WSEAS International Conference on CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM (CUHT'08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008

Risk Management Practical Aspects For Protection of Romanian UNESCO Sites

GAVRILETEA MARIUS DAN, DUMBRAVA PARTENIE Faculty of Business University Babes Bolyai Horea 7, Cluj Napoca

Abstract: - An actual problem of each generation is to conserve its history, its artifacts, the culture and national identity. In this paper we will debate the influence of the external risks to the heritage sites in Romania. As a UNESCO member Romania include some of the most important national heritage sites in the UNESCO patrimony. We will present the type of these sites and will analyze the risk management process for assuring a good conservation of them. The most important risks that may affect them are the catastrophic ones. The core of the paper presents the situation of these risks in the world and the existing situation in Romania. Our study refers to the risk control process for Romanian UNESCO sites and the active measures taken in the insurance industry as a financing of the loss occurrence process. The insurance analysis is split in the covering availability and the determining of the sum insured. In conclusion we appreciate that is better to prevent the heritage sites instead of restore, because in the future all the important things that will remain are these types of values.

Key-Words: - Romania, UNESCO, Risk, Control, Financing, Insurance

1 Introduction Heritage. There are 185 countries who have signed An actual problem of each generation is to conserve the World Heritage Convention until now. Romania its history, its artifacts, the culture and national joined UNESCO on July 27, 1956 and accepted the identity. Numerous measures are taken in order to Convention on May, 16, 1990. [17] achieve these desiderates, and in order to protect historical sites and not only was created UNESCO. In short, UNESCO promotes international co- 2 Problem Formulation operation among its 193 (as of October 2007) Nowadays there are in Romania 6 UNESCO World Member States and six Associate Members in the Heritage cultural properties and a natural one. fields of education, science, culture and The Cultural properties are: communication.[16].UNESCO is working to create Churches of (1993) The exterior walls of the conditions for genuine dialogue based upon monasteries were painted in 15th and 16th century in respect for shared values and the dignity of each a Byzantine style. This complex include: Voronet civilization and culture. This role is critical, (Saint George's Church of the former Voronet particularly in the face of terrorism, which Monastery), Moldovita (The Church of the constitutes an attack against humanity. The world Annunciation of Moldovita Monastery), Arbore urgently requires global visions of sustainable ( "The Decollation of Saint John the Baptist" development based upon observance of human Church), Patrauti (Sacred Cross' Church), Suceava rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, (Saint George's Church), Probota (Saint Nicolas' all of which lie at the heart of UNESCO’s mission Church of Probota Monastery) and Humor (The and activities. Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint George" The UNESCO World Heritage programs intend to Church of the old ). preserve outstanding cultural and natural sites all (1993) was founded in 1690 by over the world. On 16 November 1972, the General Prince Constantine Brancovan. Conference of UNESCO adopted an international Transilvania village with fortified churches convention called the Convention concerning the (1999) The buildings dateaza from 13th to 16th Protection of the World Cultural and Natural century. The sites include: Câlnic's ,

ISBN: 978-960-6766-89-3 49 ISSN 1790-2769 WSEAS International Conference on CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM (CUHT'08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008

