Revue Internationale De La Croix-Rouge, Mars 2002

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Revue Internationale De La Croix-Rouge, Mars 2002 Mission Mission de La Revue internationaLe of the InternationaL Review de La Croix-Rouge of the Red Cross La Revue intematianale de 10 Croix-Rouge est un The International Review ofthe Red Crass is a periodique publie par Ie Comite intemational de periodical published by the International la Croix-Rouge (ClCR) qui entend favoriser la re­ Committee of the Red Cross (lCRC). Its aim is flexion sur la politique,l'action et Ie droit intema­ to promote reflection on humanitarian policy tional humanitaires et, en meme temps, renforcer and action and on international humanitarian Ie dialogue entre Ie ClCR et les autres institutions law, while at the same time strengthening the ou personnes interessees par l'humanitaire_ dialogue between the ICRC and other organi­ • La Revue est au service de l'analyse, de zations and individuals concerned with hu­ la r!!flexion et du dialogue sur l'humanitaire en manitarian issues. temps de con flit arme et d'autres situations de • The Review is a forum for thought, anal­ violence collective. Elle porte une attention par­ ysis and dialogue on humanitarian issues in ticuliere al'action humanitaire elle-meme, mais armed conflict and other situations of collective elle entend egalement contribuer ala connais­ violence. While focusing particular attention on sance de son histoire, al'analyse des causes et humanitarian action per se, it also strives to des caracteristiques des conflits - pour mieux spread knowledge of the history of such activ­ saisir les problemes humanitaires qui en decou­ ity, to analyse the causes and characteristics of lent - et ala prevention de violations du droit in­ conflicts - so as to give a clearer insight into the ternational humanitaire_ La Revue entend sti­ humanitarian problems they generate - and to muler un debat d'idees. contribute to the prevention of violations of in­ • La Revue sert de publication specialisee ternational humanitarian law. The Review sur Ie droit intemational humanitaire, redigee ala wishes to encourage the exchange of ideas. fois pour un public academique et pour un public • The Review is a specialized journal on general. Elle cherche a promouvoir la connais­ international humanitarian law, intended for sance, l'examen critique et Ie developpement de both an academic and a more general reader­ ce droit. Elle stimule Ie debat entre, notamment, ship. It endeavours to promote knowledge, Ie droit intemational humanitaire, Ie droit des critical analysis and development of the law. droits de l'homme et Ie droit des refugies_ Its also fosters the debate on such matters as • La Revue est un vecteur de !'information, the relationship between international human­ de la reflexion et du dialogue relatifs aux ques­ itarian law, human rights law and refugee law. tions irMressant Ie Mouvement international • The Review is a vector for information, de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge et, en reflection and dialogue on questions pertain­ particulier, a la doctrine et aux activites du ing to the International Red Cross and Red Comite international de la Croix-Rouge. Ainsi la Crescent Movement and, in particular, on the Revue entend-elle contribuer a promouvoir la policy and activities of the International Com­ cohesion au sein du Mouvement. mittee of the Red Cross. The Review thus seeks La Revue s'adresse aplusieurs publics 11 la to promote cohesion within the Movement. fois, notamment aux gouvemements, aux The Review is intended for a wide reader­ organisations intemationales gouvememen­ ship, including governments, international tales et non gouvemementales, aux Societes govemmental and non-govemmental organi­ nationales de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant­ zations, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Rouge, aux milieux academiques, aux medias Societies, academics. the media and all those et 11 toute personne specifiquement interessee interested by humanitarian issues_ par les questions humanitaires. UJ s::: (,!) 0 MARS ::J ..... U MARCH 0 res 2002 e::: I .. VOLUME 84 U') N°845 >< aJ 0 ::::s ~ C'" U ..... « .- ...J -0 C­ UJ O ....... UJ 0 ...J ... « "'C Z .. 0 ...aJ r­ « .....res z ~ s::: UJ res Revue fondee en 1869 r- E Z ::::s et publiee par Ie ~ Comite international UJ ..... ::J ra de la Croix-Rouge > .c Geneve UJ 'aJ e::: C Vl s::: Review founded in 1869 Vl 0 and published by the 0 ..... ~ U International Committee U <C of the Red Cross 0 .. Geneva UJ > e::: .