Sustainable Management of the Cultural and Natural Heritage in Hurezu Monastery

MONASTERY OF HOREZU WORLD HERITAGE SITE

THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Monastery of Horezu World Heritage Site

Management Plan

The Management Plan has been funded by EU funds of the Project SUSTCULT: “Achieving SUSTainability through an integrated approach to the management of CULTural heritage” – South-East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme

©INP 2013

National Institute of Heritage Projects Department Ienachita Vacarescu 16, Bucharest, 040157, Romania Tel: +4 021 336 60 73 Fax: +4 021 336 99 04 www.patrimoniu.ro

Copyright on all text, photographs, maps and illustrations remain with those organizations and individuals who have permitted their use.

Management Plan Coordinator: National Institute of Heritage

Daniela Mihai

Work group: National Institute of Heritage

Ciprian Sandu Cristina Ionescu Anca Filip Florentina Udrea Iosef Kovacs Radu Tulai

Stakeholders: Horezu City Hall Mayor Ilie Fartat

Monastery of Horezu Abbes Marina Comăniciu

Vâlcea County Directorate for Culture Florin Epure

Sfinţii Martiri Brâncoveni Foundation Mioara Lujanschi

Consultants:

Bureau MANCIULESCU ACMH & Associes Ştefan Mănciulescu

Design, photos and maps: National Institute of Heritage

English translation: National Institute of Heritage

Introduction

The development of the Management Plan for World Heritage properties is required according to Article 5 of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), with the aim “to adopt a general policy which aims to give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the community, and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive planning programmes.

The Management Plan for Horezu Monastery is made in the framework of the SUSTCULT Project (‘’Achieving SUSTainability through an integrated approach to the management of CULTural heritage’’) funded by the European Union, following a common methodology designed by the project partners.

The SUSTCULT project's main objective is to improve the effectiveness of heritage sites management through the development of an integrated approach capable of preserving valorising the complexity of the SEE cultural heritage, by encouraging a more active consultation and agreement coordination among the responsible authorities, the stakeholders and local communities.

The Monastery of Horezu, a World Heritage Site, was included by the National Institute of Heritage in the SUSTCULT project (2011-2014). The project was carried out by 12 institutions from 7 countries (Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Romania, Hungary, FYROM and Albania) and from diverse fields of activity.

Main project activities include the setting-up of 7 local networks and a transnational SEE network in the field of cultural heritage management, the development and running of a Web GIS platform, the definition and testing of a common transnational methodology for integrated planning and management of cultural heritage, the development/revision of management plans, the definition of a sustainable marketing strategy framework for site-specific cultural resources based on local market analyses and business plans.

The development of the WEBGIS Platform for mapping the buffer zone and the inscribed property of the Monastery of Horezu served as a good data basis for the preparation of the Plan, which filled it with the updated information on cultural heritage, tourism, cultural and economic activities in the Site.

Capitalizing on the professional experience of the partners from the other partner countries and under the leadership of the Mayor’s Office in Venice, during the development of the management plan, the National Institute of Heritage, working with local authorities, Horezu Mayor’s Office, the County Culture Department, Horezu Monastery, and including the civil society represented by NGO’s (Depresiunea Horezu Association, Sfinţii Martiri Brâncoveni Foundation) and the local community, we initiated the Management Plan for the Monastery of Horezu.

The Management Plan describes cultural heritage, identifies associated values, identifies objectives and main issues, and it builds an action plan for sustainable development, according to the UNESCO recommendations for the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage. The Management Plan must be regarded as a “living document”, with a growth potential and able to adapt to the changes, the conditions and the results of the periodic monitoring of the cultural heritage.

The Management Plan is an essential tool for Horezu Monastery, regarding the efficient administration and development for heritage, cultural resources and it plays an important role in involving and raising awareness in the community of the exceptional universal value of the complex. A marketing strategy and the business plan for the selected areas in the Site, will follow up the objectives prepared by the Plan, relevant to revitalization and stimulation of the jobs through tourism development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The National Institute of Heritage expresses its sincere regards towards our partners, for their solicitude in the team effort to build the management plan. During conferences and many meetings, the close interaction with our partners has led to good results that form the basis for a strong and sustainable partnership!

Horezu Monastery, Abbes Marina Comăniciu

Horezu Mayor’s Office, Mayor Ilie Fartat

Depresiunea Horezu Association, Mr. Eugen Săvulescu

Sfinţii Martiri Brâncoveni Foundation, Ms. Mioara Lujanschi

Architect Ştefan Mănciulescu

At the same time, we would like to give our regards to our foreign partners of the SUSTCULT project whit which we’ve developed the common methodology and built the management plan.

Further details on the Project SUSTCULT website: www.sustcult.eu

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Part I General framework 1

1.1 Vision 2

1.2 Description of the site 3

a) Location 3

b) Description of the site 3

c) Boundaries of the site 12

d) Values 13

State of conservation 14

1.3 Ownership 18

1.4 Legal and Policy Framework 19

1.5 Current programming 21

Part II Management issues and objectives 24

2.1 General objectives of the management plan 24

2.2 Pressure and issues affecting the site 25

2.3 Specific objectives and strategies 29

Part III Action Planning 35

3.1 Action Plan for The Monastery of Horezu 36

3.2 Schedule 52

Annexes 54

Annex 1. Legal Framework 54

Annex 2. Maps 59

Selected bibliography 67

Part I GENERAL FRAMEWORK

1.1 Vision

The monastery of Hurezi, a monument inscribed in the World Heritage List since 1993, is the most valuable monastery complex belonging to the Brancovenian architectural style.

The long term vision, regarding the monastery of Hurezi, is built on the core necessities of protecting, conserving, developing, studying and passing knowledge about heritage for the present and future generations.

A management system able to sustain the outstanding universal value of Hurezi monastery, promote the material and intangible heritage in the area and outline the place of honor which this complex holds within Brancovenian architecture.

Therefore, the monastery of Hurezi will become a cultural and spiritual center for the sustainable development of the area, based on a mutual agreement between local, regional actors and international organizations, and all this time providing the community with a source for its identity.

Through the management plan that will follow, the universal values, through which Hurezi monastery is known to present and future generations, will be conserved and protected.

The course we should follow in order to achieve the sustainable development of the complex is to keep a balance between maintaining and promoting the monastic way of life and exploiting the cultural and economic values in a sustainable manner.

In the future, the monastery of Hurezi will be developed closely together with the town of Horezu and other nearby local authorities, through the medium of integrated and interdependent development policies regarding the area, while keeping and developing its original use – that of a monastery complex.

The intangible heritage is shaped by the variety of traditions in the area, of which the most famed, craftsmanship of Horezu ceramics, was recently inscribed on the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The town of Horezu will be the meeting ground for various festivals, traditional crafts and customs, the source of the area’s rich intangible heritage.

The area where the Monastery of Horezu is placed will benefit from the social and financial opportunities offered by means of promoting the cultural and natural heritage in an integrated way.

From the educational point of view, the Monastery of Horezu will be a center for the research and dissemination of cultural values, by taking on the big role of researching the Brancovenian age in Romania and providing a source for growth in the creative industries.

1.2 Description of the site a) Location:

The ensemble of the Monastery of Hurezi is situated in a picturesque landscape of the sub- Carpathian wooded hills and in the proximity of the Romanilor stream, about 5 kilometers north of national road 67 linking the main towns of Râmnicu Vâlcea and Târgu Jiu on the left side of Romanilor valley at 570 meters altitude.

b) Description of the site:

A most rich Prince who was educated in western spirituality and culture, Constantin Brancoveanu considered himself heir of the Basarab dynasty as well as of the Byzantine aristocracy. His humanistic spirituality and the strong relation with the Byzantium, the understanding of the political situation of the time characterized by the tightening of the Ottoman regime in the Balkans at the same time with the expansion of the Habsburg Empire to the South, marked his political and cultural projects. He and his family were responsible for the creation of many monastic ensembles and churches in Wallachia, with mural paintings, richly adorned with wall sumptuous iconostases and other decorations. This artistic effort was followed by many other noblemen and church dignitaries, giving rise to the remarkable artistic flowering art, known as Brancovan art, representing a synthesis between the oriental Byzantine art and the western art, especially the Venetian one.

The monastery of Hurezi was founded by Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu (1688 - 1714); its building started in 1690, to be completed and then expanded by abbots: Dionisie Bălăcescu in 1734 - 1735, Hrisant between 1829 and 1854 and Ioanichie between 1854 and 1873. The monastery was damaged during the earthquake of 1738 and suffered in the Turko-Austrian and Turko-Russian wars of 1716-1718 and 1787-1789.

In the 19th century, the great boyar Grigore Brâncoveanu, the prince’s great - grandson, commissioned repair and extension works (1827) to be continued later on by archimandrite Hrisant. A formerly monks’ monastery, Hurezi became a nunnery in 1862. Considerable repair works of the monastic complex were carried out in 1872 and 1882. Key stages in the complex systematic restoration were carried out in 1907 - 1912 at the initiative of the Historic Monuments Commission and later on in 1957 - 1974 initiated by the Historic Monuments Directorate. Ample restoration of the great church painting was initiated in 1995. Nowadays, the Hurezi Monastery it is still the best preserved monastery of the Brancovan art. The Hurezi ensemble displays a complex original programme to be found nowhere else in Wallachia . It is laid out according to the precepts of the Athonite Order around the catholicon, which is enclosed by a wall, with the Bolnita in its neighborhood and surrounded by the Saints Apostles and Saint Stephan skites, integrated in the main complex and placed outside the large compound towards the four cardinal points. The overall layout is symmetrical on an east-west axis as a Renaissance art influence, the skits forming a cruciform plan.

