2014-2015 YEAR BOOK YEAR 2014-2015
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION FOR SCIENCE 2014-2015 YEAR BOOK WWW.CARNEGIESCIENCE.EDU 1530 P STREET, N.W. | WASHINGTON DC 20005 DC WASHINGTON | N.W. STREET, 1530 P | 202.387.8092 FAX: 202.387.6400 | PHONE: WWW. C A R N E G I E S C I E N C E . E D U
Department of Embryology 3520 San Martn Dr. / Baltmore, MD 21218 410.246.3001
Geophysical Laboratory 5251 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. / Washington, DC 20015-1305 202.478.8900
Department of Global Ecology 260 Panama St. / Stanford, CA 94305-4101 650.462.1047
The Carnegie Observatories 813 Santa Barbara St. / Pasadena, CA 91101-1292 626.577.1122
Las Campanas Observatory Casilla 601 / La Serena, Chile New paper info goes here... this year book Department of Plant Biology contains 30% post-consumer recycled fber. 260 Panama St. / Stanford, CA 94305-4101 By using recycled fber in place of virgin fber, 650.325.1521 the Carnegie Insttuton preserved 13.25 trees, saved 38 pounds of waterborne waste, Department of Terrestrial Magnetsm saved 5,627 gallons of water, and prevented 5241 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. / Washington, DC 20015-1305 1,226 pounds of greenhouse gasses. The 202.478.8820 energy used to print the report was produced by wind power. Using this energy source for Ofce of Administraton printng saved 2,627 pounds of CO2 emissions, 1530 P St., N.W. / Washington, DC 20005-1910 which is the equivalent to saving 1,786 miles 202.387.6400 of automobile travel.
Design by Susan K. White Printed by DigiLink, Inc. 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 1 5 Y E A R B O O K The President’s Report
July 1, 2014 - June 30, 2015
C A R N E G I E I N S T I T U T I O N F O R S C I E N C E Former Presidents Former Trustees About Carnegie Daniel C. Gilman, 1902–1904 Philip H. Abelson, 1978–2004 John Hay, 1902–1905 Walter H. Page, 1971–1979 Robert S. Woodward, 1904–1920 Alexander Agassiz, 1904–1905 Richard Heckert, 1980–2010 James Parmelee, 1917–1931 John C. Merriam, 1921–1938 Robert O. Anderson, 1976–1983 Barklie McKee Henry, 1949–1966 William Barclay Parsons, 1907–1932 Vannevar Bush, 1939–1955 Lord Ashby of Brandon, 1967–1974 Myron T. Herrick, 1915–1929 Stewart Paton, 1916–1942 Caryl P. Haskins, 1956–1971 J. Paul Austin, 1976–1978 Abram S. Hewitt, 1902–1903 Robert M. Pennoyer, 1968–1989 “. . . to encourage, in the broadest and most Philip H. Abelson, 1971–1978 George G. Baldwin, 1925–1927 William R. Hewlett, 1971–2001 George W. Pepper, 1914–1919 James D. Ebert, 1978–1987 Thomas Barbour, 1934–1946 Henry L. Higginson, 1902–1919 Richard S. Perkins, 1959–2000 Edward E. David, Jr. Daniel N. Belin, 2000–2009 Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1902–1909 John J. Pershing, 1930–1943 (Acting President, 1987–1988) James F. Bell, 1935–1961 Henry Hitchcock, 1902 Henning W. Prentis, Jr., 1942–1959 liberal manner, investigation, research, and Maxine F. Singer, 1988–2002 John S. Billings, 1902–1913 Herbert Hoover, 1920–1949 Henry S. Pritchett, 1906–1936 Michael E. Gellert Robert Woods Bliss, 1936–1962 William Wirt Howe, 1903–1909 Gordon S. Rentschler, 1946–1948 (Acting President, Jan.–April 2003) Amory H. Bradford, 1959–1972 Freeman A. Hrabowski III, Sally K. Ride, 1989–1994 Richard A. Meserve, 2003–2014 Lindsay Bradford, 1940–1958 2002–2004 David Rockefeller, 1952–1956 Omar N. Bradley, 1948–1969 Charles L. Hutchinson, 1902–1904 Elihu Root, 1902–1937 discovery, and the application of knowledge Lewis M. Branscomb, 1973–1990 Walter A. Jessup, 1938–1944 Elihu Root, Jr., 1937–1967 Michael Brin, 2006-2009 Frank B. Jewett, 1933–1949 Julius Rosenwald, 1929–1931 Robert S. Brookings, 1910–1929 George F. Jewett, Jr., 1983–1987 William M. Roth, 1968–1979 James E. Burke, 1989–1993 Antonia Ax:son Johnson, 1980–1994 William W. Rubey, 1962–1974 Vannevar Bush, 1958–1971 William F. Kieschnick, 1985–1991 Martin A. Ryerson, 1908–1928 to the improvement of mankind . . .” John L. Cadwalader, 1903–1914 Samuel P. Langley, 1904–1906 Howard A. Schneiderman, 1988–1990 William W. Campbell, 1929–1938 Kenneth G. Langone, 1993–1994 Robert C. Seamans, 1974-2008 John J. Carty, 1916–1932 Ernest O. Lawrence, 1944–1958 Henry R. Shepley, 1937–1962 Whitefoord R. Cole, 1925–1934 Charles A. Lindbergh, 1934–1939 Theobald Smith, 1914–1934 John T. Connor, 1975–1980 William Lindsay, 1902–1909 John C. Spooner, 1902–1907 The Carnegie Institution was incorporated with these words in 1902 by its founder, Tom Cori, 1999–2010 Henry Cabot Lodge, 1914–1924 Frank Stanton, 1963–2006 Frederic A. Delano, 1927–1949 Alfred L. Loomis, 1934–1973 William Benson Storey, 1924–1939 John Diebold, 1975–2005 Robert A. Lovett, 1948–1971 Richard P. Strong, 1934–1948 Andrew Carnegie. Since then, the institution has remained