The Moscoviense Basin a Microcosm of Crustal Compositional Diversity

The Moscoviense Basin A Microcosm of Crustal Compositional Diversity

Benjamin T. Greenhagen Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory

P. G . L u c e y , Univ. Hawaii K.L. Donaldson Hanna, C. Marriner, N.E. Bowles, Univ. Oxford J.A. Arnold, Carnegie Inst. Washington T.D. Glotch, Stony Brook Univ.

Lunar Science for Landed Mission Workshop NASA Ames Research Center Why Moscoviense is So Awesome

• Unique, large multi-ring basin Apollo 13

• Excellent crustal compositional diversity

• Far side Mare Volcanism

• Even has swirls!

Luna 3

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 2 Multi-ring Impact Basin 39 N • Nectarian in age, 3.85-3.92 Ga (Wilhelms et al., 1987)

• Various ring identifications 34 N - 205 / 410 / 700 km (Wood and Head, 1976) - 140 / 220 / 300 / 420 / 630 km (Pike and Spudis, 1987) 29 N - 210 / 445 km (Wilhelms et al., 1987) - 185 / 430 / 659 km (Thaisen et al., 2011) • Elongated basin floor • Non-concentric basin rings 24 N • Discontinuous Ejecta • Thinnest crust on the Moon, in a relatively thick crust terrain 19 N • Gravity Anomaly

• Mare Deposits / Pyroclastics LROC WAC Geomorphology 14 N 133 E 138 E 143 E 148 E 153 E 158 E 163 E

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 3 Multi-ring Impact Basin 39 N • Nectarian in age, 3.85-3.92 Ga (Wilhelms et al., 1987)

• Various ring identifications 34 N - 205 / 410 / 700 km (Wood and Head, 1976) - 140 / 220 / 300 / 420 / 630 km (Pike and Spudis, 1987) 29 N - 210 / 445 km (Wilhelms et al., 1987) Tereshkova Titov - 185 / 430 / 659 km (Thaisen et al., 2011) Mare Moscoviense

• Elongated basin floor Kormarov 24 N • Non-concentric basin rings Belyaev • Discontinuous Ejecta • Thinnest crust on the Moon, in a relatively thick crust terrain 19 N • Gravity Anomaly

• Mare Deposits / Pyroclastics LROC WAC Geomorphology 14 N 133 E 138 E 143 E 148 E 153 E 158 E 163 E

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 4 Multi-ring Impact Basin 39 N • Nectarian in age, 3.85-3.92 Ga (Wilhelms et al., 1987)

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 5 Multi-ring Impact Basin 39 N • Nectarian in age, 3.85-3.92 Ga (Wilhelms et al., 1987)

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 6 Multi-ring Impact Basin Wieczorek et al., 2013

• Nectarian in age, 3.85-3.92 Ga (Wilhelms et al., 1987) • Various ring identifications - 205 / 410 / 700 km (Wood and Head, 1976) - 140 / 220 / 300 / 420 / 630 km (Pike and Spudis, 1987) - 210 / 445 km (Wilhelms et al., 1987) - 185 / 430 / 659 km (Thaisen et al., 2011) • Elongated basin floor • Non-concentric basin rings • Discontinuous Ejecta • Thinnest crust on the Moon, in a relatively thick crust terrain • Gravity Anomaly • Mare Deposits / Pyroclastics

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 7 Basin Formation

Single Oblique Impact into Double Impact Oblique Impact Impact Existing Basin into Crustal Anomaly Partial Peak Ring YES YES YES YES Elongated Basin YES YES YES YES Floor Regional Slopes YES YES YES YES Discontinuous YES MAYBE MAYBE YES Ejecta Thin Crust NO YES YES YES Gravity Anomaly NO YES YES YES Mare Deposits NO YES YES YES

Summarized from Thaisen et al., 2011

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 8 Basin Ring Composition

• Peak Ring (Deepest) - Plagioclase - Olivine - Pyroxene - Mg Spinel

• Middle Ring (Shallowest) - Pure Crystalline Plagioclase (PAN)

• No highly silicic, evolved lithologies

M3 Mosaic of Moscoviense Basin Data from OP1B and OP2C1 Blue = reflectance at 1489 nm Green = integrated band depth at 2000 nm Red = integrated band depth at 1000 nm

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 9 Basin Ring Composition

• Peak Ring (Deepest) - Plagioclase - Olivine - Pyroxene - Mg Spinel

• Middle Ring (Shallowest) - Pure Crystalline Plagioclase (PAN)

• No highly silicic, evolved lithologies

M3 Mosaic of Moscoviense Basin Data from OP1B and OP2C1 Blue = reflectance at 1489 nm Green = integrated band depth at 2000 nm Red = integrated band depth at 1000 nm

