 26, 27, 52–3, 54–5, 56, 57–8, 59, 66–8, 69–72, 75–9, 110, 114, 244–5 241 and the Lenadoon incident and the proscription of Sinn Féin, (July 1972), 57–8 54–5, 56–7 and the low-profile policy (1972), 38 Wilson, Marie, 212, See also Wilson, Gordon and the SDLP, 17–18, Woodfield, Sir Philip, 55, 65 25, 28 Wright, Seamus, 83, See also Hughes, Whyte, John, 6, 18, 46 Brendan; McKee, Kevin Wilson, Gordon, 212, See also Wislon, Marie Young, James, 179 Wilson, Harold, 18, 137, See also British government policy; British Labour Zegart, Amy, 240