true to its mission. At Cleveland H. Dodge, 1903–1923 Seth Low, 1902–1916 Charles P. Taft, 1936–1975 William E. Dodge, 1902–1903 Wayne MacVeagh, 1902–1907 William H. Taft, 1906–1915 James D. Ebert, 1987–2001 William McChesney Martin, William S. Thayer, 1929–1932 six research departments across the country, the scientific staff and a constantly Gerald M. Edelman, 1980–1987 1967–1983 Charles H. Townes, 1965–1998 Charles P. Fenner, 1914–1924 Keith S. McHugh, 1950–1974 Juan T. Trippe, 1944–1981 Michael Ference, Jr., 1968–1980 Steven L. McKnight, 2000–2014 William I.M. Turner, Jr., 1990–2015 Homer L. Ferguson, 1927–1952 Jaylee Mead, 1999–2008 Hatim A. Tyabji, 2002–2004 changing roster of students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting investigators tackle Simon Flexner, 1910–1914 Andrew W. Mellon, 1924–1937 James W. Wadsworth, 1932–1952 W. Cameron Forbes, 1920–1955 John C. Merriam, 1921–1938 Charles D. Walcott, 1902–1927 James Forrestal, 1948–1949 Richard A. Meserve, 1992–2003 Frederic C. Walcott, 1931–1948 fundamental questions on the frontiers of biology, earth sciences, and astronomy. William N. Frew, 1902–1915 J. Irwin Miller, 1988–1991 Henry P. Walcott, 1910–1924 Lyman J. Gage, 1902–1912 Margaret Carnegie Miller, 1955–1967 Lewis H. Weed, 1935–1952 Walter S. Gifford, 1931–1966 Roswell Miller, 1933–1955 Sidney J. Weinberg, Jr.,1983–2010 Carl J. Gilbert, 1962–1983 Darius O. Mills, 1902–1909 William H. Welch, 1906–1934 Cass Gilbert, 1924–1934 S. Weir Mitchell, 1902–1914 Gunnar Wessman, 1984–1987 Frederick H. Gillett, 1924–1935 Andrew J. Montague, 1907–1935 Andrew D. White, 1902–1916 Daniel C. Gilman, 1902–1908 Henry S. Morgan, 1936–1978 Edward D. White, 1902–1903 William T. Golden, 1969–2007 William W. Morrow, 1902–1929 Henry White, 1913–1927 Hanna H. Gray, 1974–1978 Seeley G. Mudd, 1940–1968 James N. White, 1956–1979 Crawford H. Greenewalt, 1952–1984 Franklin D. Murphy, 1978–1985 George W. Wickersham, 1909–1936 David Greenewalt, 1992–2003 William I. Myers, 1948–1976 Robert E. Wilson, 1953–1964 William C. Greenough, 1975–1989 Garrison Norton, 1960–1974 Robert S. Woodward, 1905–1924 Patrick E. Haggerty, 1974–1975 Paul F. Oreffice, 1988–1993 Carroll D. Wright, 1902–1908 Caryl P. Haskins, 1949–1956, 1971-2001 William Church Osborn, 1927–1934 Carnegie Institution for Science Trustees Stephen P. A. Fodor, Cochairman Suzanne Nora Johnson, Cochairman Bruce W. Ferguson, Vice Chairman Deborah Rose, Secretary
Euan Baird, Emeritus Remi Barbier, Emeritus Craig R. Barrett Samuel W. Bodman, Emeritus John C. Botts William T. Coleman, Jr., Emeritus John F. Crawford Edward E. David, Jr., Emeritus Michael A. Duffy W. Gary Ernst Sandra M. Faber William K. Gayden Michael E. Gellert Robert G. Goelet, Emeritus William R. Hearst III Rush Holt Kazuo Inamori, Emeritus Mary-Claire King Gerald D. Laubach, Emeritus Michael T. Long John D. Macomber, Emeritus Burton J. McMurtry, Emeritus Richard A. Meserve Frank Press, Emeritus William J. Rutter, Emeritus Cristián T. Samper Maxine F. Singer Christopher T. S. Stone David F. Swensen, Emeritus Thomas N. Urban, Emeritus Marshall Wais Michael G. Wilson Mary Lou Zoback, Emeritus President Contents Matthew P. Scott Contents Directors The President’s Commentary 6 Allan C. Spradling, Department of Embryology George Cody, (acting) Geophysical Laboratory The President’s Commentary 6 Christopher Field, Department of Global Ecology Friends, Honors & Transitions 17 John Mulchaey, The Crawford H. Greenewalt Chair, The Observatories Wolf B. Frommer, Department of Plant Biology Friends, HonorsResearch & Transitions Highlights 2715 Richard Carlson, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Timothy Doyle, Chief Operating Officer Research Highlights 25 Cynthia Allen, Senior Director of Administration and Corporate Secretary Financial Profile 56 Gotthard Sághi-Szabó, Chief Information Officer CarnegieFinancial Investigators Profile 6354 Carnegie Investigators 61 The President’s Commentary
Weaving Together Carnegie Science
7
he weaver hurled the steel-tipped shuttle across parallel lines of warp threads, about half the threads lifted by a comb-like heddle. The loom was a Jacquard loom of the type often used in the mid-1800s. We were standing in a cottage in Dunfermline, Scotland, where Andrew Carnegie was born in 1835. Carnegie’s father William, a han- dloom weaver, spent years producing T damask in this room before steam- powered looms and industrial weav- ing put him out of work. The street level of the Dunfermline cottage was entirely devoted to weaving. Upstairs two families lived, one in each of the two rooms. William’s craft placed him among
T e Ring of rodgar far le is a neolit ic C site in Orkney, Scotland, that is 104 meters in diameter. The purpose of the ring of stones is unknown.