The Monastery of Horezu Ensemble consists of: a) The Great Church b) The Princely Residence c) The Refectory and the Parecclesion d) Dionisie’s High Porch e) The Entrance Belfry Tower f) The Larger Compound g) The Smaller Compound

The larger compound is shaped like a square; it goes around the church and contains on the south side the Princely Residence, the priory, the library, the Entrance Belfry Tower, on the west side Dionisie’s High Porch, the Refectory with the Parecclesion and on the other sides, there are cells. On the outside, the buildings of the Smaller Compound end in high walls, and show some juts (the Parecclesion, the rest rooms) and are strengthened with buttresses. The North wall continues to the west and east at great length.

The catholicon, the Church of Saints Constantin and Elena, is three-aisled with a very large narthex, following the pattern laid down by the church of the Monastery of Arges (1512- 1517). The apses have a polygonal shape and the altar’s apse juts and has two absidioles. The narthex is expanded. The exonarthex displays semicircular arches supported by eight cylindrical columns plus engaged two semi-columns. The tower with 12 sides is placed above the nave and it is supported from the inside by arches and masonry massive, the arches from the west are deepened each by a high niche. The octagonal tower placed above the narthex is supported from the inside by the wall that connects it to the nave and two strong columns in the middle of the room, the columns are connected to the walls by arches. The periphery of the narthex is covered with cylindrical vaults on three sides and with handkerchief vaults in the corners. The exonarthex is covered with three domes supported by arches and consoles. Before entering the exonarthex there’s a little porch supported by two grooved columns. The exterior decoration is made up of a row of rectangular panels in the lower side and a row of arched niches in the upper side, each decorated with a circle of stucco in the panel and parted by a middle moulding made from a torus with stucco decoration contained by two rows of indentations at the church, tower and the basis of the towers. The same type of arches can be found in the towers windows.

Inside the narthex, the lower tier of the walls is entirely filled with votive pictures of Constantin Brancoveanu, his wife, and their 11 children. The east wall of the exonarthex is entirely occupied by a large Last Judgment. The carved wooden iconostasis is of an exceptionally high quality, combining decorative elements of eastern and western art. The paraklesion over the refectory is rectangular in plan and surmounted by a turret over the naos, with an open exonarthex. Its mural paintings and iconostasis has a new iconographic and stylistic expression, combining the post- Byzantine and the local tradition under the influence of the huge personality of Prince Constantin Brancoveanu and the monastery prior. This new expression contains a pre-modern understanding of the role of visual image in the spiritual and religious message joint by the political, historical and educational one.

The artistic school, especially of mural and icon painting, established at the Monastery of Hurezi in the early XVIIIth century, being a synthesis between the oriental Byzantine art and the western art, exhibited a profound influence on religious art and architecture in the Balkan region, spreading from Wallachia into the orthodox neighborhood.

The princely residence which holds the eastern half of the precinct’s south side is a two level building: an elevated basement containing two large cellars with vaults supported by walls and strong masonry massive in the center of the chambers (three in one cellar and one in the other cellar). You gain access to the second level by the means of two stone staircases, through which you can reach a high porch; it contains a large saloon and a smaller one, separated by a hall and covered with vaults supported by walls and in the center of the chambers, on thick stone pillars of trunk of cone shape; at the eastern tip of the residence lies the monarch’s bedchamber, composed of a big room with a stellar vault, a smaller room and the rest room, forming a jut on the exterior façade and accessible by a masonry gallery.

The refectory and Parecclesion both lay on the western side of the precinct, forming a jut on the outside of the precinct walls. The building has two levels. 1. The ground floor is seized by the refectory in its entirety, a low chamber with a big dome supported to the east and west on two strong double arches and to each a niche deepened in south and north walls. 2. The upper floor is seized by the Parecclesion, reachable by two stone staircases that frame the building. The Parecclesion is similar to a rectangular church, with a polygonal out- of-parallel apse, nave and an open exonarthex with arches supported by six columns and two cylindrical semi columns of monolith stone. The tower is octagonal, placed over nave and supported from the inside on masonry feet in the corners. The exterior decoration is composed of a row of rectangular niches in the lower side and another row of arched niches in the upper side, separated by a middle molding (a torus between two rows of indentations), with indented arches at the windows.

The Belfry is raised on a square plane and decorated, above the building block on which it stands, with two types of niches (the lower ones are rectangular, and the upper ones are arched), separated by a regular middle molding (a torus between two rows of indentations). Under the belfry a vaulted hallway introduces the inner courtyard of the monastery.

The Larger Compound forms a rectangle around the church, containing the Princely Residence, the Priory, the library, the Belfry on the south side and on the west side it contains Dionisie’s High Porch, the refectory with the parecclesion and further on, cells on both levels.

The cells have open galleries with semicircular arches supported by stone columns, similar to the north side, which is made up of cells and housework chambers in its entirety, with a high porch supported by sculpted columns. The east side is enclosed by a high wall, pierced by a row of ramparts of about 5 meters high; attached to the wall towards the north, there’s a birdbath with canopy supported by trunk of cone columns with sculpted column heads. On the outside, the buildings of the precinct end with high walls, displaying some juts (the parecclesion, rest rooms) and enforced by buttresses. The north wall is continued westwards and eastwards at great length. In the western tip of the south side, a three level building with access to the Larger Compound and Smaller Compound as well was built in the middle of the XX-th century

The Outer Courtyard is constructed as an annex for the household works of the monastery, most probably constructed at the same time as the other buildings. As time passed, some of the buildings disappeared, and other buildings were raised, so the view is only partially similar with the original placement.

The Infirmary Complex is slightly elevated on platform placed eastward to the greater precinct of the monastery and contains, by itself, its own precinct, with the church dedicated to Assumption, in its center, the ruin of the hospital and the “high porch”. The ensemble was raised during 1696 – 1699, founded by Lady Maria, the wife of Constantin Brâncoveanu. It was repaired during 1793 – 1796 and restored during 1961 – 1971.

The infirmary (1696 – 1699) has a rectangular shape, with altar, nave and open exonarthex, without a narthex and a tower. The painting was executed by the Preda and Nicola painters. In the exonarthex, an allegorical composition, unique for the époque is painted – The Life of the True Monk. In a suggestive semantic contrast, like a pendant to the scene, the figure of Ioan the Archimandrite is painted. Seen in a similar allegorical key, it’s The Ship of Christianity, fig. 5.35., painted in the upper side, between the two scenes dedicated to the Virgin Mary, flanking the icon of dedication.

The Votive Painting from the church’s nave displays alongside Constantin Brâncoveanu and Lady Maria, the main founder, her grandfather – Antonie Vodă of Popeşti and his father – Radu Postelnicul.

The infirmary house (the hospital) was located on the north side of the Infirmary. It was destroyed in 1787-1788 and it was repaired during 1793-1796. It was conserved as a ruin in the restoration campaign carried out by the Department of Historical Monuments 1957-1964.

The high porch of Lady Maria was elevated on a squared plane at the beginning of the XVIII-th century. A building with accolade arches elevated on a cellar, in the south-west corner of the infirmary precinct. It’s a symbol, attesting to the orientation towards nature typical of Bracovenian Architecture.

The Ensemble of the “Saints Peter and Paul Apostles” was built in 1698 and contains a smaller precinct, placed northwards to the Larger Compound of the monastery, with a church settled at its centered and a block of cells on the north side. Constantin Brâncoveanu is the founder, the first son of the Monarch, being raised through the efforts of Ioan the Archimandrite, the prior of the Hurezi Monastery, depicted alongside the Monarch and two of his sons, Constantin and Ştefan in the church. Beautiful vegetal decorative motifs, on a white background, distinguish this mural ensemble within the context of Brancovenian style

10 painting. On the north wall of the nave, Matei Basarab and Lady Elina were depicted, the founders of the Monastery Negru Vodă of Câmpulung church’s restoration, the settlement of which Ioan the Friar was coming from. The church was constructed in 1698 and painted in 1700. It displays a rectangular plane, narthex, nave and three sided altar, with a tower on top of the nave. The interior painting was signed by painters and hieromonks Iosif and Ioan. The skete, repaired by 1746, was restored by 1957 and 1964. The cells, on two levels, raised 1698, repaired by 1746 when they were in a state of ruin were remade during 1929-1935 and restored by 1961-1971, (the priory, today no longer present, was placed in the south- west corner of the precinct). The walls of the precinct were rebuilt after 1990.

The Ensemble of “Saint Ştefan” Skete was founded by Ştefan, the second son of Constantin Brâncoveanu, in 1703. It’s located at approximately 500 meters westwards of the monastery, in the warbler of Romani River. The skete contains a precinct with the church in the center, two blocks of cells northwards and the ruins of a belfry. The church is a harmoniously balanced building, a small church, of three apses, without a exonarthex and a tower above the nave. The painting was done by Istrate and Hranite painters. During 1954- 1958 the skete was restored after a long time of abandonment. The cells were partially remade together with the precinct wall at the 1958 restoration. Only on the south side, the cells are still standing as ruins.

