Available online at www.nznaturalsciences.org.nz

The of Quail Island (Ōtamahua): a faunal comparison of an island under restoration with other sites on Banks Peninsula

Hamish J.H. Patrick1, Mike H. Bowie1*, Barry W. Fox2, and Brian H. Patrick3

1Ecology Department, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, . 2Forest View, Tytherley Road, Winterslow, Salisbury SP5 1PZ, UK. 3Central Stories Museum and Art Gallery, Box 308, Alexandra, Central Otago, New Zealand. *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

(Received 30 July 2010, revised and accepted 24 January 2011)

Abstract

The (moths and butterflies) of Quail Island located in Lyttelton Harbour, Banks Ecological Region, Canterbury, New Zealand were surveyed between 2007 and 2009. Four other Banks Peninsula sites were also sampled. In total, 146 of Lepidoptera were found on Quail Island, which is currently undergoing ecological restoration. This is relatively rich for a small island with limited habitat diversity, but not as rich as nearby Banks Peninsula sites. None of the known Banks Peninsula endemic moths were recorded on the island. Recommendations are made for additional plantings to encourage the establishment of greater numbers of species and particular moth species are suggested for reintroduction to the island.

Key words: Quail Island - Ōtamahua - Banks Peninsula - ecological restoration - moths - Lepidoptera - host - reintroductions.

Introduction (Bowie 2008; Bowie et al. 2010) and native planting (Norton et al. 2004). In- Quail Island is located in Lyttelton ventories of plants (Burrows et al. 1999), Harbour, Banks Ecological Region, invertebrates (Bowie et al. 2003) and liz- Canterbury, New Zealand. The island is ards (Lukis 1999) have been completed, an 85 ha Recreation Reserve administered but with the planting of approximately by the Department of Conservation and 80,000 native trees and shrubs over the the Quail Island Ecological Restoration last twelve years the habitat has changed Trust. considerably. In the early stages of the At present, Quail Island is being eco- restoration, Bowie et al. (2003) identi- logically restored through pest eradication fied 54 species of Lepidoptera on Quail

New Zealand Natural Sciences (2011) 36: 57-72. © New Zealand Natural Sciences 58 New Zealand Natural Sciences 36 (2011)

Island, but since then additional species Reserve (Port Hills) Onawe Peninsula are expected to have established, in ad- (Akaroa Harbour) and Hinewai Reserve dition to species missed in that survey. (East of Akaroa) (see Table 1). A 160 W Due to the inventories of Kaitorete Spit mercury vapour UV light trap was used (Patrick 1994), Hinewai Reserve (Ward for these collections. Daytime collections et al. 1999) and Kennedys Bush (Ward et were also made on the same dates using al. 2007), the Lepidoptera of some parts a net. Dry collections of butterflies and of Banks Ecological Region are fairly moths were prepared and are stored in the well known. However, further surveys Lincoln University Entomology Research are required to cover the many habitats Museum (LUNZ). Nomenclature used present in the Banks Ecological Region, in this publication essentially follows that which contains three ecological districts of Dugdale (1988) but also utilises some (Wilson 1992). The position of Quail more recent updates (Nielsen et al. 1996; Island as bordering the Port Hills and Mt Kaila 1999; Hoare 2010). The host Herbert districts makes it an ecologically records stated in the appendix are those of interesting location to survey. Brian Patrick’s (unpublished data), based The aim of this research is to gain an on his experience in other parts of New understanding of the Lepidoptera species Zealand including Canterbury. Where present on the island, and to compare this a moth species has a known association new data to the earlier survey by Bowie with a particular host plant rather than et al. (2003) and other recently surveyed actually reared, then this is noted. Banks Peninsula sites. These comparisons would enable recommendations to be Results made on the future course of the island restoration in respect to Lepidoptera spe- Lepidoptera species recorded from Quail cies and associated habitats. Comparisons Island, Onawe Peninsula, Hinewai Re- of moth catches over time can also pro- serve, Orton Bradley Park and Ahuriri vide an indicator of restoration success Scenic Reserve are shown in the appendix. (Lomov et al. 2006) which would be of A total of 146 species of Lepidoptera great benefit to the greater Quail Island are now recorded from Quail Island, of restoration picture. which 134 are native species and 12 are introduced. Localised New Zealand spe- Methods cies found on Quail Island are shown in Table 2. Details of all collection sites, dates and distances from Quail Island are shown in Discussion Table 1. Moth collecting was undertaken on the island on four nights and two The 146 Lepidoptera species recorded days. Light-trapping was carried out on on Quail Island represent a somewhat 7 December 2009 at Walkers Beach, and diverse fauna for an island in the early again on 13 December 2009 just east of stages of ecological restoration. By com- the island centre, adjacent to some of parison, Hinewai Reserve (Ward et al. the older native plantings on the island. 1999) yielded 171 species, but that Other Banks Peninsula sites sampled as area’s greater diversity of native plants a comparison were Orton Bradley Park and more mature composition of flora (Lyttelton Harbour), Ahuriri Scenic would provide a wider variety of habitats. Patrick et al: The moth fauna of Quail Island 593