Carnegie president Ma e Sco stands ne t to a st of Andrew Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland.
Images courtesy Matthew Scott The President’s Commentary 2014-2015 YEAR BOOK
8 the aristocracy of workers, but you would not know it from the space shared by the four 9 members of the family. With 12-year-old Andrew, and the rest of the family, they sold everything to purchase tickets and soon embarked for America on the ship Wiscasset, a former whaler built in Maine. In 1881, Andrew came back in gratitude to leave a lasting impact upon Dun- ➊ fermline. The first of the more than 2,400 libraries he created around the world was built in Dunfermline; it stands a short distance from his cottage. Not far away, Dunfer- mline’s spectacular church is graced with stained glass from the Carnegie family, and Carnegie Hall (not that one) hosts Celtic music and fine theater. The auditorium, like ours at P Street headquarters, has been under renovation. Damask patterns are intricate, and weavers devised ways to simplify the pro- ➌ ➎ cess of creation: they used codes. On a loom, each heddle is threaded with a specific group of warp threads, for example—alternate threads, so that lifting different heddles or combinations of heddles will give rise to patterns; the shuttle carries the weft thread across the loom either above or below sets of warp threads. Complex patterns are cre- ated by the order in which heddles or sets of heddles raise and lower the warp threads.
➋ At the end of the 1700s, new technology automated loom programming, in a way simi- lar to the way player pianos were later programmed: cards with punched holes served as Andrew Carnegie’s Origins a code for the individual warp threads in each row. A thread would be raised or stopped ➊ Andre Carnegie as orn in com li e pieces t at separate t e according to whether its guiding hook found a hole or solid material in the punch card ➋ t is co age in . T e ot- threads, are raised and lowered. above. Later the idea of using hole patterns in cards to carry such codes became the tom oor as reser ed for ea - At t e end of t e s ea ers ing and housed a Jacquard loom. used cards with punched holes basis for computer punch cards that were used in the 1970s by computer programmers. ➌ T e Carnegie famil li ed in one to instruct the order in which Thus the technology used by William Carnegie connects directly to modern computer upstairs room. ➍ ➎ ➏ Wea ing heddles were raised or lowered. intricate pa erns is determined This technique was a precursor to programming, but we use electronic ones and zeroes now instead of the presence or t e order in ic eddles t e computer punch cards. absence of a punched hole. ➏ What would William or Andrew think if they could see the Carnegie high- ➍ performance computing (HPC) facility we have constructed at Stanford? This HPC The President’s Commentary 2014-2015 YEAR BOOK
➊ ➌
➊
10 11
Giving Back Andrew Carnegie’s success allowed him to gi e ac to D nfermline. ➊ T e rst of t e Carnegie li rar- ies as ilt t ere. ➋ He also donated stained glass to adorn the church and ilt ➌ Carnegie Hall, where perfor- mances are stll eld in t e a ditori m.
Images courtesy Matthew Scott
➋ ➋
➌ The President’s Commentary 2014-2015 YEAR BOOK
resource will serve members of all our Carnegie departments and will allow a speed and chemicals at high pressures; analyzing properties of families of proteins; assessing chemical sophistication of computational science that is now required for many, perhaps most, of our and physical properties of developing planets; or testing properties of tens of thousands of scientific projects. For much of the past year a team composed of representatives from each mutant algal cells. All these and more require new approaches and very fast computing. Carnegie Science department has met to shape our future computational needs in light of What makes these plans particularly important and exciting to me is the “organic” 12 13 specific projects that are in progress or on the horizon. They considered both hardware and unification of our scientists that happened along the way. When was the last time plant biolo- software needs and what sorts of skilled staff will be needed to fully exploit the potential of the gists, astronomers, and geophysicists had a common language? Each had to explain to the oth- new facilities. From this effort emerged a dynamic plan, which we are putting into action now. ers their goals, their kinds of scientific questions, their approaches, and what sort of computa- Visualizing, analyzing, and modeling the origins of the universe; deciphering fluctuations of tional staff and infrastructure would be needed to succeed. As these discussions continue they gene activities during development; measuring and modeling dynamic fluxes of tectonic and may well deepen into collaborations, where an analogy between analyses being done in these convective movements within the Earth; modeling the properties of never-before synthesized different fields turns into a method that serves widely different fields of science.