The Saint John Skete, kept only as ruin, was mentioned in documents in the 10th of March 1682 and the 10th of March 1689, when the monastery gains some tax exemption. In 20th May 1695, Ioan the monk, the skete’s friar, dedicates it to Constantin Brâncoveanu, mentioning that it was founded by his ancestors. It was abandoned by friars during 1870-1877, as a result of the destruction caused by flooding of the Hurezi River.

11 c) Boundaries of the site1:

The buffer zone contains a broader territory, which, in turn, ensures the inscribed site’s protection, but also the protection of the surrounding environment, of the valuable perspective on the monument and also the perspective coming from the monument towards the its natural setting. At the northern boundary of the buffer zone we find the Saint Apostles Skete’s plot, at the east there’s the Coasta Mănăstirii Hill, at the south we find the Romanii Church plot, at the west the boundary follows the Romanii Street, it also contains the territory of St. Ştefan Skete and it reaches the northern boundary.

NO NAME LATITUDE AND AREA_HA LONGITUDE 1 Hurezi Monastery Buffer Zone 45:10:12.258N 24:0:50.796E 57.29 2 Hurezi Monastery Buffer Zone 45:10:14.948N 23:59:58.945E

NO NAME LATITUDE AND AREA_HA LONGITUDE 1 Hurezi Monastery Inscribed property 45:9:59.39N 24:0:22.936E 23.05 2 Hurezi Monastery Inscribed property 45:10:25.508N 24:0:27.285E

1 See Annex 2.

12 d) Values:

The region of “Oltenia de sub Munte” (South of the Carpathian Mountains Oltenia), where the Hurezi monastery complex is placed, is an area of tremendous spiritual and economic significance. Of all the landmarks in the region, the Hurezi monastery complex is the most valuable Brancovenian monument, sheltering unique values, a fact supported by its place in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Hurezi monastery complex is a space with a unique identity, from the spiritual, cultural and historical standpoint. By means of the following strategy, we aim to rejuvenate these aspects and transform the monastery in a center for cultural development, stimulus for social and cultural activities in the area, and to turn it into the main research center for the Brancovenian age in Romania

Founded in 1690 by Prince Constantine Brancovan, the monastery of Horezu, in Walachia, is a masterpiece of the 'Brancovan' style. It is known for its architectural purity and balance, the richness of its sculptural detail, the treatment of its religious compositions, its votive portraits and its painted decorative works. The school of mural and icon painting established at the monastery in the 18th century was famous throughout the Balkan region. The complex of the Monastery of Horezu is without doubt the finest expression of the Brancovan style of religious architecture and art. This remarkable flowering of post-Byzantine culture in the early 18th century playes a highly significant role in the artistic evolution of the Balkan region in the 18th and 19th centuries.

[Inscription criteria. C (ii) / (Justification provided by the State Party)].

The Monastery of Horezu represents a masterpiece of Brancovan style, which is remarkable for its architectural purity and balance, the richness of the its sculpted detail, its treatment of religious compositions, its votive portraits, and its painted decorative elements (criterion i).

It represents an important center for the diffusion of culture. The Horezu school of painting was preeminent throughout the region in the 18th century (criterion ii).

Through its architecture, sculpture and painting the Monastery of Horezu is one of the most representative monuments of the culturally influential Brancovan period (criterion IV).

Criterion i: The ensemble of the Monastery of Horezu is a masterpiece of Brancovan style of art.

Criterion ii: The artistic school, especially of mural and icon painting, established at the Monastery of Horezu in the early 18th century had a profound influence on religious art and architecture in the Balkan region, spreading from Wallachia into neighboring countries such as Bulgaria and Moldavia and Beyond.

The Committee inscribed the site on the World Heritage List under criterion (ii) in December 1993.

CONSERVATION, AUTENTICITY AND INTEGRITY

The scientific restoration helped maintain a good state of conservation of the The Horezu monastery site, to keep its values intact, at the same time with ensuring its permanent continuous maintenance. The conservation of the monument under the best conditions is ensured also by the legislation concerning the protection of monuments in Romania. The restoration has preserved and revealed all the original artistic values of the The Horezu monastery site, without modifying them. Its unitary style has been intact preserved, as the elements added subsequently, some of them having a special value, fit harmoniously into the complex. Other guarantees of authenticity include the mural painting, very well preserved in its original state, the painted and sculpted inscriptions, the original mobile inventory pieces: iconostases, liturgy objects, chandeliers, icons.

CONSERVATION AND AUTHENTICITY

Conservation history. The Monastery of Horezu has undergone a number of repairs and restorations since its foundation. Its roof was replaced in 1827 and a series of repairs were carried out in 1872. General restoration works were carried out by the national Historic Monuments Commission in 1907-1912. The cells of the skite of the Holy Apostles were restored in 1952-1953, and the abbandonend skite of the St. Stephen in 1952. Following repair of the water system in 1957-1959, a major restoration program began in 1960 under the care of the national Directorate. Detailed research was followed by restoration of the catholicon(including the exterior wall paintings), the princely residence, and most of the other buildings within the enceinte.

Authenticity. The level of authenticity in the Monastery of Horezu is high. The restoration work carried out since 1960 has in effect increased the overall authenticity, by revealing previously hidden elements and removing later accretions.

STATE OF CONSERVATION

Conservation interventions. Conservation: 90% of the main church was restored and consolidated; the gutters were remade; under-floor heating was installed and the interior frescoes were restored and the frescos of the paraklesion; the external frescoes have to be restored.

The Hurezi Monastery is a physical and visual testimony to the former extent of one of the Balcan’s greatest architecture style, Brancovan style. It represents a masterpiece, which is remarkable for its architectural purity and balance, the richness of its sculpted detail, its treatment of religious compositions, its votive portraits, and its painted decorative elements. Its architectural and artistic features make it unique as well as in Romanian as in south - east European architecture. Being the largest and most developed monastic complex in Wallachia, the Hurezi Monastery displays the power and influence of the prince Constantine Brancovan when it was at the height of its rule. It represents a key period in the history of Romania when post-Byzantine culture in the early 18th century played a highly significant role in the artistic evolution of the

Balkan region in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the great precinct near by the great church is situated the monastery museum which preserved many important cult objects (movable heritage) and many other liturgics pieces owned by the monastery. The great church which is dedicated to the Saints Emperors Constantine and Helen was meant to become Prince Constantine Brancoveanu’s family necropolis. Annually it is celebrated in 21 may this religious event. The Hurezi Monastery adds to the tourist value, to the cultural diversity of the area and enhances and deepens understanding the heritage of the area. Recreational and educational value is revealed by the rich intangible heritage of the area. The famous pottery fair “Cocosul de Hurezi” takes place every June and, pottery craftsmen from all over the country display their works. The World Heritage site values have been maintained throughout the restoration and conservation works made after the inscription of the monument. The urban plan of Horezu Town has been adopted in 2009, including the precise regulations for the protected area of the Monastery of Hurezi. All the buildings composing the ensemble of the Monastery of Hurezi are preserved in the original layout with the mural paintings, the carved wooden iconostasis; the stone carved decoration and the stucco decoration of the exterior and interior architecture. The works of restoration and conservation of the monastery made after the inscription of the monument on the World Heritage List have been approved within the laws regarding the cultural heritage and with certified specialists. This is the way the authenticity of the monument has been ensured.

The Ensemble of Horezu Monastery – the physical state:

The Holy Emperors Constantin and Elena Church was the target of restoration and consolidation works that were concluded in 2007 with the completion of the church perimeter draining system and the remaking of the exteriorly varnish plaster. At present times, the following signs of degradation are visible: - Because of capillarity humidity that remains after the works, we can observe fissures and exfoliation of the varnish plaster at the base area. - As a result of the changing of the old roof convertibles with a new copper plate cover roof tiles, green spots can be seen on the sidewalk limestone slab stones due to copper salts formed on the roof that fell on the sidewalk.

The princely residence, that functions mainly as a museum in present times, shoes, as a result of repeated the seismic activity and the of the different ways the ground under the foundations varying settlement responded to the weights of the high porches opposite to taken together with the main building block, shows the following sings of degradation: - Fissures at the keystones of the double arches in the Great Hall - Fissures across the vault of the eastern chamber - At the high porch there are we can spot fissures of in the arches and vaults in the ground and upper floors. - Tangent cracks in the wall, following the staircase, pursued and further on toby ate transverse crack in the upper side of the staircase

The Refectory and Parecclesion display the following signs of degradation: - in the refectory there is no degradation - in the Parecclesion there’s moderate degradation – a crack in the keystone over the exonarthex and across its whole length that damages the integrity of the painting and the support layer of the fresco.

Dionisie’s High Porch displays the following types of degradation: - moderate fissures in the keystones of the upper floor arches - fissures in the floor of the upper area of the high porch - tilted cracks in the transverse walls of the ground floor.

The Entrance Belfry Tower does not show signs of structural degradation.