Viscri's fortified Church, Prejmer's fortified Church, Strenghts Dârjiu's fortified Church, The site of with • Very good conservation site the fortified church and a part of the town, Valea • is Europe’s unique natural Viilor's fortified Church, Saschiz's fortified Church reservation and it has a big touristy potential Historic center of Sighisoara (1999) founded in Exceptional natural beauty area, contains a lot of 12th century by , extended in threaten species of animals and plants. 15th century is a very well preserved medieval town. • Outstanding universal value of the sites (Unique Dacian fortresses of the Orastie mountains (1999) painted exterior walls churches in Europe- Moldavia Built between 1st centuries B.C and A.D. by Dacian, churches, churches build without using any iron were the nucleus of the Dacian Kingdom and were nails - The Maramures wooden churches, a very used for protection against Roman conquest. The well preserved medieval town - Historic center of whole ensemble include: - the Sighisoara, etc) capital of the Dacian kingdom, The Dacian citadel of • Picturesque landscape all over the UNESCO Costesti-Blidaru,The Dacian citadel of Costesti- Heritage sites. Cetatuie, The Dacian citadel of Luncani-Piatra • New investments in international- standard Rosie, The Dacian citadel of Capâlna,The Dacian accommodation citadel of Banita The Maramures wooden churches: (1999) Built Weaknesses: between the 17th and 18th centuries the whole • Wrong visitor management (205000 visitors for complex include: The church of Surdesti is consider 2004- Moldavia churches, indices of net using the the highest wooden building from Europe Barsana capacity in function for Danube Delta –very low (The Presentation of the Virgin to the Temple" 28,4% for 2005) Church), Desesti ("Pious Parascheva" Church), • Low quality of infrastructure all over the country Budesti (Saint Nicholas' Church), Plopis ("The Holy (roads need to be modernized Archangels" Church), Surdesti ("The Holy • An adequate number of signs referring to World Archangels" Church), Poienile Izei ( "Pious Heritage site Parascheva" Church), Rogoz ( "The Holy • Low comfort level of tourist facilities Archangels" Church ), Ieud-Deal ( "The Nativity of (accommodation need to be modernized) the Mother of God" Church). • Insufficient promotion for tourist sites: lack of The Natural one(1999) Danube Delta : (1991) tourist centers, promoting materials, traveler’s Biosphere Reservation of Danube Delta with over guide, maps, insufficient international and national 100 fish species over 300 birds species, and 1200 publicity of the importance of this sites, there are no species of trees and plants is the largest and best sufficient stores with traditional assets for tourists preserved delta from Europe. Delta has a surface of • There is no infrastructure for additional activities 2540 km2 which is increasing every year with 40 m. for tourists: walking (no marked foot path in the As it is already known the risk management mountains), there are no utilities for practicing program enhance two important steps: risk control summer or winter sports and risk financing. Unfortunately in case of • Lack of events which promote the customs and UNESCO sites the financing process is not a desired traditions of Romanian people plan, because once a site is destroyed or strongly • Insufficient measures for nature conservation affected by a peril, the reconstruction become almost impossible. Most important are the measures Opportunities taken in the control field, because is better to take • European Union develops commune strategies for prevention measures. protection and durable development of Danube basin and cultural UNESCO World Heritage • Various exhibitions both at the site and 3 Problem Solution international ones concerning Romanian World The Romanian specialists in this field are Heritage encouraging the SWOT analyze as a practical • International conferences to present the potential method.[22]. of the zone Before we analyze the existing situation of the risk • Access to new investment sources (structural related to Romanian patrimony, we must do a funds) research to realize a SWOT matrix that will show us • International assistance provides by The World in the threats field the real exposure. Heritage Committee which allocates funds for Preparatory assistance, Training assistance,

ISBN: 978-960-6766-89-3 50 ISSN 1790-2769 WSEAS International Conference on CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM (CUHT'08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008

Technical cooperation, Emergency assistance, According to World Travel & Tourism Council, for Promotional and educational assistance 2007, from a total of 176 countries, Romania Travel • Globalisation & Tourism economy was ranked number [17]: • Capital investments to modernize aerian • 58 in absolute size worldwide infrastructure • 149 in relative contribution to national economies Threats • 6 in long-term (10-year) growth • Migration of workers with high level of The contribution of the Travel & Tourism economy qualification to countries with motivated rewards to employment is expected to rise from 600,000 jobs • Wrong strategy of Romania branding for in 2008, 6.9% of total employment or 1 in every international toursits 14.5 jobs to 705,000 jobs, 8.4% of total employment • Danube pollution or 1 in every 11.9 jobs by 2018.[18] • Natural disasters (floods) In the last few years Romania tried without success • Earth’s climate changing to promote a Romanian country brand. it started with • Corruption and repetative changes in Romanian the promote album “Eternal and Fascinated legislation Romania” with a budget of 6 million dollars, • Lack of coherence of economic development continued in 2004 with the Romanian country brand measures “Romania Simply Surprising” when Tourism Ministry spent 1,7 million and finished with the Once we realize this SWOT analysis, we can see initiative of Ministry of External Affairs (2006) who that there are some situations where risk wanted to promote the country brand management, especially by risk control tools, is very “Fabulospirit”.[11] On the 6th February 2008 The important. Issues of sustainability and protection of Government meeting decided to allocate 7 million national heritage are becoming more important for euro for Annual Plan for the Tourism Marketing and more countries. Similarly to others domain, the Promotion Tourist (2 million euro to create a specialists may use heritage management system Romanian Tourist Brand).[11] (similar with environment management system In present Romania has some programs to promote ERM). This very common strategy involves four our tourist places, to developed and modernized our steps Plan-Do-Act-Check that may be used with resorts, our rural areas, to improve the quality of good performance in this domain. [26] services and accommodations, to increase the The major risks that may affect the Romanian number of Romanian and foreign tourists, : “Danube UNESCO patrimony are Romanian branding River Cruises”,“ Romania-wines country”, “Country process, the terrorism, climatic changes and its holiday”, ”Blue Flag”, “Info tourism ”etc.[1] effects (intensive raining, floods), and natural Terrorism risk is a relatively new risk that became catastrophes (earthquakes). very modern and actual after 11th of September The areas which contain the most important tourist 2001. It is known that this risk is a global one, and sites and attractions need to be revitalized, need to each country is less or more exposed to terrorism. be improved aesthetic, in order to become attractive The terrorism risk in Romania is a reduced one, no for all tourists. Tourist industry needs to increase attack ever occurred. Judging just after this remark, their quality and capacity and the hospitality of Romanian UNESCO patrimony is not very exposed Romanian people need to be more promoted. to this type of risk. Anyway, as a prevention To promote our UNESCO World Heritage in the measure in some cases (especially old buildings and world is very important to: ancient sites) there are police agents that verify the - to wake the interest of known travel writers who tourists. The local authorities assure a continuous can present our sites guarding of all historic monuments included on - to participate to international conferences about UNESCO patrimony. tourism, to international tourist fairs Climatic changes may affect all type of the - to present the sites in catalogues and brochures patrimony. Another important risk (that perhaps is who are presents on the international airlines generated also by climatic changes) is the frequency companies of the intensive rain. - to expose our natural and cultural heritage on If we use the international statistics we observe that international post televisions the most severe catastrophic losses were caused by - Romanian tourist agencies and operated tours hurricanes and floods: need to contact international tourist agencies to 1- Hurricane Andrew 21,542 mil. USD, in 2003 present our offers. 2 - Hurricane Ivan 10,000 mil. USD, in 2004