New High-Performance Computng Center Scient c comp tng is f ndamental to the missions of world-class research ➋ instt tons. Carnegie em ar ed on a ne ig performance comp tng C facilit ➊ located at Stanford Uni ersit . It ill ser e mem ers of all Carnegie departments. A team as formed from representat es from eac department to de ne f t re ➎ comp tatonal needs. T e foc s on fo r main areas scient c is ali aton ig data and data mining scient c ➏ programming and algorit m de elopments and ed caton and o treac . T e center ill allo t e speed and sop istcaton t at comp tatonal science no re ires for many of Carnegie’s projects. ➊ ➋ The state of t e art facilit s o n from a o e and p close is ig l energ efcient. ➌ A passi e cooling s stem resides on t e roof. ➍ ➎ It as a diesel ac p generator and eels allo ninterr pted po er. T e facilit can o se rac s. ➏ ➐ ➑ There are nearly 100 racks already operatonal among t em are a Cray cluster, Stanford’s Sherlock cluster, and Carnegie’s Meme cl ster. ➑
Images courtesy Gotthard Sághi-Szabó ➌ ➍ ➐ The President’s Commentary
2014-2015 Year Book Friends, Honors 14 & Transitons
Visualization is a good example, the interpretation of complex patterns in space and time—woven textures of planets and galaxies, evolution of minerals and organisms in concert, fluctuating organelles in moving and dividing cells, seismic flows deep underground, chemical responses of forests to seasons and climate change and fires. Computers “see” patterns within patterns, absorbing and recognizing features not easily spotted by a human staring at a screen. Viewing scientific data in new and powerful ways allows scientists to understand better, a first step toward new hypotheses and experiments. The beautiful patterns created by William Carnegie and his artistic peers reflect colors and textures of the Scottish countryside. In the same way, the elegance of scientific insights coming from observation, experimentation, deduction—and often computational analysis— reflect the wonderful community and rich textures of Carnegie Science. Equipped with new ideas and new tools, we look forward to another extraordinary year.
President, Carnegie Science Friends, Honors & Transitions 2014-2015 YEAR BOOK
ifetime Gi ing Societies The Edwin Hubble Society The Vannevar Bush Society The Second Century The most famous astronomer of Vannevar Bush, the renowned leader of American Carnegie Friends The Carnegie Founders Society Legacy Society the 20th century, Edwin Hubble, scientific research of his time, served as Carnegie’s Andrew Carnegie, the founder of the Carnegie was a Carnegie astronomer. His president from 1939 to 1955. Bush believed in the The Carnegie Institution is now in its Institution, established it with a gift of $10 observations that the universe power of private organizations and the conviction second century of supporting scientific million, ultimately giving a total of $22 million is vastly larger than we thought, that it is good for man to know. The Vannevar Bush research and discovery. The Second Century to the institution. His initial $10 million gift and that it is expanding, Society recognizes individuals who have made lifetime Legacy Society recognizes individuals who represents a special amount. Thus, individuals, shattered our old concept of contributions of between $100,000 to $999,999, as well have remembered, or intend to remember, 16 including those who have directed contribu- 17 cosmology. Science often requires as those individuals who have directed contributions the Carnegie Institution in their estate tions from private foundations and donor- years of work before major to the Carnegie Institution at that level from private plans and those who support the institution advised funds, who support Carnegie with discoveries like his can be made. foundations and donor-advised funds. through other forms of planned giving. lifetime contributions of $10 million or more The Edwin Hubble Society are recognized as members of the Carnegie honors those whose lifetime Anonymous (3) Anonymous (3) Founders Society. contributions have helped Philip H. Abelson* Philip H. Abelson* Paul A. Armond, Jr. the institution to foster such Bruce and Betty Alberts Caryl P. Haskins* Mary Anne Nyburg Baker and G. Leonard Baker, Jr. Liselotte Beach* long-term, paradigm-changing William R. Hewlett* Daniel Belin and Kate Ganz Bradley F. Bennett* George P. Mitchell* research by recognizing those Bradley F. Bennett* Francis R. Boyd, Jr.