The Larger Precinct compound shows the following signs of moderate degradation:

- in the westward cell building we find: a) a longitudinal fissure generalized at the level of the upper floor porch keystones, fissures and cracks in the lintels of some doorways belonging to the transverse ground of upper floor walls b) longitudinal fissure / crack in the brick floor tiles fixed on the wooden plank over the ground floor, following the length of the porch’s parapet c) the transversal fissures in the south side of the westward building lock in the vicinity of Dionisie’s high porch d) macerated or loose varnishes plasters as a result of humidity capillarity

- in the northward cell block we find: a) humidity capillarity in the lower side of the pantry’s wall b) macerated varnishes on the side facing the precinct

- the east wall and the birdbath: the masonry is in a good condition, but at the intersection with the birdbath’s roof there are areas of infiltration humidity from of rain fall and biological attack, the birdbath has degraded stone columns due to– erosion, smudges, exfoliation

- The 19th century Building block: does not show visible signs of structural degradation, but there’s capillarity humidity at the basis of the outer walls, loose and dissolute varnish plaster.

The smaller Precinct compound shows no problems.

The Ensemble of the infirmary shows the following signs of degradation:

- In the Church, fissures in the transverse wall between the nave and the exonarthex, in the pediment of the exonarthex we see humidity at the basis with the exfoliation of the varnish plaster, stone elements with various deposits, the degradation of the tower painting , the degradation of the woodwork - At the High Porch, excess humidity, exfoliated varnish plaster - In the ruins of the hospital the degradation through the maceration of mortar and bricks due to capillarity humidity

The Ensemble of the “Saints Peter and Paul Apostles” Skete displays the following sings of degradation:

- At the in Church there are structural problems at the tower where , fissures appeared in the walls, there is degradation of the varnish plaster due to excessive humidity, degradation of the varnish plaster of the façades beading, crust /deposits on the stone elements of the façade, woodwork joinery degradation - At the Precinct Wall excess of capillarity humidity, fissures / fractures.

The Ensemble of “Saint Ştefan” Skete shows the following signs of degradation:

- in the Church structural problems at the tower where fissures / fractures are to be seen, degradation of the varnish plaster as a result of excess humidity, woodwork degradation, painting degradation due to repainting works - At the Precinct Wall there is an important decay gradation is important and it’is necessary to dismantle and rebuilt it with the same materials and techniques used in that age;, it needs archaeological studies are required in order to rebuilt make the entrance tower above the gateway.

1.3 Ownership The Inscribed property belongs to the private property of the Monastery of Horezu which is also the management authority. In the buffer zone, the ownership is mainly private domain, but also to the public property of the state, the Municipality of Horezu and Valcea County Council. In the buffer zone the administration responsibilities are assigned to the Monastery of Horezu, the Municipality of Horezu and Valcea County Council.

Inscribed property Nr. Private Public Name Description

1. ☐ ☐ Hurezi In The Monastery of Horezu Monastery the owner is the Romanian Orthodox Church which is represented by the staff conducted by Abbes Marina Comaniciu, which is the coordinator.

Buffer zone 2. ☐ ☐ Municipality of Coordinates and directs urban Horezu planning.

3. ☐ ☐ County Council Elaborates economic, social and cultural strategies for Valcea County 4. ☐ ☐ Private owners Property rights

1.4 Legal framework2 International context The Monastery of Horezu has been inscribed in the world Heritage List in 1993 by decision 17COM XI/1993, under the criteria ii, position 597. The World Heritage Convention adopted in Paris in 1972 was ratified by Romania with Decree no. 187/1990. The Convention provides a legal framework for international cooperation in preserving and protecting world cultural and natural heritage. Every state party takes the responsibility to preserve and protect the inscribed property. National and local authorities must take measure to preserve and protect inscribed cultural heritage site, and must develop management strategies and provide periodic reporting to UNESCO. The management system is developed with an efficient cooperation of national and local stakeholders. Therefore the Monastery of Horezu will benefit from the implementation of the Management Plan which provides conservation and monitoring mechanisms. Romania also ratified other conventions and recommendations regarding tangible and intangible heritage cultural and natural heritage mentioning the most important like: in 1958 ratified The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954), in 1993 ratified the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970), in 1991 ratified The European Cultural Convention, in 1997 ratified the Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe (1985), the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (1992), in 2002 ratified the European Landscape Convention (2000), in 2005 ratified The Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003). National context Following the ratified convention and recommendations, the Romanian Government issues the Order no. 47/2000 which regulates special measures to preserve and protect the historical monuments inscribed in the World Heritage List. It also stipulates the responsibilities of the local administrations regarding world heritage properties. This document clearly states that conservation, restoration and valorification of the world cultural heritage is of national interest and every site needs to develop a management plan that has to be revised every 5 years. A milestone in protection and preservation of cultural heritage is 2001 when was issue the Protection of Historical Monuments Law no. 422. This law is the fundamental legal tool that provides protection and preservation of the historical monuments in Romania. The law provides the framework to issue The Historical Monuments List in Romania published by The Minister Order no. 2361/2010. The Monastery of Horezu has 593 positions in the list and it is listed under A category of monuments of national and universal significance. The law

2 See annex 1

19 regulates the funding process for restoration and protection of historical monuments and also the responsibilities of the local authorities and owners of the monuments. By the Decision no 493/2004 it was approved the Methodology for monitoring the world cultural heritage monuments in Romania and the Methodology for the development of the management plans for the world cultural heritage properties. The monitoring period is 5 years and it develops in two phases: biannual evaluation of the conservation state and the set of needed measures to be carried out. By Decision 1268/2010 general objectives of the management plan were established and was described the management system for world cultural heritage sites in Romania. At local level, by the Decision of the Valcea County Council no. 51/2012 it was established the UNESCO Organizational Committee for the Monastery of Horezu consisting of the manager of the monument, owner representative, County Department for Emergency Situation representative, Local Police representative, local community representative, County Directorate for Culture representative, County Council representative and a representative of the National Institute for Heritage.

1.5 Current programming

Program/Plan Area in Impleme Planned Works / question ntation investments Priorities period

ERDF Regional All 2007 – 1.000.000 euro enhancement of Operational Program municipalities 2013 state road 199 included in the heritage site

Interreg

Urban

Current projects

Interreg

I-DEALIS, Economic Horezu micro- 2010-2013 2.652.482 euro Development inclusion and region, Apuseni of social development in micro-region, economic alpine zones of Fagaras micro- structure Romania through region, Bihor social enterprises micro-region

POR, Priority Axis 5, Horezu area 2010-2012 225.000 euro Tourism DMI 5.3: Sustainable promoting in development and Horezu area. tourism: Promoting products and touristic events from Horezu area for tourism development in north-west Vâlcea County

Urban

Local Spatial Plan Horezu 2010-2020 Municipality

Projects pending evaluation

POR Priority Axis 5, Horezu area 2010-2012 500.000 euro DMI 5.2: Building sustainable tourism infrastructure for exploitation of natural resources from Horezu area, Vâlcea County

Current strategies

Cultural strategy of Vâlcea County 2008-2013 Cultural Vâlcea County strategy adopted by Vâlcea County Council

Tourism Vâlcea County 2007-2013 Tourism Development strategy Strategy of Vâlcea County adopted by Vâlcea County Council

Economic and Social Vâlcea County 2009-2013 Economic and Development Social strategy Strategy of Vâlcea County adopted by Vâlcea County Council

Environment Local Vâlcea County 2006-2018 Environment Action Plan for strategy Vâlcea County adopted by Vâlcea County Council

Roads and bridges Vâlcea County 2007-2013 Roads infrastructure Infrastructure development strategy strategy for Vâlcea County adopted by Vâlcea County Council

UNESCO periodic Monitoring report 2011 made by National Institute for Heritage.

PART II MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND OBJECTIVES 23

Part II Management issues and objectives

2.1 General objectives of the management plan

Cultural Goals

- Maintain, improve and promote the outstanding universal value of the monastery. - Provide a model for best practice regarding the conservation, protection and promotion of cultural heritage. - Provide a base for the local community / monastery to maintain, protect, promote and use the values of cultural heritage in a correct manner. - Define the guidelines for the protection, conservation, development, promotion and use of the monument.

Social and Economic Goals

- Provide a base for sustainable development of the cultural, social and economic sides of the area. - Provide a base for social cohesion by means of the activities proposed in the management plan. - Provide efficient management for sustainable tourism without endangering the religious side of the monument. - Provide the optimal and transparent framework for institutional cooperation in order to solve social, cultural and economic problems of the area. - Foster and develop the traditional crafts and trades, especially pottery, and promote crafted products, clothing products, artistic products and foods of the area.

Educational Goals

- Educate and provide incentives for the public interest in order to acquaint the local communities with the natural and cultural heritage, outline the monument’s place of honor within Brancovenian architecture.

Environment Goals

- Enhance the natural setting of the Hurezi monastery and work together with local authorities in order to facilitate an efficient and fair use of natural resources.

2.2 Pressure and issues affecting the site

Following the above statements, a dynamic management system that will keep a stable balance between various activities associated with the monastery complex will be implemented. A significant side to this issue is building a sustainable partnership with the local community. Managing the tourism in the area means that the monastery’s way of life is not harmed, and that the spiritual and cultural sides of visiting the area, as well as the material gains for the monastery, will be addressed.

A fair analysis of the present situation, based on natural and cultural resources of the site, including material and intangible sides that make the setting for the Hurezi monastery complex, as well as the whole region where it’s placed, should be carried out.