Table 1: Collection sites, dates and distances from Quail Island

Distance from Collection site Latitude & Longitude Collection date Quail Island

Quail Island

3 December 2007, Information Centre 43˚ 37.722’S, 172˚ 41.814’E 4 February 2008 —

Walkers Beach 43˚ 37.861’S, 172˚ 41.200’E 7 December 2009 —

Central track 43˚ 37.685’S, 172˚ 41.632’E 13 December 2009 —

Banks Peninsula

Magnificent Gully, 43˚ 40.247’S, 172˚ 43.535’E 4 February 2010 5.07 km Orton Bradley Park

Ahuriri Scenic Reserve 43˚ 39.987’S, 172˚ 37.447’E 2 December 2007 7.20 km

Onawe Peninsula 43˚ 46.129’S, 172˚ 55.643’E 31 January 2008 24.70 km

9 January 2008, Hinewai Reserve 43˚ 48.678’S, 173˚ 1.706’E 34.05 km 21 February 2008

Other surveys, such as those of Kaitorete time as suitable habitats become available. Spit (Patrick 1994) and Kennedys Bush The most interesting species collected (Ward et al. 2007) found fewer moth was an undescribed Eudonia species. Its species than on Quail Island, with 130 presence here is intriguing because it has and 67 respectively However, it should previously only been found in a very small be noted that the collecting effort was number of localities on the Otago Penin- not standardised between sites, therefore sula (Brian Patrick, pers. comm.). The care must be taken not to over-analyse discoveries of elegant geometrids Helastia sites with a single night’s collection, as was triphragma, magnimaculata, P. the case for Orton Bradley Park, Onawe malachita, P. urticae, and Peninsula and Ahuriri Reserve (Table 1). lichenodes are also exciting as these spe- The Quail Island Lepidoptera comprises cies are seldom collected. Apart from P. species from a variety of habitats includ- urticae and P. malachita, they have never ing forest, shrubland, grassland, rock faces been successfully reared, although it is and open areas. All of the Lepidoptera strongly suspected that H. triphragma collected on the island are also found on utilizes the shrub Helichrysum lanceolatum either the surrounding Banks Peninsula as its larval host. or the Port Hills. None of the endemic Of interest was the absence from Quail Banks Peninsula moths ( Island of Cleora scriptaria (Geometridae). modica, Pasiphila heighwayi and Parano- This species is polyphagous on a vari- toreas new species) have been collected ety of tree species and is known for the on Quail Island, but expected that one or characteristic holes made by its larvae on more of these species may establish over kawakawa Macropiper excelsum leaves. 60 New Zealand Natural Sciences 36 (2011)

Table 2. Localised native moth species found on Quail Island, and their host or habitat