* who have contributed between Didier and Brigitte Berthelemot Lore E. Brown $1,000,000 and $9,999,999, as Donald and Linda Brown Richard Buynitzky* well as those individuals who Richard Buynitzky* Eleanor Gish Crow* have directed contributions to A. James Clark* H. Clark and Eleanora K. Dalton* the Carnegie Institution at that Tom and Anne Cori Hugh H. Darby* level from private foundations H. Clark and Eleanora K. Dalton* Herbert A. Dropkin and donor-advised funds. John Diebold* Susan Farkas Jean and Leslie Douglas* Nina V. Fedoroff Julie D. Forbush* Anonymous Herbert A. Dropkin William T. Golden* D. Euan and Angelica Baird Michael A. Duffy Crawford H. Greenewalt* William and Cynthia Gayden James Ebert* Margaretta Greenewalt* Michael and Mary Gellert Bruce W. Ferguson and Heather R. Sandiford Gary K. Hart and Cary S. Hart Robert G. and Alexandra C. Goelet Stephen and Janelle Fodor Caryl P. Haskins* William T. Golden* Gary K. Hart and Cary S. Hart Robert and Margaret Hazen Crawford H. Greenewalt* Henrietta W. Hollaender* Richard E. Heckert* David Greenewalt* Antonia Ax:son Johnson and Goran Ennerfelt Henrietta W. Hollaender* Margaretta Greenewalt* Paul A. Johnson* Paul A. Johnson* Robert and Margaret Hazen Paul and Carolyn Kokulis Paul and Carolyn Kokulis William R. Hearst III Gerald D. and Doris* Laubach Nancy Lee Richard E. Heckert* Lawrence H. Linden Gilbert and Karen Levin Kazuo and Asako Inamori Michael T. Long Chester B.* and Barbara C. Martin Burton and Deedee McMurtry John D. Macomber Al and Honey Nashman Jaylee and Gilbert Mead* Steven L. McKnight Alexander Pogo* Cary Queen Richard A. and Martha R. Meserve Elizabeth M. Ramsey* Deborah Rose, Ph.D. J. Irwin Miller* Holly M. Ruess William J. Rutter Al and Honey Nashman Allan R. Sandage* Thomas and Mary Urban Evelyn Stefansson Nef* Leonard Searle* Sidney J. Weinberg, Jr.* Alexander Pogo* Elizabeth M. Ramsey* Maxine and Daniel Singer Vera and Robert* Rubin Frank N. Stanton* Allan R. Sandage* Fay M. Stetzer Leonard Searle* Thomas H. B. Symons, C.C. Allan Spradling John R. Thomas, Ph.D. Frank N. Stanton* Hatim A. Tyabji Christopher and Margaret Stone William M. White William* and Nancy Turner Michael G. Wilson * Deceased Laure Woods Friends, Honors & Transitions 2014-2015 YEAR BOOK
Mary E. Clutter Charles Bowditch Hunter Under $1,000 Dody and Tommy Brager Artemis Costello Ann al Gi ing Ot er Indi id al Lauren and Cathy Colloff Kathleen E. Jolly Anonymous Jonathan Brashear Muriel H. Cronin (Gifts Received Between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2015) Gi ing Jack and Rita Colwell Armin D. Kaiser Jagannadham and Lalita Akella Bryan Bretscher Eleanore Crosby Joseph H. and Alice Coulombe Karen W. Kertzner Nicholas Albanese Winslow R. Briggs Daniel L. Crotty The Barbara McClintock Society The Carnegie Institution recognizes John and Anne Crawford Jeffrey S. Kime Donald J. Albers Peter C. Brockett and Laureen B. Beth Cuje individual donors, as well as those An icon of Carnegie science, Barbara McClintock was a Steven B. Crystal Mary-Claire King Claudia Albert Chang Robert and Mary Cunningham 18 who have directed contributions Jonathan Curtis 19 Carnegie plant biologist from 1943 until her retirement. She Richard E. Cuellar Paul and Carolyn Kokulis Adrienne T. Alegre Harold and Naomi Brodsky to the Carnegie Institution from Igor Dawid and Keiko Ozato Thomas S. Kosasa Matthew Allder Marc H. Brodsky Daniel Cutaia was a giant in the field of maize genetics and received the 1983 private foundations and donor- John P. de Neufville Alex Krauss Ariel Altman Carin Brown Martin Czigler Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for her work on patterns advised funds. Jo Ann Eder David Patrick Lanigan and Pamela David M. Andersen Lawrence A. Brown Stewart Allan Daniels, MD and of genetic inheritance. She was the first woman to win an un- Wallace and Charlotte Ernst Hawley Brown Sheldon Applegate Lore