The Economic Context

The main areas of the local economy revolve around forestry, agriculture and livestock, tourism, mining and quarrying, as well as the traditional craft of pottery. pharmaceutical industry, which is climbing fast.. The tourism sector is represented by the recognition of Horezu as a tourism site of local interest in 2005. The same year, 3 settlements initiated a project for Tourism and General Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Development in the Historic-Cultural Area of Horezu Depression (Vâlcea County). A study showed that tourism figures doubled during 1989-2003 and actions taken in 2005 were the next logical step. Another study in 2005-2006 was carried out to assay the eco-tourism potential of the area. These efforts were rewarded as the region was awarded the title of European Destination of Excellence by the European Commission in 2008. The traditional craft of pottery and other crafts are well distinguished from the aesthetic and economic point of view. Around 60.000 pieces are created yearly and the production is usually sold in its entirety. Mineral and geothermal waters are used throughout Vâlcea County for health and tourism purposes. Mining and quarrying is restricted to the exploitation of limestone for industrial and building purposes. Oil and coal reserves are not exploited. The economy of the Horezu area is based on traditional trades, and recently an increase of the private initiative is noticed, especially in the tourism and related activities sector.

With the downfall of industrial activity, after the 90's, the local population went towards the traditional crafts and occupations. This move enhanced the area's intangible heritage, at the cost of a slightly decreased degree of income. In 2007, the medium salary in Vâlcea County is slightly lower than the medium salary in the region and even lower than the medium salary nationwide. Still, the town of Horezu boasts the status of an ethnographic and traditional pottery center. It's also a traditional center of commercial exchange for agricultural and household products. The monastery benefits from the proximity of the town of Horezu, well known for its ethnographic and traditional pottery center, but there’s an issue regarding the quality of the infrastructure – the ways of access for the monument and all aspects related to this matter (roads, road signs, parking, tourism information centers, accommodation, etc.). There are orchards, livestock, pottery and trades revolving around the exploitation and processing of wood. The town of Horezu is also a traditional center for commerce, a market where agricultural and other products were traded. Bearing in mind the decline of industry, the community returned to the traditional trades. Still, we find the area’s economy to be below the national level. It is neither possible nor appropriate for the owner to be the sole funder for conservation, restoration e. Additional funding partners like local authority are required continually to cover the needs of the site like infrastructure. There is a need for an efficient management of the funds and re-invest opportunities into heritage protection and enhancement. Vâlcea County is relatively well equipped in the area of transport infrastructure and accessibility and it will benefit from investment planned at regional and state levels, which will increase access and the efficient management of transport. Still, roadways are yet to be refurbished (54% of all roadways need to be processed) and the railway network is at a low density.

Demography

The population is aging, especially in the rural area. The natural growth is increasing. The county’s population is diminishing, in the rural and urban areas alike. In 2005 there were 416234 inhabitants in Vâlcea the county, and the annual statistics reports 410309 inhabitants in 1 January 2008, meaning a 1.4% decrease. The number of economically active persons is small, within the villages surrounding the monastery, most young men are settled in cities, generally outside the county. Still, the population growth rate is increasing. Unemployment is rather high, especially among least qualified persons with a minimal education background. Highest education institution in the area is Constantin Brâncoveanu University - Faculty of Marketing Management in Economic Affairs, Râmnicu Vâlcea (the county residence).

The social, cultural and natural background

The Hurezi monastery complex is placed in a region rich in cultural heritage and associated with a valuable natural background. The natural environment is an added value, offering a beautiful view.

The HUREZI monastery complex is a major research topic for a myriad of researchers of different fields: historians, art historians, architects, archaeologists, ethnographers, historians of religious ideas. It’s necessary to educate the population to understand the specific values of this monument as part of UNESCO World Heritage and to enhance it for the local community. There are issues of communication and collaboration, concerning local and national authorities, that impact on the monument’s protection and enhancement. At the same time the lack of human resources in the cultural heritage protection field, in the case of local and national authorities, leads to the faulty enforcement of the law governing heritage assets.

Protecting the monument

The physical state of the Hurezi monastery complex poses several issues concerning its conservation and restoration. There is, also, the necessity to extend the security systems in order to keep the monument’s integrity and its valuable mobile heritage. Threats Undoubtedly, there are pressure points regarding the heritage values of the monastery which belong to the traditions and rituals of the monastery’s way of life – pilgrimage, an activity that grew highly in the last twenty years, as well as the natural tendency towards comfort. These two sides lead to interventions that can affect the monument’s authenticity and integrity. Another series of threats are those generated by the tourist flow, of which the majority have no education regarding the values of the monument or the monastery’s rituals and way of life, sides that are significant to the intangible heritage. Still, the conditions concerning large scale tourism, might lead to a negative impact on the monument’s image, by building parking spaces, lavatories, tourist points and various facilities in the monument’s perimeter or in its buffer zone. Beside these issues, there’s a lack of financing, as well as issues concerning faulty communication with stakeholders and local authorities.

Tourism trends

The tourism sector is represented by the recognition of Horezu as a tourism site of local interest in 2005. The same year, 3 settlements initiated a project for Tourism and General Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Development in the Historic-Cultural Area of Horezu Depression (Vâlcea County). A study showed that tourism figures doubled during 1989-2003 and actions taken in 2005 were the next logical step. Another study in 2005-2006 was carried out to assay the eco-tourism potential of the area. These efforts were rewarded as the region was awarded the title of European Destination of Excellence by the European Commission in 2008. The traditional craft of pottery and other crafts are well distinguished from the aesthetic and economic point of view. 60.000 pieces are created yearly and the production is usually sold in its entirety. We have witnessed a significant growth in cultural tourism developed around the cultural and religious heritage in the past years. The monastery of Hurezi is a UNESCO world heritage site, it’s a part of the natural and cultural landscape of

Oltenia at the Foot of the Mountains – which is a space that provides a rich offer when it comes to cultural tourism, mountaineering and eco-tourism – and it’s a unique resource by its architecture, its location in a rich and well preserved natural setting, its kept heritage treasures and by its historical values, as well as traditional customs, making it a landmark for the monastic way of life. The site resources – cultural and natural heritage – can attract other forms of tourism as well: tourism related to education and research (workshops, scientific seminars and conferences, etc.). Mineral and geothermal waters are used throughout Vâlcea County for health and tourism purposes. Also, there is an abundance of protected plant species, especially warm, Sub-Mediterranean climate species. There are some protected animal species within the region as well. The main protected area is the national park of Buila Vânturariţa, the 12th national park of Romania. This 4500 ha national park is proposed as a NATURA 2000 site.

Natural disasters and risks

The Romanian territory is known for a high degree risk of earthquakes. Earthquakes can affect the whole monument. The monument is impacted by humidity and capillarity, a phenomenon that is caused by yet unknown sources, but a study on the complex and its surroundings could rightly analyze and inform on these issues. All restoration, consolidation, and enhancement interventions designed for the monastery should take all these natural risks into account. Flooding was reported along the valleys of Luncavăţ and Cerna rivers. Landslides in the area of Vaideeni Village and alongside Cerna river and Mariţa stream, across the DJ 665 county road.

Pressure points due to the natural environment

There are natural environment factors affecting the monument. And so, due to the area’s climate, we noticed the frost / defrost phenomenon, humidity and biological attacks, erosion due to winds that impact on the façade.

Human interventions

All the interventions carried out on the monument or in the buffer zone will be done according to the laws and norms governing the protection of historical monuments. Still, we must keep in mind that placing industry, installations, working areas inside the buffer zone can affect the natural environment and contribute to the degradation of the heritage values belonging to the complex. Another source of issues is the one regarding the behavior of tourists and pilgrims that take part in the various activities of the monastery. All these aspects need to be monitored, analyzed and evaluated in order to take decisions for protection of the monument.

2.3 Specific objectives and strategies

Objective 1:

Understanding the universal significance of Monastery of Horezu, in order to ensure the protection of this important site on the World Heritage List, as well as the dissemination of its universal value to the local community, in order to preserve this exceptional heritage, is a strategic objective of this management plan.

The in-depth knowledge of its universal value (through inventorying the cultural heritage), and of its distinct potential, as a major factor for sustainable development in the region, is necessary in order to protect and conserve the heritage.

Strategies: a. Collecting information and data in order to understand and disseminate the universal value of Monastery of Horezu, especially towards the town of Horezu

The geography and history which tie the Monastery and the present-day town of Horezu together lead to the fact that the sustainable development of this region must be based on the connection between the monument inscribed into the World Heritage List, the town and the natural setting in which they are placed. Knowledge and dissemination of the exceptional values of Monastery of Horezu, of its spiritual aspect and of the traditions associated with this place of worship, of the values belonging to the ceramics of Horezu, inscribed into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2012, as well as other cultural and natural heritage values that are found in the area, are the keystones of the management plan that will ensure the sustainable development of this region.

Objective 2:

Improving and strengthening the role of local communities (the monastic community, the local community) that allows for the protection, conservation and enhancement of the cultural heritage, of all types movable heritage, built heritage and intangible heritage. Involve the communities in protecting, conserving and enhancing the cultural heritage of all types, movable heritage, built heritage and intangible heritage.

[Article 5 of the World Heritage Convention states the responsibility, “to adopt a general policy which aims to give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the community and to integrate the protection of that heritage into comprehensive planning programms”.