Species Host/habitat

Eudonia new species Rare undescribed coastal species. Feeds on on coastal rocks

Helastia triphragma Associated with Helichrysum lanceolatum

Chloroclystis lichenodes Forest species with unknown larval host

Kiwaia monophragma Dryland species of open areas

Pasiphila magnimaculata Unusual occurrence here; usually found in montane areas

Pasiphila malachita Larvae on Hebe

Pasiphila urticae Larvae on tree nettle Urtica ferox

Harmologa new species Dryland leaf-roller on small-leaved Melicytus shrubs

Scoparia augastis Southern coastal grassland species

Holes have been noticed on the leaves of once under-storey plants are established Quail Island kawakawa, so C. scriptaria and the island’s habitat matures. was expected to be collected. However, it Several moth species collected on has been suggested that the leaf damage Quail Island during this latest survey may have been caused by larvae of the have larvae that are specialist feeders on light brown apple moth, postvit- native plants that are not present on the tana; a known herbivore of kawakawa island (Colin Burrows, pers. comm.). (Hodge et al. 2000). Conspicuous amongst these species are The list of moths and butterflies col- two large noctuids, Meterana dotata and lected on Quail Island (Appendix) reflect M. praesignis, and the elegant geometrid the composition of the island’s flora, as Tatosoma tipulata; all of which have larvae many moth species are associated with a that defoliate beech (). Addi- specific larval host plant or a particular tionally, the elegant geometrid Pasiphila community. Some special host plant magnimaculata was collected on the relationships are present on the island: island, but its larval host Gaultheria is native brooms (Carmichaelia) support the absent. It could be suggested that both two uncommon moths; Muehlenbeckia of these host plants be introduced to the is utilised by many native moths; and island to support the establishment of Dichondra, Solanum, Hoheria, Urtica, these Lepidoptera species; however, as and Plagianthus all act as host plants for beech is not considered a historic species uncommon Lepidoptera species found on on Quail Island, it is unlikely to be plant- the island. The number of moth species ed. Low numbers of other host plants, present indicates that Quail Island has a such as lawyer (Rubus squarrosus and R. diverse flora with reasonably diverse eco- schmideliodes) could be supplemented logical habitats, supporting rock-face, for- with additional plantings to accommo- est, shrubland and grassland Lepidoptera date moth populations; indeed, both of species. It is expected that more native these host species are suggested as part of moth species will be found on Quail Is- the revegetation plan to secure these moth land with additional sampling, especially species on Quail Island. Plantago raoulii is Patrick et al: The moth fauna of Quail Island 61 a plant species absent from Quail Island cies to colonise the island. Other flying but could be introduced in moist areas , such as Diptera and Hemiptera, to assist establishment of Hydriomena and their parasites will also establish as deltoidata (currently present), but also to restoration plantings mature. An increase attract native moths such as the geometrid in moth diversity, as well as that of other Asaphodes abrogata. As Plantago raoulii is insects, will benefit insectivorous birds susceptible to competition from exotic and lizards on the island. Apterous inver- grasses, care must be taken to plant it in tebrate species such as spiders may need to suitable locations (Colin Burrows, pers. be reintroduced through translocations. comm.). Although Quail Island is still at a very The absence of any mistletoe species early stage in the ecological restoration on Quail Island restricts the presence of process, Lepidoptera species diversity is moth fauna that would normally be asso- impressive. There is undoubtedly poten- ciated with them. The Lyttelton Harbour tial for further increases, by both Lepi- basin has three mistletoe species: doptera reintroductions and also intro- micranthus, Korthalsella lindsayi, and Tu- duction of new host plants to encourage peia antarctica (Lucas et al. 2005). Estab- the immigration and establishment of lishing the two larger-leaved mistletoes, T. other moth species. The recommenda- antarctica and I. micranthus (Baird 1997) tions below will provide guidance on on hosts such as small-leaved coprosmas how to maximise the Lepidoptera species and kowhai (de Lange et al. 1997) using present from the Banks Ecological region. hand-planting techniques (Ladley et al. 1997) should accelerate the restoration Recommendations of these parasites and thus allow native moths such as geometrids Declana griseata In an effort to gain more knowledge of and Tatosoma agrionata to colonise, and the Lepidoptera species present on Quail help secure the existing moth Zelleria Island, we recommend ongoing Lepidop- sphenota (Patrick & Dugdale 1997). tera collection, particularly over a range of seasons including late summer, autumn Conclusions and spring. Island collection sites should also be extended and could include a Comparison of Lepidoptera species grassland site and a different coastal local- numbers collected on Quail Island from ity on the island. It is important not only the first survey completed by Bowieet al. to collect throughout the year, but also (2003) and the present survey shows an to utilise different collection techniques increase of more than 250%. Although (such as Malaise trapping or sweep net- the increase in species numbers may ting) in order to detect moth species that partly reflect a more concerted collection are difficult to find using normal light- effort, another reason for the increase is trapping methods. This will highlight the likely to be the quantity and diversity of Lepidoptera species-richness of the island. host shrub and tree species planted in the Ongoing surveys will also help us see the seven years since the last survey. Given development of Lepidoptera species on time, canopy closure, accumulation of the island, and to therefore judge the leaf litter and the future establishment success of the revegetation plan to attract of under-storey plant species, additional native moths and butterflies. habitats will allow new Lepidoptera spe- While we acknowledge that it is dif- 62 New Zealand Natural Sciences 36 (2011) ficult to translocate moth species, we • Additional plantings of believe that by establishing an appropriate afoliata to attract native moths that utilise habitat of host plants, certain target moth this liane, as well as to secure the existing species will self-establish. Possible Lepi- species Asaphodes chlamydota and Deana doptera introductions include Dasyuris hybreasalis. partheniata, an elegant, orange, day-flying • Continued plantings of Pitt- geometrid that could flourish on Quail osporum and Hoheria to further secure Island if sufficient host plants ofAciphylla the existing native moth species Declana subflabellatawere planted adjacent to the niveata, Epiphryne undosata, Xyridacma small population already present. Another ustaria, Lysiphragma howesii and Aniso- geometrid, Pseudocoremia modica could placa achyrota. also be introduced as its larval host plant, • Increased plantings of Rubus Banks Peninsula endemic Hebe strictis- squarrosus and R. schmideliodes (already sima is already present on the island. As present, but rare) to secure the existing the female of P. modica is flightless, this moth species Meterana diatmeta and Elvia species would have to be actively intro- glaucata. duced as it will not disperse naturally to • The herb Plantago raoulii to at- the island. tract native moths such as the geometrid The following native plants could be Asaphodes abrogata. Planting of this spe- considered for introduction or supple- cies will also help to secure the existing mentary planting to support native moth moth species Hydriomena deltoidata and species identified from the general area: Scopula rubraria. • Additional plantings of Aciphylla • Low shrubs of Gaultheria antip- subflabellata for the diurnal geometrid oda to allow existing geometrid Pasiphila moth Dasyuris partheniata (present on the magnimaculata to establish. Port Hills and eastern Banks Peninsula). • Additional plantings of hound’s • Additional Carmichaelia australis tongue fern Microsorum pustulatum to to encourage native moths and to secure secure the existing moth species Sarisa existing species Pseudocoremia melinata, muriferata. Samana acutata and Anisoplaca ptyoptera. • Introduction of local larger- • Additional plantings of Heli- leaved mistletoes Tupeia antarctica and chrysum lanceolatum to attract additional Ileostylus micranthus to allow establish- native moths such as the tiny day-flying ment of native moths such as geometrids Asterivora chatuidea, and also to secure the Declana griseata and Tatosoma agrionata, existing moth species Helastia triphragma. and to secure the existing moth species • Additional plantings of Urtica Zelleria sphenota. ferox (tree nettle) to secure existing moth At this point in time it is difficult to species Pasiphila urticae, Pseudocoremia know what effect the vegetation restora- pergrata and marmarina, and to tion to date has had on the Lepidoptera attract additional species including larger fauna of Quail Island, as the Lepidoptera numbers of red admiral butterfliesVanessa surveys have not been standardised or gonerilla. thorough. However, if standardised, fu- • Additional plantings of Corokia ture detailed Lepidoptera surveys could cotoneaster to attract native moths such help reveal the effects of restoration on as the geometrid Horisme suppressaria this dynamic ecological system, and particular to this attractive shrub. identify whether larvae or larval damage Patrick et al: The moth fauna of Quail Island 63 occur on particular host plants. S.D., Mahlfeld, K., Brown, B., Eyles, This survey has shown that a compara- A.C., Pawson, S.M. & Macfarlane, tively rich Lepidoptera fauna is present R.P. (2003). A inventory on Quail Island. If additional surveys are of Quail Island (Ōtamahua): towards carried out at other times of the year to the restoration of an invertebrate provide a more comprehensive seasonal community. New Zealand Natural representation, an even more interesting Sciences 28: 81-109. Lepidoptera fauna is likely to be docu- Bowie, M.H. (2008). Ecological mented. restoration of the invertebrate fauna on Quail Island (Ōtamahua). Proceedings Acknowledgements of Conserv-vision: the next 50 Years Conference, 4 - 7 July 2007. University We thank the Quail Island Ecological of Waikato, Hamilton, N.Z. Restoration Trust and the island workers Bowie, M.H., Kavermann, M. & Ross, for assistance with this survey. Thanks J.G. (2010). The Quail Island story also to the Department of Conservation – thirteen years of multi-species for their support of research on the pest control: successes, failures island. We thank Sonja Akkerman and lessons learnt. Proceedings of for her assistance moth collecting at the Island Invasives: Eradication Orton Bradley Park. Thanks to Colin and Management Conference, Burrows for sharing his vision for the 8-12 February 2010. University of island with us, his ongoing support Auckland, N.Z. and constructive comments about the Burrows, C.J., Wilson, H.D. & manuscript, particularly his botanical Meurk, C.D. (1999). The ecological suggestions. We thank Dr Robert Hoare restoration of Ōtamahua / Quail and Eric Edwards for reviewing the paper Island. Terrestrial flora and vegetation and greatly improving it. Thanks also to cover of the island. New Zealand Candice Barclay for her useful suggestions Natural Sciences 24: 127-150. to improving the manuscript. de Lange, P.J., Norton, D.A. & Molloy, B.P.J. (1997). An annotated checklist of References New Zealand mistletoe () hosts. In New Zealand’s loranthaceous Baird, A. (1997). Status of loranthaceous mistletoes. Proceedings of a workshop mistletoes in the Canterbury hosted by Threatened Species Unit, Conservancy. In New Zealand’s Department of Conservation, Cass, loranthaceous mistletoes. Proceedings of 17–20 July 1995. (eds. de Lange, a workshop hosted by Threatened Species P.J. & Norton, D.A.) pp. 83-104. Unit, Department of Conservation, Cass, Department of Conservation, 17–20 July 1995. (eds. de Lange, P.J. & Wellington, N.Z. Norton, D.A.) pp. 71–73. Department Dugdale, J.S. (1988). Lepidoptera – of Conservation, Wellington, N.Z. annotated catalogue, and keys to Bowie, M.H., Marris, J.W.M., Emberson, -group taxa. Fauna of New R.M., Andrew, I.G., Berry, J.A. Zealand 14. Science Information Vink, C.J., White, E.G., Stufkins, Publishing Centre, DSIR, Wellington, M.A.W., Oliver, E.H.A. Early, J.W., N.Z. 262 pp. Klimaszewski, J., Johns, P.M., Wratten, Hoare, R.J.B. (2010). Izatha (Insecta: 64 New Zealand Natural Sciences 36 (2011)

Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Trust. Conservation Research Oecophoridae). Fauna of New Zealand Group, University of Canterbury, 65. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Christchurch, N.Z. 84 pp. Zealand. 201 pp. Patrick, B. (1994). Lepidoptera of Hodge, S., Barron, M. & Wratten, S.D. Kaitorete Spit, Canterbury. New (2000). Induced defences in kawakawa Zealand Entomologist 17: 52-63. (Macropiper excelsum): do caterpillars Patrick, B.H. & Dugdale, J.S. (1997). avoid previous leaf damage? New Mistletoe moths. In New Zealand’s Zealand Journal of Ecology 24: 91-95. loranthaceous mistletoes. Proceedings of Kaila, L. (1999). Phylogeny and a workshop hosted by Threatened Species classification of Elachistidae s.s. Unit, Department of Conservation, (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Systematic Cass, 17–20 July 1995. (eds. de Entomology 24: 139-169. Lange, P.J. & Norton, D.A.) pp. 125- Ladley, J.J., Kelly, D. & Norton, D.A. 132. Department of Conservation, (1997). A guide to hand-planting New Wellington, N.Z. Zealand mistletoes (Loranthaceae). Ward, J. B., Macfarlane, R.P., Quinn, New Zealand Botanical Society P.J., Morris, S.J., Hitchings, T.R., Newsletter 49: 16-19. Green, E.H., Early, J.W., Emberson, Lomov, B., Keith, D.A., Britton, R.M., Fenwick, G.D., Henderson, D.R. & Hochuli, D.F. (2006). Are I.M., Henderson, R., Johns, P.M., butterflies and moths useful indicators Larivière, M-C., Marris, J.W.M., for restoration monitoring? A pilot Matile, L., McLellan, I.D., Patrick, study in Sydney’s Cumberland Plain B.H., Smithers, C., Stufkens, M.A.W., Woodland. Ecological Management and Vink, C.J. & Wilson, H.D. (1999). Restoration 7: 204-210. Insects and other of Lucas, D., Gray, N., Riley, A., Head, J., Hinewai Reserve, Banks Peninsula, de Riddler, L., Meurk, C. & Lynn, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury I. (2005). Indigenous Ecosystems Museum 13: 97-121. of the Lyttelton Harbour Basin – a Ward, J. B., Ward, G.M., Johns, P.M., guide to native plants, their ecology Jenner, L., Quinn, P. M., Green, E. and planting. Lucas Associates, H., Clark, J. M., Hitchings, T. R., Christchurch, N.Z. 76 pp. Macfarlane, R. P., Pollard, S. D., Lukis, K. (1999). Survey of the lizard fauna Patrick, B. H., Patrick, H., Carter, of Quail Island, Lyttelton Harbour, D. M. & Vink C. J. (2007). A survey Canterbury. Lincoln University Wildlife of the Arthropods of Kennedys Bush Management Report 23. Lincoln, N.Z. Reserve. Records of the Canterbury 15 pp. Museum 21: 57-68. Neilsen, E.S., Edwards, E.D. & Rangsi, Wilson, H. D. (1992). Banks Ecological T.V. (1996). Checklist of the Lepidoptera Region: Port Hills, Herbert and of . CSIRO Publishing, Akaroa Ecological Districts. Protected Melbourne, Australia. 529 pp. Natural Areas Programme Survey Report Norton, D.A., Leighton, A. & Phipps, No 21. Prepared for the Department H. (2004). Ōtamahua / Quail Island of Conservation. Landcare Research, Restoration Plan. Unpublished Lincoln, N.Z. report prepared for the Ōtamahua / Quail Island Ecological Restoration Patrick et al: The moth fauna of Quail Island 65