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3 - Hurricane Charley 8,000 mil. USD, in 2003 than 5000 houses awash, is the most affected district In the same statistic are the effects of Northridge from the floods (4728 houses were affected, 291 Earthquake - USA with 17.843 million USD. Also in were totally destroyed, and other 1502 has serious Japan, Tornado Mireille caused losses of 7.831 troubles.) The gashing waters killed more than million USD in 1991, in France, Swiss Lothar Snow 10000 of animal and birds, inundate 6133 houses, 31 Storm caused losses of 6.500 million USD in 1999. schools, hospitals, or administrative buildings, Using the statistics of International Insurance damaged 66 bridges and destroyed over 6 kilometres institute, the most severe catastrophic losses in 2007 of national roads and 107 kilometres of district were caused by weather-related events such as roads. In 12.04.2006 after a year from the windstorms and floods. devastating floods in Banat, the people are Insured losses confronting again with the fury of the water. Some Date Place Phenomenon USD - million houses from Gataia and Sculea were affected by water, at the foundation (basement) level. In total Germany, Winter storm Jan. Netherlands, Kyrill with more than 140 houses were flooded in Timis district, 1 18 Belgium winds, floods $6,097 340 houses in Caras Severin (especially in Ghertenis). The national road 58B was bumped and Jun. Floods caused the cereals were destroyed in hundreds of hectares. 2 25 U.K. by heavy rain 2,488 Also 40.000 land hectares were covered by Danube Jul. Floods caused and the losses are over 2.5 millions EUR. The worst 3 20 U.K. by heavy rain 1,991 problems appeared in Dolj district where 700 houses Apr. Storm, rain, from Rast village were flooded and 115 destroyed. 4 13 U.S. hail, floods 1,568 In the last 50 years this frequency doubled from 2% to 4%. These types of raining are expected to grow Witch urban Oct. forest fires in in the next decades and theirs’ effects will be with 5 21 U.S. California 1,100 negative impacts. Beside the damages occurred to the sites, we must mention the erosion of the land Storm with 6 Jun. 7 Australia winds; floods 957 that might generate severe losses to the protected sites. So the Romanian authorities took proactive Iran, Gulf of Cyclone Gonu regular maintenance measures that seem to be more 7 Jun. 6 Oman with winds 649 efficient that timely intervention. So the reinforcing Aug. Thunderstorms, of the anti-flood protection is a success measure. 8 23 U.S. hail; floods 500 In case of Danube Delta, the ecological system is Mar. Storms, very sensible to the rise of sea level, increasing of 9 1 U.S. tornadoes, hail 500 the temperature, frequency and intensity of precipitation. The effects of these perils may be Jan. Torrential rain; noticed in the land corrosion, alteration of the water 10 31 Indonesia Jakarta flooded 450 that will destroy some fish and bird species and in - Table 1 – Most Severe Catastrophic Losses in 2007 the end some unique flora species [23]. Also the level and frequency of the precipitations will If we analyze the table, we observe that the insured increase for the moment the debts of the Danube that losses are at a higher level, and all of them are in the end will generate the same situation as the one caused by meteorological phenomenon. already presented. Because of the high temperature from the last years If we follow the statistics of Intergovernmental our country is exposing in the future to a Panel on Climate Change (I.P.C.C)., the average sea catastrophic floods. A research of European Agency level rose from 0.1m up to 0.2m during the 20th of Environment shows that Germany, Hungary, Century. The projections are very bad because the Romania and Switzerland were the worst affected of rise is expected to be up to 0.88m until the year of flood area in the last years. For the next future, the 2100. [8]So, this fact will be caused by global agency is estimating a growing of the number of warming that generates glacier melting. Once with flood, especially in the countries mentioned sea level increasing, the coast of Danube Delta above.[4] (linked to Black Sea) will be eroded, and the Extrapolating these things in Romania, we notice ecosystem is affected and definitely destroyed. The that in this country there are also violent and approach management of Romania authorities on catastrophic natural events. this problem is a static one, because at the national In Romania, in 2005 Teleorman district with over