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 10 M3 OOS

Tereshkova • Orthopyroxene, Olivine, Mg- 31 km dia Al Spinel embedded in anorthosite-rich peak ring Olivine

• Big: km-scale deposits! Olivine / OPX Spinel / OPX • OOS deposits are mature and undisturbed by recent impact craters

Orthopyroxene • Suggests origin as differentiated magmatic Spinel intrusions into the lower crust, perhaps near the crust/mantle boundary From Pieters et al., 2011

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 11 NIR Mineral Maps • Mineral maps made from MI Vis and NIR multispectral Olivine data

Olivine / OPX • Data compared to large database of modeled spectra Spinel / OPX using MI-calculated FeO as constraining parameter (Lemelin et al., 2016) Orthopyroxene • Based on methodology from Lucey et al., 2004 Spinel

Plagioclase Orthopyroxene Olivine Scaled 40-100% Scaled 0-40% Scaled 0-40% From Greenhagen et al., 2014

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 12 NIR+TIR Mineral Maps • TIR is very sensitive to feldspar / mafic ratio Olivine

• Use TIR data from Diviner to constrain plagioclase Olivine / OPX abundance Spinel / OPX

• “Although the abundance of plagioclase is not well constrained within the OOS, the mafic mineral content is Orthopyroxene exceptionally high, and two of the rock types could approach pyroxenite and Spinel harzburgite in composition” -Pieters et al., 2011 Plagioclase Orthopyroxene Olivine Scaled 40-100% Scaled 0-40% Scaled 0-40% From Greenhagen et al., 2014

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 13 NIR + TIR Mineral Maps From Greenhagen et al., 2014

NIR + TIR NIR Only Blue = plagioclase (0.4-1), Green = pyroxene (0-0.4), Help Identify potential targets Red = olivine (0-0.4)

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 14 Mare Basalts: From Kramer et al., 2008 Composition • Broad compositional diversity, readily distinguishable with UV/Vis/NIR imagery - Low/high FeO - Low/high TiO - Possible high alumina

• Kramer et al., 2008 system of naming deposits - Im = lowest FeO, very low Ti - Iltm = low Ti, possible high alumina - Ikm = Komarov unit, low to very low Ti - Ihtm = High Ti

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 15 Mare Basalts: From Kramer et al., 2008 Composition • Broad compositional diversity, readily distinguishable with UV/Vis/NIR imagery - Low/high FeO - Low/high TiO - Possible high alumina

• Kramer et al., 2008 system of naming deposits - Im = lowest FeO, very low Ti - Iltm = low Ti, possible high alumina - Ikm = Komarov unit, low to very low Ti - Ihtm = High Ti

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 16 Mare Basalts: From Kramer et al., 2008 Composition • Broad compositional diversity, readily distinguishable with UV/Vis/NIR imagery - Low/high FeO - Low/high TiO - Possible high alumina

• Kramer et al., 2008 system of naming deposits - Im = lowest FeO, very low Ti - Iltm = low Ti, possible high alumina - Ikm = Komarov unit, low to very low Ti - Ihtm = High Ti

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 17 Mare Basalts: Age / Volume • Deposits span 1.5 Ga - Im = oldest unit (~3.9 Ga) - IltM / Ikm = middle unit (3.5-3.7 Ga) - Ihtm = youngest unit (2.6 Ga)

• Youngest baslts have highest Ti content

• Correlation between estimated deposit volume and modeled age

From Haruyama et al., 2009 From Morota et al., 2009

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 18 Swirls

• Weak magnetic anomaly • Complex swirl features • Most in older low Ti deposits - ~15 km from OOS! • Some in younger high Ti deposits

From Blewett et al., 2011

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 19 Merits of Moscoviense for Landed Missions

• A) Short term reconnaissance and/or surface • E) Technological demonstrations science experiments (lunar day) that feed forward - Any single site characterization - Traversing sloped surfaces • B) Sample return - Roving / sample caching - Basin impact melt - Sample return - Lower crust mafics, including Mg-Al spinel - Teleoperations from DRO station - PAN / crystalline plagioclase - Farside mare basalts - Farside observatories • C) Long term monitoring (days, years) - Farside Swirls • F) Technological demonstrations for • D) Regional roving experiments (ala MSL+) ISRU - Investigate the peak ring / western basin floor - High Ti basalts (swirls, pyroclastics) - Oxygen yields from different basalts / - Traverse the crust (peak ring to middle ring) pyroclastics - Traverse the range of mare deposits

Moscoviense Basin 30 January 2018 20