E. Brown Nancy Joy Daniels shared Nobel Prize in this category. To sustain researchers like $1,000 to $9,999 Sandra and Andrew Faber Gerald D. Laubach Tina Ann Armato William L. Bryan Emily Darugar McClintock, annual contributions to the Carnegie Institution Anonymous (2) William B. Fagan Lawrence H. Linden Louis G. Arnold David and Rosemary Buden Alice M. Davis are essential. The McClintock Society thus recognizes generous Paul A. Armond, Jr. Bruce W. Ferguson and John and Jean Lively Lynn Atkins Korey Bulloch John E. Davis and Bonnie Freeman individuals who contribute $10,000 or more in a fiscal year, as John Baker and Christine Ogata Heather R. Sandiford Lois A. Madison Ulanda Aung Dale R. Burger Nicholas F. Davis well as those individuals who have directed contributions to Craig R. and Barbara Barrett Christopher Field and Michael J. Maley Joseph Autera Marjorie Burger Benjamin Dayman the Carnegie Institution at that level from private foundations Charlotte S. Barus Nona Chiariello Sam Martin David Backer Gordon Burley Danny De Las Salas Christopher M. Burroughs Cristine del Amo and donor-advised funds. Charles Bestor Raymond C. Fletcher Donald H. McClelland Connor Bailey Samuel and Diane Bodman L. Patrick Gage Michael R. McCormick Lee Bailey Donald M. Burt Joseph DeLuca Jonathan Gainsley Lawrence C. Baldwin Christopher L. Cahill Barbara Dennerline $1,000,000 or more Scott Booth Lauren A. Meserve Jeffrey M. Goecker Royal E. and Kathy Bales John A.R. Caldwell Robert C. DeVries William R. Hearst III Jesse Bork Richard A. and Martha R. Meserve John and Jean Botts Claire M. Haldan John and Jenny Mor Michael Bang Scott Cameron Jennifer DeWitt Bret D. Hampton Gerry Ohrstrom Cheryl A. Bantz Allan Campbell Jillian DiCicco $100,000 to $999,999 Donald and Linda Brown John and Dori Holaday Gilbert Omenn and Martha Adam Barnaby R. Scott Campbell John M. and Jane M. Dick Anonymous Willard B. Brown Rush D. Holt and Darling Scott Barnes Haleigh Cannalte William S. Dickey Mary Anne Nyburg Baker and G. Leonard Baker, Jr. Douglas Cahill Margaret Lancefield Lawrence C. Pakula Camilla W. Barror David Carapezza John F. Dilley Robert and Margaret Hazen Anthony Cavalieri and Ellen Look Ellen A. Cherniavsky Urs Hölzle and Geeske Joel Catherine A. Piez David N. Barry Carol Laikin Carpenter Matt Disen Toby M. Horn Aparajit Raghavan and Satyashree Gerry Barton David S. and Gerrie Carpenter Audrey Dittmann $10,000 to $99,999 Kevin F. Clines Srikanth Michael Bearfoot Willard Carpenter Stefanie Z. Dobrin Anonymous (3) David B. Rickard Richard C. Becker Timothy J. Carr Laura D. Dominguez David P. Brown Alice Rivlin and Sidney Winter Edward Beenstock Dana Carroll Scott Donato Eleanor Gish Crow* Cristián Samper Harvey E. Belkin Morris J. Chalick David F. Doody Michael A. Duffy Matthew P. Scott Peter M. Bell Stephen R. Chapman George B. and Sue R. Driesen Stephen and Janelle Fodor Inez Parker Sharp Stacey Beneville Margaret L. Chatham Samuel Dyer William and Cynthia Gayden David B. Singer Theodore G. Benitt Liang-Chen Chen David Dyregrov Martin and Jacqueline Gellert Kimball D. Smith James D. Bennett Michael Chester Richard Earley Michael and Mary Gellert Allan Spradling John Bennett Kenneth M. Chick Daniel Earnest Robert G. and Alexandra C. Goelet Christopher and Margaret Stone Richard J. Bergemann Asit Choudhuri Amir Eftekhari Sibyl R. Golden Douglas K. Struck Matthew Berley Ida Chow Tatjana Eggink Gary K. Hart and Cary S. Hart Lubert Stryer Todd Bernstein Ian Christy David H. Eggler Sandra D. Hess David S. Tatel Christine L. Bischoff Paul S. Clark Matthew Eldridge Douglas E. Koshland Lawrence A. Taylor Elizabeth Bisset William R. Clark Bennett Ellenbogen Sandra Krause William L. Taylor Joe Bolster Barnetta Clemons Bryan and Phyllis Ellickson Michael T. Long John R. Thomas, Ph.D. Trevor Bolton Shawn Clover Constance B. Elliot John D. Macomber Ward Thomas Muriel Bonetti Allen Cohen Lynn Ely Burton and Deedee McMurtry Ian Thompson Jenny K. Bong Gregory Colello Todd Engle Al and Honey Nashman Scott B. Tollefsen Tom I. Bonner John R. and Annette W. Coleman Pamela English Robert J. O’Shea Mark Welsh Michael Borsellino Tamara Winter Compean Holly Ernest Deborah Rose, Ph.D. Peter H. and Jean S. Wick Kurt R. Borski Margaret Connelly Mark Evans Ray and Meredith Rothrock Michael Woodson Page H. Boteler Allison Conner Ira B. Fader, Jr. Michael Thacher and Rhonda L. Rundle Katherine Woodworth Kent G. Boutilier Jason Conradt John E. Farhood David W. Thompson Mary Lou and Mark Zoback Sean A. Bowen John Douglas and Gail Cooper Brent H. Farmer Michael G. and C. Jane Wilson Avery Boyce Christopher Copeland Jerel R. Fast Laure Woods Marilyn E. Bradley Richard and Margery Coppola Gail Fisher Friends, Honors & Transitions 2014-2015 YEAR BOOK