ISBN: 978-960-6766-89-3 52 ISSN 1790-2769 WSEAS International Conference on CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM (CUHT'08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008

level they found as proper measure only the of the national sites.[21]. All UNESCO site in construction of some breakwaters. Romania should be covered by adequate insurance. Most dynamic measure to conserve this UNESCO The cultural and heritage places attract tourists. So, patrimony is taken on the pollution area. They set up it is very obvious that the risks are higher for these a coherent strategy that follows the touristy activity sites; in order to meet insurers’ requirements the site (diminution of residual objects in the nature), the has to be made safe to visit, equipped with signage local industrial activity (the prohibition of residual and interpretation to assist visitor in understanding dejection in the water and air), and supervising of its significance. [20]. This involves the total fishing activity. replacement, nominated value, or indemnity Earthquakes; Romanian geographical area certifies insurance options. Total replacement means that if that there are some active seismic mountains. such a site is destroyed, the insurance company will Especially the Vrancea area is the most active rebuild the site using modern materials and methods. seismic area. There are permanently low seismic Nominated sum insurance means that an owner actions, but the losses are insensible or missing. The (most cases the State) and the insurance company last catastrophic earthquake occurred in 1977 when agrees on a sum insured [9]. the effects were felt at more than 200 kilometers; Indemnity insurance is based on present-day there were thousands of victims and many destroyed valuations and is equivalent to market value of the buildings. Fortunately no historic buildings were site. Sometime the full costs of repair, reconstruction destroyed or seriously affected. The Romanian zones are not covered under an indemnity insurance where the buildings included in UNESCO patrimony policy, because the insurer tries to make the State to and heritage are, is not situated into a very exposed take all the measure to prevent the losses. Also in area for seismic risks [19]. these types of insurance policies the deductible is Of course everyone is interested in the control mandatory and is a percent from the occurred loss. measures. Unfortunately because of the incertitude An important moment is to determine an adequate of the risks, and with all control measures taken, risk insured sum. The insurance premiums are calculated occurs and then the losses must be covered. There on the risk of claims so the age, construction and are special insurance policies for patrimony site. condition of the building are primarily determined The insurance of Heritage as UNESCO sites became [24]. It is very important to be mentioned in the a very delicate problem since a lot of unexpected insurance contract, that in case of partial losses the losses occurred. The insurance companies define insurance company will repair the UNESCO site, in Heritage as something we inherit and that which we order to look the same. The procedure for pass on to future generations. establishing the replacement value of a heritage The cover needed are not special ones, the requested listed property is in principle the same as that for risks are similar to other buildings or natural any other place. The state must, therefore, establish reservation. The only one risk that may cause what will be the replacement value in the event of different treatment is the terrorism one. The attitude total loss. If an owner wants cover for the complete toward this risk depends very much on the replication of original fabric elements, this would be reinsurance contracts of the potential insurance treated as a special case and the insured value would company. The heritage status of your building need to be an appropriate amount. “Replacement should does not affecting the insurance. The cost of cost” coverage requires prior insurance appraisal of insurance depends on the size, usage and physical the UNESCO site. In case the guaranteed condition of the property. The age doesn’t have a replacement cost coverage is offered, the insurance major effect in how a property is assessed, or its risk company provide for replication of original of damage. If the property is well maintained, historical detailing and other important features that particularly with good electrical wiring and there is a have been lost or damaged. There can also be fire protection, special agents guard the site is very obtained coverage for actual cash value of the site. probable to get full insurance cover. These values are calculated taking into account the The full insurance cover refers to the type of risk cost of replacing the property with something of like coverage and the deductible in case if loss kind after taking depreciation into consideration occurrence. The National heritages are owned by a [25]. As with any insurance plan, it’s best to Romanian State, and the insurance companies are research the various insurance providers in order to private ones. So it is very important to be created a find the most competitive rate and best service from partnership between public and private sector. insurance companies. Some insurance companies Public-private sector partnership makes the pressure require a registered evaluator undertake a fair value to achieve a greater efficiency in risk management of the UNESCO site.