Based on international principles for conserving cultural heritage, laid down in the above- mentioned key recommendations of the UNESCO conventions and international guidelines, such as the Venice Charter, the objective, targets and strategies should be specified]

Strategies: a. Identify the stakeholders that can help to carry out the management plan, define the structure of the local community (the representatives, ways in which the local community can be interested and involved in the management plan). b. Create the inventory of all the cultural resources, natural and intangible in the Hurezi Monastery Area. It is fundamental and mandatory for the completion of the management plan. c. Risk analysis for the cultural movable heritage, built heritage and intangible heritage. d. Identify the natural protected areas nearby and ways in which it is possible to create tourist routes in connection with the monastery complex. e. Establish a cultural center to study Brancovan Art within the wider frame of European Art.

Objective 3:

Developing the cultural identity and strengthening the social cohesion by getting to know and comprehend the cultural values of the entire area of the monastery.

 Horezu Pottery – the mark of the local community’s identity

UNESCO decided, within the 7th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Paris, 3th – 7th December), the inscription of Romanian pottery in this World Heritage List. According to the UNESCO website, creating Horezu ceramics is a „unique traditional craft”, practiced by men, as well as women, hailing from the north part of Vâlcea County, the process of manufacturing being divided. According to UNESCO, „the techniques, art and knowledge associated with Horezu ceramics are symbolic markers for the identification of Horezu and Olari communities; the inscription of the Horezu ceramics craft in the UNESCO representative list could contribute to the cooperation with other craftsman from other areas with the purpose of promoting the respect for cultural diversity and human creativity; the proposed steps to be taken in order to increase promotion, research and the transfer of the craft prove the commitment of multiple craftsman associations and local authorities to keep this proficiency. In the historic center and in the neighborhoods of Horezu town, developed by connecting with villages of free peasants nearby the old market, we find churches that are historical monuments, built around the XVIIth – XIXth centuries, built by the local communities, valuable from the architectural and artistic points of view, but mainly, valuable for the history and identity of these communities. The exterior and interior painting is remarkable, from the artistic point of view.

 The Historic Center of Horezu Town

The Historic Center of the old Horezu market was built starting with the second half of the XIX th century, made from merchant houses with stores and taverns at the ground floor, houses of the public functionaries, inns, as well as headquarters of public institutions: mayor’s office, hospital, law court, high school, church.  Values of built heritage in the area

 Important historic facts and important personalities belonging the local history

Strategies: a. The inventory of all cultural, natural and intangible resources in the nearby area of Monastery of Horezu is fundamental and mandatory for establishing the management plan. b. Identify and analyses of the socio-economic context. c. Identify natural protected areas nearby and the option of making tourist routes in connection with the monastery complex. d. Identify, define and communicate the local identity. e. Establish of a promotion campaign of these values for the area’s inhabitants – communication materials for children and adults, organizing events and public festivities – by partnerships with local institutions, including education institutions. f. Create a database with cultural resources of the area. g. Identify and implement of adequate steps to promote and transfer traditional crafts, especially pottery.

Objective 4:

The integrated conservation of the cultural heritage belonging to the Complex of Monastery of Horezu.

Strategies: a. Conserve and protect the cultural heritage for current and future generations. b. The integrated conservation intends, firstly, to prevent the adverse effects of previously identified degradation factors, maintain and keep the monument’s integrity and authenticity.

31 c. Conserve natural and cultural landscape where the monastery is placed, within the limits of keeping its universal value. d. Analyze all risks pertaining to urban development, environmental influence, natural hazards, tourism pressure etc., compliant with the county and regional development strategies. e. Developing a conservation, protection and enhancement plan. f. Set priorities and define the protection, conservation and restoration phases. g. Ensure the financial resources for restoration from national funds and from private and European funds. h. Rehabilitate and restore the architectural heritage from the vulnerable areas belonging to the Monastery of Horezu, breaking it into phases (according to the master plan). i. Create the Consultative Committee and involve all factors that contributed to a viable management plan that will ensure the sustainable development of Monastery of Horezu. - Set the responsibilities in the evaluation, monitoring and implementation of the management plan. j. Reactive monitoring – causes that affect the conservation state of the Historic Monument.

Objective 5:

Connecting the urban planning policies of the local and central authorities, in order to establish a suitable framework for the self-assertion of universal heritage values

Strategies: a. Adapt and integrate Horezu Town’s urban planning in close interdependence with the monastery complex’ development, according to the approved General Urban Plan. b. Create and using a website and a webGIS platform for the integration and use of available information in development of the local strategy to ensure a favorable decision-making process with the goal of promoting the Monastery of Horezu heritage. c. Establish an Area Urban Plan for the protected cultural area, according to the law. d. Create and use a data base containing the national cultural movable heritage, built heritage and intangible heritage.

Objective 6:

Create a cultural brand for the Monastery of Horezu and the Horezu Town area

Strategies: a. Develop a business plan to contain information regarding the UNESCO monument, based on a clear proposal and according to the real conditions regarding the possibilities of the site’s restoration, but also regarding the opportunity to create income for the monastic community and for the local community too. With this in mind, an economic, financial and marketing analysis must be carried out. Costs and cultural products must be estimated, if we desire increased income from the site.

Objective 7:

Sustainable development for the cultural and religious tourism, and the enhancement of the cultural resources belonging to the Monastery of Horezu and its surroundings

Strategies: a. This area is one of the few in Romania where two universal values (UNESCO), one represented by the cultivated art – the Brancovan style and the other represented by remarkable intangible heritage, Horezu Ceramics. Starting with these values, the area discussed in this paper could be the beneficiary of a unique brand in Romania and in the world. b. Improving the perception of the wider audience and raise its awareness to important sides of Monastery of Horezu. c. Incentives for the religious tourism through pilgrimage routes, that start from the Monastery of Horezu and that will develop constantly – the Horezu monastic complex as the most important cultural and spiritual center in the area, a stimulus for the socio- economic development. d. Use the existing tourist potential and the entering the market through increasing the number of guest houses, specialize the guest houses, improving the quality of services (the presence of 27 guest houses and 2 hotels in the area is an asset). e. Socio-economic enhancement – the economic growth of the area, the identification of promotion channels and enhancement of the cultural and natural heritage as objective. f. Integrated tourism products that will enhance the potential of Horezu Depression touristic area and the wider “Oltenia at the foot of the Mountain” Area.

33 g. Making themed tourist pedestrian routes, routes for bicycles and for vehicles, that will connect cultural landmarks in the area. h. The monastery of Horezu and its Sketes, including the ruins of St. Ioan Skete. i. Building raised by free peasants. j. The Horezu Ceramics Museum and the pottery workshops from the Olari neighborhood. k. The Măldăreşti architecture complex: Greceanu Cula, Duca Cula, the church and museum house. l. The old market – the historic center of Horezu Town

The strategy of sustainable tourism linked with world heritage assumes, amongst others, three types of activity: a. Contribute, by applying the sustainable tourism program of world heritage, to create and improve the management capacity of the site and to generate work places and income for the protection of the sites. b. Establish strategic partnerships for sustainable tourism as a mean to conserve the world heritage sites. c. Give assistance on behalf of the World Heritage Committee, the UNESCO Secretariat, including the regional sections of the WHC offices on tourism issues.

Objective 8:

Develop a Communication Plan and Enhance the Complex of Monastery of Horezu and the Horezu Area.

Strategies: a. Creating and developing the partnership network that will contribute to the sustainable development of the area. b. Promoting the UNESCO site, locally regionally, but also at national and international levels through communication strategies. c. The inclusion of policies promoted by the management plan in the local and regional development plans.

Part III ACTION PLAN 35

Part III Action Plan

3.1 Action Plan for Monastery of Horezu.

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) 1. Acknowledge and 1a. Create and B 5.000, National 2013- Website understand the promote a website for Institute of 2014 Traffic, etc. universal value of Horezu Monastery in Heritage, forum Horezu Monastery – 3 languages (English, Partner nationwide and French, Romanian) private firms worldwide. - Buy an internet for the site’s domain and web administration services - Establish a person in charge of technical issues (preferably the partner private firm) - Establish a person in charge of the content

1.b. Research and Establish a inventory the heritage B scientific values, tangible or committee intangible that will (brancovenian art and guarantee the architecture, rituals content and customs of the community and monastery, the Horezu Ceramics as a spiritual representation of the area, etc.), belonging to Horezu Monastery Complex and enhancing its function of a center for culture and orthodox spirituality. Research for the archives. (The County Department for Culture’s archive from 1971-1972, etc.) - Recovering the past of the area by photography archives (public archives and collectors). Making exhibitions with this theme and photo albums.

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) 11.c. Complete and National 2013- developing the Institute of 2015 databases, and Heritage integrating them in a GIS platform for the Monastery’s cultural heritage Movable Heritage (DOC-PAT) Built Heritage (LMI) Create a database for the intangible heritage

1.d. Establish a center Administrative 2013- The building for research in the issues – The 2014 design is already Brancovenian art in Monastery. done the context of European art (develop human resources and making the adequate space available for activities – laboratories, study rooms, etc.), according to the master plan, within the monastery complex 1.e. Create the Monastery Archive and expand it by using the attic according to the master plan 2. Disseminating 2.a. Create educational C Horezu 6 years Publications, the monastery’s programs in the Monastery, special universal values to schools The National publications the local - courses Institute of and general community: the - seminars Heritage, The use laymen and the - brochures County publications. clergy. - study trips Department - Develop the existing for Culture, Propatrimoniu project Educational of the County Institutions in Department for the area, Culture Valcea – Museums, which is implemented NGO’s in various schools - Involve the County Education Department Valcea for further implementation of educational programs.