Appendix. Lepidoptera caught on Quail Island and other Banks Peninsula sites between 2007 and 2009 (Bowie et al. 2003), and their associated host plants and habitats, where known. Species introduced* or endemice to New Zealand.

Quail Quail Ahuriri Orton Island Onawe Hinewai Host plant or Family & species Island Scenic Bradley 2007- Peninsula Reserve Habitat 2003 Reserve Park 2009 Hepialidae

Wiseana cervinatae x Subterranean in Wiseana copularise x x x x grassland Wiseana umbraculatae x x Psychidae Polyphagous on Liothula omnivorae x trees and shrubs Tineidae Adults have been reared from Archyala terraneae x detritus and feathers, but no host confirmed Lysiphragma howesie x Hoheria on bark Monopis ethelella* x Wool Cosmopolitan Nemapogon granella* x domestic species Tinea mochlotae x Dead wood Plutellidae Plutella antiphonae x Crucifers Yponomeutidae Mistletoes; larvae mine leaves then Zelleria sphenotae x feed on young leaves and buds Glyphipterigidae Glyphipterix oxymachaerae x Poa cita Glyphipterix triselenae x Coastal grassland Gelechiidae Anisoplaca achyrotae x x Hoheria fruit Anisoplaca acrodactylae x Plagianthus fruit Anisoplaca ptyopterae x Carmichaelia Open areas and Kiwaia monophragmae x shrubland Symmetrischema tangolias* x Solanum stems Unidentified Gelechiidaee x Unknown Oecophoridae Barea exarcha* x Dead wood Gymnobathra parcae x Leaf litter 66 New Zealand Natural Sciences 36 (2011)

Quail Quail Ahuriri Orton Island Onawe Hinewai Host plant or Family & species Island Scenic Bradley 2007- Peninsula Reserve Habitat 2003 Reserve Park 2009 Oecophoridae cont. Gymnobathra tholodellae x Leaf litter Izatha huttoniie x x Dead wood Izatha katadiktyae x Dead wood on rocks Izatha convulsellae x and bark Dying roots and Leptocroca scholaeae x ? x x leaves Larvae found in dead wood; Phaeosaces coarctatellae x presumably feed on lichen Phaeosaces apocryptae x x Lichen on wood Stathmopoda horticolae x x x Polyphagous Stathmopoda plumbifluae x Polyphagous Tingena chloradelphae x Leaf litter Tingena melinellae x Leaf litter Tingena species 1e x x Leaf litter Tingena species 2e x Leaf litter Trachypepla anastrellae x Leaf litter Detritus in bird Trachypepla euryleucotae x nests Elachistidae Leaf miner on Elachista ochroleucae x grasses Leaf miner on Elachista ombrodocae x grasses Choreutidae Tebenna micalis* x Thistles Carposinidae Heterocrossa gonosemanae x Griselinia fruit Apoctena flavescense x x x Polyphagous Capua semiferanae x x x Detritus Capua intractana* x x Detritus Crocidosema plebejana x x Malvaceae Ctenopseustis obliquanae x x x Polyphagous Cydia succedana* x x Gorse Epichorista sirianae x Grasses Larvae in webbed New and speciese x tunnels in short sward leaf litter Patrick et al: The moth fauna of Quail Island 67