­u UJ -0 :I: 0.. r­ .. u. ~ 0 res ....I ~ UJ .....aJ > res UJ .c e::: aJ ...J C « s::: z res 0 ... res «r­ ..... z s::: ~ res UJ E r- ::::s z :::t: MARS MARCH 2002 VOLUME 84 N° 845 Impunite Impunity 5 Editorial 9 A note from tlte Editor 13 Accountability for international crimes: From conjecture to reality JELENA PEIIC 35 Le refus d'obeissance aux ordres manifestement criminels JACQUES VERHAEGEN 51 Victimes et temoins de crimes internationaux: du droit aune protection au droit ala parole Luc WALLEYN 79 The legal nature ofthe International Criminal Court and the emergence of supranational elements in international criminal justice SASCHA ROLF LODER 93 New approaches to international justice in Cambodia and East Timor SUZANNAH LINTON 121 Sierra Leone's shoestring Special Court AVRIL McDONALD 3 145 Complementary jurisdiction and international criminal justice OSCAR SOlERA 173 Mechanisms complementing prosecution LAURA OlSON United Nations peace-building, amnesties and alternative forms of justice: A change in practice? CARSTEN STAHN FŒ * ! " r. &sp ,1 5 'EiHN 'A"A.&&'?PHt11'15&* Croix-Rouge Red Cross and et Croissant-Rouge Red Crescent The ICRC privilege not to testify: Confidentiality in action 2°7 GABOR RONA Le suivi de XXVII" Conférence internationale de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge 221 NAIRI ARZOUMANIAN Faits et documents Reports and documents 237 Composition du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge - Composition of the International Committee of the Red Cross 239 Nouveau directeur général du ClCR - ICRC appoints new Director-General 58th Annual Session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Geneva, 26 March 2002 Statement by the President of the International Committee of the Red Cross, JAKOB KElLENBERGER 245 Mise en œuvre du droit international humanitaire Chronique semestrielle de législation et de jurisprudence nationales juillet-décembre 2001 255 Second Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 4 Council of Delegates of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. Geneva, 11-14 November 2001, Resolutions Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 et Protocoles additionnels du 8 juin 1977 (au 31 décembre 2001) - Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 (as at 31 December 2000) R' - n% ;JgMBé' 'd" g- R'èd,ee j'n> ~;- "71"5", lY' Livres et revues Books and reviews Dieter Fleck (ed.), The Handbook orthe Law orVisiting Forces ALEXANDRE FAITE 302 Pierre Marqués, La Croix-Rouge pendant la Guerre d'Espagne (1936­ 1939): Les missionnaires de l'humanitaire FRANÇOIS BUGNION 306 Publications reçues Books received Un texte paraissant dans la Revue Texts published by the Review n'engage que son auteur. En pu­ reflect the views of the author bliant un article dans la Revue, ni alone and not necessarily those la rédaction ni le ClCR ne pren­ of the ICRC or of the Review. nent position au sujet des opi­ Only texts bearing an ICRC nions exprimées par son auteur. signature may be ascribed to Seuls les textes signés par le CICR the institution. peuvent lui être attribués. RICR MARS IRRC MARCH 2002 VOL. 84 N° 845 5 Avant la fin de cette année, un tribunal pénal international permanent - la Cour pénale internationale - verra probablement le jour. Soixante États Ott plus y participeront. Sa compétence sera limitée aux futurs actes commis sur le territoire des États parties ou à ceux commis par leurs ressortissants. Même si certains grands pays et quelques pays qui sont depuis longtemps le théâtre d'un conflit armé ne relèvent pas de sa compétence, la création de ce tribunal comblera un vide dans le système de sécurité international. Le présent numéro de la Revue comprend plusieurs articles qui traitent des divers aspects de la responsabilité à l'égard des crimes internationaux; il examine aussi les différentes formes de tribunaux internationaux ou internationalisés. La future Cour pénale internationale sera principalement appelée à rendre un jugement dans les cas de crime de génocide, de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l'humanité - tous ces crimes furellt les principaux délits poursuivis devant les tribunaux de Nuremberg et de Tokyo après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ces crimes internationaux sont le plus souvent perpétrés au cours d'un conflit armé et ont une relation directe avec le respect du droit international humanitaire. Tandis que le manque de consensus sur la diftnition de l'agression n'a pas empêché les États d'inclure ce crime dans le statut de la Cour, les actes de terrorisme ont été exclus du catalogue des crimes sur lesquels la Cour exercera sa compétence, un accord n'ayant pu être trouvé pour les y inclure. L'article de Jelena Pejic introduit la problématique du com­ bat contre l'impunité. Aucun ordre supérieur ne peut exonérer leurs auteurs de leur responsabilité (article de Jacques Verhaegen). Le Statut REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LA CROiX-ROUGE 6 accorde une attention particulière à la nécessité d'assurer une protection adéquate des victimes et des témoins (article de Luc Walleyn). Un man­ dat spéclftque comme celui du CICR dans les conflits armés, qui doit préserver le caractère confidetttiel de ses informations pour pouvoir mener son action, peut même dispenser certains témoins d'attester en justice (voir le mémorandum explicatif sur ce sujet de Gabor Rona). Contrairement aux tribunaux ad hoc pour l'ex­ Yougoslavie et le Rwanda, les tribunaux nationaux auront la primauté sur la Cour pénale internationale (voir l'article de Sascha Liider concernant sa nature juridique).
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