Oscar P. Fitzgerald Donald H. Groelsema James Hoy John S. Langford John W. Maslin Ryan D. Overman Nancy G. Roman Andrew W. Sorrells Carolina Flores-Helizon Sylvia B. Gronauer Michael J. Hraba Ronald Langhi Mario and Nancy Bennett Mateo John J. Overton Milton M. and Ingrid R. Rose Randall Speck and James W. Foley Cameron Ground J. Stephen Huebner and Arthur and Faith LaVelle John Matthews Philip J. Pace Anne Gorelick Rosenwald Samantha Nolan John H. Fournelle David Gunnells Emily Z. Huebner Marta Lawler James Mattingly Raymond and Bette Ann Page Mitchell Ross Frank Spokane Karen I. Frank Ronald R. Gustafson Larry D. Huffman Samuel A. and Mary M. Lawrence James M. and Roxane Mattinson Michael S. Paisner Rodney J. Rothstein Ken and Jean Stadel John Robah Franklin Rene Gutierrez Munir and Jennifer L. Humayun Kurt L. P. Lawson David A. Mauriello Maria Papachatzi Lissa Rotundo Madeleine B. Stanicci 20 Laurence W. Fredrick Ryan Gutierrez Sandra N. Humphrey Calvin D. Lee William Maxwell Dr. and Mrs. R. Bryce Parry Tyler Rullman and Diane Stanley 21 David H. Freeman Necip Guven Edward Hurwitz Chan So-Fong Lee Peter J. Maynard Pratik Patel Teresa Wilkerson William C. Staton Richard T. Freeman Milo Gwosden Jacqueline Izaguirre Harold H. Lee Peter J. McAniff Rajan Patel Raymond E. Ruth Christopher Stealey Bevan M. French William and Dorothy Hagar Roger Jaccaud Lavonne Lela Jennifer McCabe Rudy C. Perez Eileen M. Ryan David W. Steffen Joseph Friedman Patrick Hagins John H. Jacobs and Joan Gantz Frederick K. Lepple Robert H. and Patsy M. Perlman Michael and Linda Ryan Erich W. Steiner Frederick S. Fry, Jr. Justin H. Hahn Mary J. Jacobs Alan E. Levin Dorothy A. McCallister Katherine Perry Lawrence E. Sager Steven M. Steinsnyder David A. Fuss Catherine L. Haight Steven D. Jacobsen Nikki Levy James A. McDermott Eric Philburn Varun Saluja Angela Sterley Joseph H. Gainer James T. and Patricia A. Haight Jack C. James Kathleen D. Lewis Don H. McDowell Brian Phillips Seppideh Sami M. Virginia Stockbridge David R. Gambrel Dorna Hamer Bernard W. Janicki Paula Lewis Darren McElfresh Chase Phillips Patricia Sanders Carl Strickler Donna Gardos Steven J. Hamilton Robert S. Johnson William C. and Julia N. Lewis Rhonda McNulty Stephen M. Pierce Alexander Sandra Richard L. Strombotne Alexander Garmew Paul A. Hanle Theodore J. Johnson Steven and Nancy L’Hernault Thomas A. Mehlhorn Elizabeth A. Piotrowski Lyndon Sapozhnik Leslie and Robert Sulla Mary L. Garnett David Hardy Thomas G. Johnson Teresa Liao D. Joel and Mary Mellema Travis Plummer Carl Sara Thomas H. B. Symons, C.C. James Garulski Patricia M. Hare Valerie Jones Julie Lifland Robert Mendelson Arthur Pollak Anne K. Sawyer Bennett Taft Bruce Gates Brian Harfe Jennifer R. Just Jinhyuk Lim T. Spencer Metcalf Sarah Polow O. Sami Saydjari Kathleen Taimi Joseph Gaul, Jr. Alice I. Harris Philip S. Justus Margaret Limm Marissa Meyer Mika Poole Edward Saylor Gary R. Tanigawa Tanay Gavankar Joseph R. Harris and Nan E. Kaeser Davidson Peter C. Lincoln Richard Meyer Jeremy Porath Jessica Schaefer Colin Taylor Dr. and Mrs. Arthur Gelb Cynthia Uleman Michael D. Kagen Dan L. Lindsley Dennis F. Miller Patricia Porter Linda Scharlatt David Taylor Domenico Gellera Katherine Harris Shachar Kafka Brigitte D. Linz Lee J. Miller Anil Prakash Robert Schechter Laura Taylor Susan A. Gerbi-McIlwain Stanley R. Hart Peter G. Katona Robert Litowitz Michael B. Miller Richard S. Preisler Mark Schenkman Mack Taylor Stuart M. Gerson William K. Hart John F. Keiser, Jr. Stephen Litwin Kimberly G. Mitchell David J. Proch Maarten Schmidt Dilaun Terry Peter Giguere Richard S. Hartman James