Quail Quail Ahuriri Orton Island Onawe Hinewai Host plant or Family & species Island Scenic Bradley 2007- Peninsula Reserve Habitat 2003 Reserve Park 2009 Tortricidae cont. Epiphyas postvittana* x x Polyphagous Harmologa amplexanae x x Polyphagous Small-leaved Harmologa new speciese x Melicytus Polyphagous on Harmologa oblonganae x x shrubs Harmologa scoliastise x x Muehlenbeckia Leucotenes coprosmaee x Coprosma Grasses and Merophyas leucanianae x herbs Planotortrix excessanae x x x x Polyphagous Kanuka Strepsicrates ejectana x (Kunzea) Strepsicrates macropetana* x Eucalyptus Kanuka Strepsicrates zopherana x (Kunzea) Pterophoridae Larvae mine & Pterophorus innotatalise x x later defoliate Dichondra Schefflera & Pterophorus monospilalise x x Pseudopanax Lycaenidae Lycaena salustiuse x x x Muehlenbeckia Prostrate Zizina oxleyie x x x Carmichaelia flowers & clover Nymphalidae Vanessa gonerillae x x x Nettles (Urtica) Vanessa itea x Nettles (Urtica) Danaus plexippus x Swan plant Pieridae Pieris rapae* x x Crucifers Thyrididae Muehlenbeckia Morova subfasciatae x galls Pyralidae Patagonioides farinaria x x Senecio Gauna aegusalis* x Acacia galls Deana hybreasalise x x x Clematis Eudonia aspidotae x 68 New Zealand Natural Sciences 36 (2011)

Quail Quail Ahuriri Orton Island Onawe Hinewai Host plant or Family & species Island Scenic Bradley 2007- Peninsula Reserve Habitat 2003 Reserve Park 2009 Crambidae cont. Forest & Eudonia chlamydotae x shrubland Eudonia cymatiase x Rocky areas Eudonia dinodese x x Mosses Eudonia diphtheralise x Sod web-worm Eudonia exilise x Open grassland Eudonia feredayie x Open areas Eudonia minualise x Mosses Moss on coastal Eudonia new speciese x rocks Eudonia periphanese Forest Eudonia philergae x x x Moss on wood Open and Eudonia rakaiensise x shrubland areas Eudonia sabulosellae x x x x Sod web-worm Eudonia submarginalise x x x x Sod web-worm Gadira acerellae x x Moss on rocks Glaucocharis elainae x Moss on rocks Glaucocharis chrysochytae x Forest Glaucocharis interruptae x Forest Orocrambus cyclopicuse x x Grass bases Orocrambus flexuoselluse x x x Grass bases Orocrambus ramoselluse x x x x Grass bases Orocrambus vittelluse x Grass bases Orocrambus vulgarise x x x Grass bases Sceliodes cordalis x Solanum berries augastise x Coastal grassland Scoparia chalicodese x Open areas Scoparia minusculalise x x Moss Scoparia new speciese x Forest (formally ‘minualis') Scoparia phaleriase x Forest Polyphagous on Udea flavidalise x x x x herbs Udea marmarinae x x Urtica Kowhai Uresiphita maorialise x x (Sophora) Geometridae Asaphodes aegrotae x x Herbs Asaphodes chlamydotae x x x Clematis Austrocidaria anguligerae x x Coprosma Patrick et al: The moth fauna of Quail Island 69

Quail Quail Ahuriri Orton Island Onawe Hinewai Host plant or Family & species Island Scenic Bradley 2007- Peninsula Reserve Habitat 2003 Reserve Park 2009 Geometridae cont. e Austrocidaria callichlora x Coprosma Austrocidaria gobiatae x x x x x Coprosma Austrocidaria similatae x x x x x Coprosma Anachloris subochrariae Epilobium Flowers, Chloroclystis filata* x x x x x especially Senecio Chloroclystis inductatae x x x Flowers Chloroclystis lichenodese x Forest Chloroclystis testulata x x Flowers Polyphagous on Cleora scriptariae x x x trees Declana egregiae x x Pseudopanax Polyphagous on Declana floccosae x x x x x x trees and shrubs Polyphagous on Declana junctilineae x x x x shrubs Polyphagous on Declana leptomerae x x x x x x shrubs Hoheria Declana niveatae x x x angustifolia Elvia glaucatae x x x x x Rubus Epicyme rubropunctariae x x Haloragis erecta Epiphryne undosatae x x x x Hoheria Epiphryne verriculatae x x Cordyline Epyaxa lucidatae x x x Herbs and lianes Epyaxa roseariae x x x x x Herbs Epyaxa venipunctatae x Herbs Polyphagous on Gellonia dejectariae x x x x trees and lianes Gellonia pannulariae x x Shrubland Helastia cinereariae x x x x on rocks