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) 2.b. Develop Private firm 4 years questionnaires that for opinion define the local poles community’s perception on - the monastery’s universal values. - how does the cultural heritage in the area contribute to the development of the local community - the progression in perception for different social groups - define the questionnaire structure and field of interest, apply it periodically. 2.c. Create temporary travelling exhibitions (movable heritage) - make temporary traveling photography exhibitions, in schools, culture houses and cultural centers in areas with similar architectural heritage (Brancovenian style). For example: Horezu, Polovragi, Sambata de Sus, Brancoveni., etc. - using the exhibitions in tourism fairs.

3. Improving and 3.a. Plan events B Horezu 2013- - participation strengthening the organized by the Monastery, 2015 in various role of local clergy: The seminars, communities (the - with the occasion of Archbisphopry conferences monastic titular saints (Holy of Ramnic, The - Publications community, the Emperors Constantine County etc. local community) and Helen, the Holy Department that allows for the Brancovenian Martyrs, for Culture protection, The Healing Spring) Valcea, Local conservation and - anniversary and Authorities enhancement of the homage symposia for cultural heritage, of the lay men in the area all types movable (for example: the heritage, built archimandrite Ioan heritage and symposia) intangible heritage. - theater spectacles for children, in the second precinct of the Monastery - involve the local community in tourism.

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) 3.b. Identify, locate and The 2013- promote the Mayor’s 2014 traditional potter’s office workshops by publishing brochures, making themed tourist routes and organizing museums and exhibition sales within the traditional potter’s workshops (ex: Vicsoreanu Collection and Folk Art Horezu Collection), selling exhibition within traditional potters workshops

4. Developing the 4. a. revitalize and C The Mayor’s 2013- Publications, cultural identity enhance Horezu office 2016 visitor and strengthening town’s historic center. numbers, the social cohesion number of by getting to know participants and comprehend the cultural values of the entire area of 4.b. Organize school Constantin the monastery. contests involving Brancoveanu historical facts and High School, persons belonging to Horezu local history

4. c. Organize cultural The Mayor’s events in the town and Office, The nearby villages of the County administrative area, for Department the celebration of for Culture important milestones Valcea, NGO’s in local history.

-Organizing monthly The Mayor’s The APPAH traditional meetings in office in website several places from partnership nearby villages. with APPAH (Association for the Promotion of Authentic Horezu Heritage) -Integrate the cultural The Mayor’s agenda of the town office For example: -The Horezu Rooster (the first week of June) -The Potters Fair -The Town Celebration Days

4.d. Forward the The Mayor’s 2013- In Olari flagship craft of the office, NGO’s, 2015 Neighborhood, area: Horezu ceramics, private firms there is a center by organizing for production apprentice workshops and crafts for the potter’s within (pottery, wood the Olari carving and neighborhood of tailors) It was Horezu Town established in partnership with Horezu Prim

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) Limited and Horezu Depression Association, Potter Craftsman Association of Horezu, The Craftsman Cooperative of ceramics and woodcarving (Small workshop) Costesti, made by Horezu Depression Associaton

4.e. Promote other Horezu traditional crafts of the Depression area and revitalize Association them by creating apprentice workshops for children and young people

4.f. Develop the local Horezu and traditional cuisine Monastery in order to underline the area’s specificity

5. Define the 55a. Identify the C Consultative 2013- Periodic maintenance vulnerable areas Committee 2019 reports on programs and according to previous Horezu conservation conservation expertise, where the projects for the implementation of prevention of conservation projects irreversible effects according to the of previously relevance / the rarity / identified the value of the degradation agents objective on one hand and maintain / and the severity of the improve the problem on the other property’s state Regulate traffic (ban tour busses in the second precinct, use a small bus for disabled and elderly persons)

5.b. Identify the ongoing conservation measures and their effects in order to propose actions: - Restore: The first precinct gateway The main precinct of the monastery, The Infirmary Church complex. The Barn Urgent repairs: -the roof -the exonarthex -drain works Reevaluate the restoration of the Holy Emperors Church

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) 6. Protection - Involve the C Horezu 2013- and owner and the Monastery, 2019 management local authorities. The Holy Plan - Responsibilities Brancovenian taken by all Martyrs parties involved Foundation, - Communication Local and common authorities activities with the UNESCO Organizing Committee, the Consultative Committee of the management plan - Involve the County Council of Valcea 7. Maintenance 7.a. Developing a B Horezu 2013- Plan maintenance plan. Monastery, 2016 - Organize public Ramnic debate in order to Archbishopry, ensure the right Local keeping of the Authorities, adequate original National construction materials Institute of and techniques Heritage, The -Keep cultural Holy resources Brancovenian Martyrs Foundation. 7.b. Monitor the C National 2013- Periodical integrity of Horezu Institute of 2019 reports Monastery Complex’ Heritage, The conservation state Consultative Committee 7.c. Evaluate the Periodical physical state of the reports monument and formulate intervention needs 7.d. Filling annual Annual reports reports

8. Connecting the 8.a. Create work C The national 2013- - An existing work Number of urban planning tools, adapted to the Institute of 2019 tool: urban visitors, policies of the local universal values site’s Heritage, the planning rules and infrastructure and central specificity, in order to Consultative a technical development, authorities, in order generate and maintain Committee, commission for parking and to establish a local workplaces and Local the territory and camping suitable framework increase incomes, authorities, urban. 6 architects spaces, for the self- involve the local The Holy members of the reports on site assertion of community Brancoveninan Architect Order and universal heritage - Keep a coherent Martyrs of Romania environment values relationship between Foundation, - rehabilitation of conservation the site and the NGO’s, The the county road encompassing area National through controlled Agency for the territory and urban Environment planning in order to Protection – ensure integrated Valcea conservation.

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) 8.b. Ensure the necessary infrastructure for the visitor’s safety, for the site’s and natural environment’s protection and for the recovery and protection of animal and plant species under threat 9. Create a cultural Develop and use a A 2000 National 2013- There’s a -logo brand for Horezu logo (name and Institute of 2014 registered Monastery and for image). Heritage, trademark named the Horezu Town private Hurezi Monastery, area architecture it contains a firms, etc. collage of images like the Holy Emperors Constantine and Helen Church, the Infirmary Church, The Sketes and the main entrance 9.2. Branding activities: B Local 2013- -There is a Logos, web Brand Hotels, authorities, 2015 registered brand page pensions and pension for the Horezu restaurants owners Ceramics Text: “Where the earth takes shape” image - web: www.horezu- turism.ro. 9..3. Brand tourist B Local 2013- Neighborhood of Logos, WEB attractions Authorities, 2015 Olari. There is a page Valcea Local registered brand Tourism Agency

10. Sustainable 10.1. Identify the A Pension 2013- - There is a tourist Tourism development for the tangible and intangible Owners, 2014 information analysis cultural and religious cultural resources to National center. tourism, and the be enhanced: Institute of Still to be enhancement of the - Cultural Heritage established: cultural resources attractions -The belonging to the - Analysis for Development Horezu Monastery the potential Strategy of and its surroundings. - create a circuit for Horezu Town for Horezu Monastery 2014-2020. with entrance fee containing: -the Monastery Museum -parking -Guides - video and photography

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) 10.2. Develop ways to A . ANTREC, The 2013- 2 circuits are in Number of enhance heritage: by County 2014 progress (grand visitors creating tourism and Department opening on the 1st museum routes for Culture of April) Golul - creating a tourism Valcea, Alpin and Olari. route with minicars museums, The that will cover several Holy objectives in Horezu Brancovenian and finishing with Martyrs Horezu Monastery Foundation, Local authorities 10.3. Enhance the B County 2013- Number of intangible heritage Department 2016 visitors, resources: by creating for Culture participants, cultural events, Valcea, number of festivals and music museums, events. events Holy Brancoveian Martyrs Foundation, Local Authorities. 10.4. Create an A 4 000 other private 2014 Tourist routes integrated system for euro agents activities (blend cultural activities with leisure activities).

10.5. Enhancing the B 20 000 NGO’s, Local 2014- Number of specific traditional euro and county 2018 events cuisine authorities

10.6. Involve other C National 2014- -seminars, connected fields of Institute of 2019 conferences, activity in enhancing Heritage, contests, the area: research, museums, publications. restoration, etc. research center, County Department of Culture Valcea, schools in the area

10.7. Create public B 50 000 Local 2014- Number of facilities: parking euro authorities 2017 public facilities spaces, rest rooms, shops

Specific objective Action Priority Estimated Responsible Time Link Indicators A, B, C cost scheduled (*) (euro) 10.8. Develop -bike renting sustainable and eco- shops are present friendly means of within Horezu transportation: Town. - create bicycle routes - There si a bus - create bicycle route from parking spaces Horezu to - stimulate public Romanii de Sus transport (create a bus and Romanii de route between the jos villages (where monastery and town, the road to the eco-friendly bus) monastery starts). - develop pedestrian infrastructure 10.9. Develop an info- B 30000 NGO’s, 2014- Number of center for tourists, National 2017 visitors, make guides, audio Institute of publications guides, texts and Heritage, number publications, post Horezu cards, promotion Monastery CD’s, accessories

10.10. Rethink the A Horezu 2013- Number of Monastery Museum, Monastery, 2014 visitors, training for the National number of museum custodians, Institute of participants in etc. – rethink the Heritage, courses clothing panels in the museums museum. 10.11. Identify the A Horezu 2013- Number of monument’s and area’s Monastery, 2014 visitors, web tourist offer and National page, present it to tourism Institute of publishing the agencies Heritage, offer on social museums, the media, reports Local Tourism concerning 10.12. Analysis of the Agency – prices and tourism structure Valcea, The quality, according to the site Municipal statistics on inscribed in the WHL Tourism visitor profile (perspectives, Center of (age, sex, established directions Ramnicu studies) etc. stipulated in the Valcea, Tous national strategy, operators, identify types of APPAH. tourism promoted by tour operators) 10.13. Determine the tourist profile according to the tourism offer

3.2 Schedule

OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 1 1.a. 1.b. 1.c. 1.d. 2 2.a. 2.b. 2.c. 3 3.a. 3.b. 4 4.a. 4.b. 4.c. 4.d. 4.e. 4.f. 5 5.a. 5.b. 5.c. 6 7 7.a. 7.b. 7.c. 7.d. 8 8.a. 8.b. 9 9.a. 9.b.