ISBN: 978-960-6766-89-3 53 ISSN 1790-2769 WSEAS International Conference on CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM (CUHT'08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008

The insurance companies, during the claims process finance the losses once the catastrophic event or take into account some general principles for other risk occurs. Also another decisive role in conservation the affected UNESCO site. All repairs maintaining the good conditions of the heritage sites that refer to heritage places include the next steps: is given to the persons involved in the repairing a) The workers that restore the site will use the process; these people must have real talents and relevant conservation values, knowledge, good art knowledge. In conclusion we appreciate disciplines, arts; that is better to prevent the heritage sites instead of b) All persons must take all the measure to decrease restore, because in the future all the important things the losses of cultural heritage value. that will remain are these types of values. c) The reconstruction materials must match the original design Beside these actions the Romanian authorities References: follow and supervise the entire repairing process. Websites: Romanian specialists in insurance coverings studied [1]www.cimec.ro the existed situation in countries with experience in [2]www.culture.gov.on.ca this field and after debates with National authorities [3] www.deltadunarii.ro decided that the Romanian Insurance companies can [4]www.eea.europa.eu offer different type of insurance policies for [5]www.gov.ro UNESCO Romanian sites. After an analysis of the [6]www.haga.mae.ro Romanian insurance companies’ offers, the [7]www.historic.org.nz insurance policy for UNESCO sites enhances the [8]www.ipcc.ch following types of coverage: [9]www.linz.govt.nz A. STANDARD coverings: - fire, lightening, [10]www.mt.ro explosion, flying objects falling. [11]www.mturism.ro B. STANDARD EXTENSION covering: the risk [12]www.portal.unesco.org from Standard covering plus: storm, hurricane, [13]www.romaniatourism.com tornado, powerful rain, theft, snow weight, snow [14]www.romaniatravel.com avalanches, shock waves, attack of animals, strikes, [15]www.see-heritage.org civil manifestations, vandalism [16]www.uis.unesco.org C. CATASTROPHIC RISKS: earthquake, floods, [17]www.whc.unesco.org snow melting [18]www.wttc.travel

Books: [19]. Crisan M. - Restaurarea structurala a cladirilor 4 Conclusion de cult ortodox din Tara Romaneasca si Moldova, As we can see each country, and also Romania take Ed. Universitara "Ion Mincu", 2003, pag.32-44 active measures to conserve the national heritage, [20]. Drummond S., Yeoman I. - Management of especially UNESCO sites, because this is the most Cultural and Heritage Destinations – Oxford 2001, simply way to show to the next generations the pag.78-97 origin and evolution of cultural and regional [21]. Jeffries D. – Governments and Tourism, identity. The entire conserving process is a part of a Jordan Hill Oxford 2001 pag.137-144 Worldwide’ strategy adapted to each country and it [22]. Negut S., Nicolae I.- Patrimoniul mondial, refers to human response to catastrophic risk. The cultural si natural UNESCO : mica enciclopedie, response may be: Meronia, 2005, pag.11-15 a) Personal – it refers to structural protection, the [23]. Nistor S. - Protectia patrimoniului cultural in temporary evacuation, insurance for sites Romania. Culegere de acte normative, Ed. b) Social - active participation in the alarming Universitara "Ion Mincu", 2002 system, helping the community in case of [24]. Rejda G. - Principles of Risk Management and catastrophe Insurance, Pearson Ed. US 2003, pag.155-165 c) Political - lobby and pressing for hazard’ [25]. Reynolds J.- Historic Properties: Preservation protection, implementation of prevention measures and the Valuation Process , Appraisal Institute, against catastrophic hazard 2006, pag.73-92 Beside these measures (in the risk control field) the [26]. J.Tribe, X.Font - Environmental Management insurance industry has a very important role to for Rural Tourism and Recreation, Cassell, UK 2000 pag.71-80

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