Helastia corculariae x x x Mosses & herbs

Associated with Helastia triphragmae x x Helichrysum lanceolatum Homodotis megaspilatae x x x x x x Herbs Hydriomena deltoidatae x x x x x x Plantago Epilobium in Hydriomena purpuriferae x damp sites Ischalis fortinatae x x x Polystichum Orthoclydon praefectatae x x Flax (Phormium) 70 New Zealand Natural Sciences 36 (2011)

Quail Quail Ahuriri Orton Island Hinewai Host plant or Family & species Island Scenic Onawe Bradley 2007- Reserve Habitat 2003 Reserve Park 2009 Geometridae cont. e Pasiphila aristias x Forest Hebe flowers Pasiphila bilineolatae x x x and foliage Associated with Pasiphila magnimaculatae x Gaultheria Pasiphila malachitae x x x Hebe Pasiphila muscosatae x x Muehlenbeckia Pasiphila new speciese x Shrubland Pasiphila urticaee x x x Urtica ferox Kanuka Poecilasthena schistariae x x x x x (Kunzea) Poecilasthena subpurpureatae x Shrubland Pseudocoremia fascialatae x Pseudowinteria Podocarps Pseudocoremia feneratae x including rimu Pseudocoremia indistinctae x x Muehlenbeckia Polyphagous on native Pseudocoremia leucelaeae x x x and exotic podocarps Kanuka Pseudocoremia lupinatae x x (Kunzea) Pseudocoremia melinatae x x Carmichaelia Pseudocoremia pergratae x x Urtica ferox Polyphagous on Pseudocoremia productatae x x x trees Pseudocoremia rudisata x x amplae Polyphagous on Pseudocoremia suavise x x x x trees Samana acutatae x x Carmichaelia Hound’s tongue Sarisa muriferatae x x fern Scopula rubrariae x x x x Plantago Sestra flexatae x x x Ferns Sestra humerariae x Ferns Tatosoma tipulatae x Nothofagus Cardamine and Xanthorhoe semifissatae x x x exotic crucifers Xyridacma alectorariae x x x Pseudopanax Xyridacma ustariae x x x Pittosporum Xyridacma veronicaee x Hebe Patrick et al: The moth fauna of Quail Island 71

Quail Quail Ahuriri Orton Island Onawe Hinewai Host plant or Family & species Island Scenic Bradley 2007- Peninsula Reserve Habitat 2003 Reserve Park 2009 Polyphagous on Agrotis ipsilon aneituma x x herbs Open areas Aletia inconstanse x x near forest or shrubland Herbs including Aletia moderatae x x Raoulia Melicytus Austramathes purpureae x ramiflorus Bityla defiguratae x x x x x Muehlenbeckia Polyphagous on Chrysodeixis eriosoma x flowers and herbs Herbs including Diarsia intermixta x nettles Salt meadow Ectopatria aspera x x Sarcocornia Herbs in open Euxoa admirationise x areas Melicytus Feredayia graminosae x x x x x ramiflorus Grasses in open Graphania disjungense x x areas Graphania infensae x x Sedges Native and exotic Graphania insignise x x x x herbs Native and exotic Graphania lignanae x x grasses Mainly forest Graphania mollise x x x x areas Native and exotic Graphania morosae x x x x grasses Native and exotic Graphania mutanse x x x x herbs Graphania nulliferae x Aciphylla Native and exotic Graphania omoplacae x x x x grasses Graphania phriciase x x x x Discaria toumatou Native and exotic Graphania plenae x x x x herbs Polyphagous on Graphania ustistrigae x x x x x herbs, lianes and shrubs Meterana decoratae x x x x Kowhai (Sophora) Meterana diatmetae x x Rubus 72 New Zealand Natural Sciences 36 (2011)

Quail Quail Ahuriri Orton Island Onawe Hinewai Host plant or Family & species Island Scenic Bradley 2007- Peninsula Reserve Habitat 2003 Reserve Park 2009 Noctuidae cont. e Meterana dotata x Nothofagus Meterana levise x x x Plagianthus Shrubs and Meterana ochthistise x x x lianes Meterana praesignise x Nothofagus Meterana stipatae x x x x Muehlenbeckia Polyphagous Persectania aversae x x x x x on grasses Polyphagous Proteuxoa commae x x x x x x on grasses and herbs Rhapsa scotosialise x Leaf litter Tmetolophota arotise x Wetlands Tmetolophota atristrigae x x x x x Grasses Tmetolophota propriae x x x x Grasses Flax Tmetolophota steropastise x x x (Phormium) Tmetolophota unicae x Poa Arctiidae Nyctemera annulatae x Senecio

TOTAL 146 54 73 34 83 66