9.c. 10 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. 10.4. 10.5. 10.6. 10.7. 10.8. 10.9. 10.10. 10.11. 10.12. 10.13.

APPENDICES

Annex 1. Legal and Policy Framework

International Legislation

Number/references Title/name Convention concerning the Protection of the world cultural heritage. protection of the world cultural and natural heritage, Paris, 16 Nov. 1972

Convention concerning the Monastery of Horezu, 597, The Committee inscribed the protection of the world site on the World Heritage List under criterion (ii). cultural and natural heritage, Cartagena, 1993, Decision - 17COM XI

European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage Protection of the Archaeological Heritage, Valetta, 16.I.1992

Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe, Granada, 3.X.1985.

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 17 October 2003

European Landscape Protection, management and planning of all landscapes in Convention, Florence, Europe. 20.X.2000

Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of

Armed Conflict, Hague, 25 March 1999. Unidroit convention on stolen or illegally exported UNIDROIT Convention, Rome, 24 June 1995 cultural objects.

National Legislation

Number/references Title/name Decree no. 187/1990 Acceptance of World Heritage Convention, adopted at the UNESCO General Conference in 16th November 1972 Law No. 150/1997 Ratifying of the European Convention on the protection of archaeological heritage (Revised), La Valetta, 16 January 1992. Law no. 157/1997 Ratifying of the Convention on the protection of architectural heritage of Europe, Granada, 3 October 1985 Law no. 157/1997 Ratification of Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe, adopted in Granada in 1985 Law no. 410/2005 Acceptation of Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, adopted in Paris in 17.10.2003 Decree no. 672/2006 Ratification of II Protocol of 1954 Haga Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, adopted in Haga in 26 mars 1999 Law No. 451/ 2002 Ratifying of the European Landscape Convention, adopted in Florence. Law No. 149/1997 UNIDROIT Convention on stolen goods, Rome, 24 June 1995. Law no.422, 18 July 2001 Protection of Historical Monuments Government ordinance no Archaeological Heritage Protection and Declaring of 43, 2000 Certain Archaeological Sites as Areas of National Interest (modified text following the Law No. 378/2000 and the Law No. 462/2003) Government Decision no. Financing, development and updating the documentation 738/2008 of urban and regional planning for areas with historical monuments inscribed on World Heritage List Order of the Minister of Modifying annex I of Order of the Minister of Culture no. Culture no. 2361, 12 July 2314/2004 regarding approval of Historical Monuments 2010 List and Former Historical Monuments List.

Government Decision no. Methodology for providing credits for protection works 610/2003 on historical monuments owned by individuals or private legal Law No. 182, 2000 Protection of Movable National Cultural Heritage Law no. 564, 19 October Approval of the Ordinance nr. 47, 30 January 2000 2001 regarding protection measures for historical monuments on the UNESCO World Heritage List Law no. 311, 2003 Public Museums and Collections Law no. 5, 2000, Annex III National Urban Plan – Section III – Protected areas Methodology for urban planning for heritage protected areas Law no. 6, 2008 Law on the legal status of technical and industrial heritage Law no. 350/2001 Spatial and urban planning Government Decision no. Approval of general regulation of urban planning 525/1996 Law no. 215/2001, amended Local government law by Law n. 286/2006 Law no. 143/2007 Functioning of cultural establishment Law no. 26/2008 Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage Government Decision no. Approval of the methodological norms regarding 518 of 7th of April 2004 temporary or permanent exportation of movable cultural goods Government Decision no. Approval of the norms regarding the movable cultural 1420 of the 4th of December goods trade 2003 Government Decision no. Approval of the methodological norms regarding the 1221 of 29th of November granting of the Governmental Guarantee Certificate. 2000 Order of the Minister of Approving the list of areas of priority archaeological Culture no. 2483, 12 interest. December 2006 Order of the Minister of Approving the methodological norms for inclusion of Culture no. 2426, 27 archaeological sites in the list priority areas of national December 2005 archaeological. Order of the Minister of Approving the Methodology for financial evaluation for Culture no. 2183, 2007 damage to national heritage building - historic or archaeological site.

Order of the Minister of Approval of the licensing procedure for archaeological Culture no. 2562, 4 October research. 2010. Order of the Minister of Methodology of compiling historical monument obligation Culture no. 2684, 2003 use of its contents. Order of the Minister of Approving the Methodological Norms for marking Culture no. 2237, 27 April monuments. 2004

Order of the Minister of Approving the methodological norms for classification Culture no. 2660, 18 April and inventory of historical monuments. 2008 Order of the Minister of Approval of the Norms for licensing conservators and Culture no. 2008 of 12th of restorers. February 2001 Government Decision no. Approval of the Norms regarding the restoration and 216 of the 20th of February conservation workshops and laboratories licensing 2004 procedure, followed by Government Decision no. 1023 of the 8th of September 2005 for the modification of appendix no. 3 of the Norms on licensing the conservation and restoration laboratories and workshops, approved by the Decision no. 216/2004 of the Government. Government Decree no. Approval of conservation and restoration of movable 1546/2003 cultural goods classified. Order of the Minister of Approval of the norms for classifying museums and public Culture no.2185, April 2nd collections 2007 Order of the Minister of Approval of the criteria and norms on licensing museums Culture no.2057, February and public collections 5th 2007 Order of the Minister of Approval of the Norms for licensing experts Culture no. 2009, 12th February, 2006 Order of the Minister of Approving the Criteria for granting the prior Culture no.2297, 17th of July, endorsement for establishing museums and public 2006 collections Order of the Minister of Reorganize the certification of specialists, technical Culture no. 2398, 25 June experts and verifiers in the protection of historical 2008 monuments and the Methodological Norms on their certification.

Order of the Minister of Approving the Methodological Norms on the records, Culture no. 2062 of 9 June inventory management and public libraries specific 2000 documents Order of the Minister of Approving the Methodological Norms on track, and Culture no. 2035 of 18 April inventory management of cultural property owned by 2000 museums, public collections, memorial, cultural centers and other specialized units. Order of the Minister of Amending and supplementing the Norms on the record, Culture no. 2371 of 6 June management and inventory of cultural property owned by 2008 museums, public collections, memorial, cultural centers and other specialized units, approved by Ministry of Culture no. 2.035/2000. Government Decision no. Approval of the Methodology regarding monitoring of 493, 1st of April 2004 historical monuments on the World Heritage List and of the Methodology for content framework and plans for protection and management of historical monuments on the World Heritage List

Government Decision no. Approval of protection and administration of historical 1268, 8 December 2010 monuments included in UNESCO World Heritage List.

Government ordinance no. Setting protection measures for historical monuments 47, 30 January 2000 included in UNESCO World Heritage List.

Regional and local legislation

Number/references Title/name

Local decision no. 277, 11 Approval participation on: Program concerning November 2010, adopted by protection of water resources. Integrate water systems, the Horezu City Council treatment stations, sewerage, with the project: “Building sewerage network for Romanii de Sus, Romanii de Jos, Horezu, Vâlcea County.

Local decision project, 01 Approval of feasibility study “Rehabilitation and February 2012, adopted by development of general and touristic infrastructure from the Horezu City Council Horezu area, stage I. Building administrative unit, craft annexes, and enclosure for “Cocoşul de Hurez” festival.

Annex 2. Maps3

3 Further maps and details see SUSTCULT WebGis Platform at: http://maps.sustcult.eu/

Selected bibliography

Jokilehto J., Feilden B. Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage sites ICCROM, Rome 1993

Ringbeck B. Management Plans for World Heritage Sites. A practical guide German Commission for UNESCO – Bonn 2008

Nora Mitchell, Mechtild Rössler, Pierre-Marie Tricaud World Heritage Cultural Landscapes A Handbook for Conservation and Management

UNESCO Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention UNESCO – Paris 2013

WHC - World Heritage Centre UNESCO World Heritage and Buffer Zones World Heritage Paper n° 25, UNESCO Headquarters – Paris 2009

WHC- World Heritage Centre UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscapes, a Handbook for Conservation and Management World Heritage Paper n° 26, UNESCO Headquarters – Paris 2009

WHC - World Heritage Centre UNESCO Managing Historic Cities World Heritage Paper n° 27, UNESCO Headquarters – Paris 2011

UNESCO Managing Cultural World Heritage World Heritage Resource Manual, UNESCO Headquarters – Paris 2013