P. Kelly and Sofia B. Lizarraga Joseph F. Moore Paul G. Provance Barbara Schoeberl Dara Tesse M. Charles and Mary Carol Gilbert Karl M. Hartmann Beverlee Bickmore Felix J. Lockman Michael B. Moran Jennifer L. Pruitt Susan B. Schuster Leslie Thompson Kirsten H. Gildersleeve Aaron Hasson William C. Kelly Erica Lomberk Christopher Morgan Arnold J. Pryor Joyce R. Schwartz Michael Tobias Lawrence J. Giles Laurence Hausman Thomas Kelsall Eric O. Long James Morgan Laura Puckett François Schweizer Susan B. Tobias Sherry J. Gillespie Shan Hays Charles A. Kengla Gerald P. Lorentz Marilyn E. Morgan Daniel W. Pugh Richard Sciambi John F. Tracy Erik and Cynthia Gillette Gregory Heeter Martin Kent Christopher A. Loretz Mary Lee Morrison and Emily Rauh Pulitzer Eugene and Alicia Scott Martin Trees Laura A. Gilpin Susan R. Helder Ann E. Keyes Thomas E. Lovejoy William B. Upholt Evelynn U. Putnam Malcolm G. Scully Lynette Trygstad Sven F. Girsperger H. Lawrence Helfer Richard P. Kiel Julia S. Lytle John M. Morrow Gui-Zhong Qi Michael Seibert James Tucker William and Gayle Glauz Margot W. Heller Edmund W. Kiessling Michelle MacDonald John W. Mothersole Robbin C. Ramos Frederic T. Selleck Jonathan and Catherine Tuerk Kenneth H. Globus Roger A. Helvey Marguerite J. Kingston Alec Machiels Gary G. Mrenak Bryan Ranharter Roberta Shaffer Andrew Tufano Michael Glogower George A. Herbert, Jr. Katherine Kistler John J. Mackey David Murad Shirley Raps Robert D. and Claire C. Shaver Evan Tunis Fred Glover Michael J. and Phyllis H. Herman George W. Koch James H. Macklin Seanan Murphy J. Martin Ratliff and Carol A. Thomas F. Sheehan Nickolos Valdez Greg Goers Jo Ann Hersh Kristopher Koehnen Joseph Macura Charles G. Myers Polanskey Nobumichi Shimizu Lee Van Duzer Susan Gold Bill and Carol Hetrick Keith Kofoed Alan F. Mager Ralph H. Nafziger Graham Redinger Alisha Shudy W. Karl Van Newkirk Andy Golden Vera J. Hewitt Charles E. Kohlhase Richard J. Mahler Cara Nakoneczny Donald Regnell Shaukat M. Siddiqi Robert S. Vance, Jr. James R. Golden Wayne Hinkel Linda Kontnier Anthony P. Mahowald Nentcho Nentchev Minocher C. Reporter Randolph B. Sim Larry N. Vanderhoef Ben Goldfarb Mary Hoffmann-Leppert David C. Koo Steven R. Majewski Jon Neumann Philippe Reymond Mary Ellen Simon Robert N. Vary David J. Goldston Henry P. Hoffstot, Jr. Garett Kopczynski Thomas Malin Trevor L. Neve Meaghan Reynolds Jeffrey R. Singer Arthur H. Vaughan* Roshan Goli William H. and Patricia G. Michael D. Korschek William G. and Phoebe Mallard Phillip and Sonia Newmark Yvonne Ricard Danielle Sixsmith Vincent Vella William Gotschall Hohwiesner Olavi Kouvo Bernard M. Malloy Donald S. Nicholson Daniel W. & Henry A. Rice Andre Small Nicole Ventrone Leslie Gould Diane Holt G. Gary Kowalczyk Stephen P. Maran Richard L. Nielsen R. Michael Rich Brian A. Smith Vikram Venu Paul P. Gramstad Lisa L. Holt Jonathan D. Kranz Jerry Markowitz John Ray Nooncaster Adam Richard Michael D. Smith Laura L. Viehmyer Barbara Graves and Kory Homuth Arthur A. Krieger Jenna Markowski Michael B. O’Connor Herman H. Rieke Robert C. Smith Katharine Villard Robert W. Schackmann Wayne J. Hopkins Liisa Kylheku Janet E. Marott John Oliva Faye Rivkin David E. Snead Michelle Vincent Thomas and Josephine Greeley Richard B. Horenstein Girard A. Labossiere Cindy Marsh Michael E. Ollinger Cristina Roark Matthew Soares Thomas A. Waddell David L. Greenewalt Tommy Hosman David D. Lambert Barbara C. Martin Emily Ortega John D. Roberts David L. Soderberg Mallory and Diana Walker Nicholas A. Greer Robert F. Howard Jon M. Landenburger Elaine S. Marvel Zim Ouillette Edward H. Robichaud Polina Sokolova Richard J. Walker and Michael Griffin Douglas Howie Arlo U. Landolt John R. Mashey John H. Overholt Peter and Doris Roitman John A. Solaro Mary F. Horan Friends, Honors & Transitions
Honors & Transitons Douglas J. Wallis The O’Shea Family Foundation ★Marnie Halpern ★Zhao Zhang Wayne H. Warren, Jr. Foundations and The Rose Hills Foundation Mark Waterman Corporations Simons Foundation Richard Wattis Strauss Foundation Skyler Weaver $1,000,000 or more VWR Charitable Foundation Honors Johannes Weertman W.M. Keck Foundation The Helen Hay Whitney 22 Marcus Weller The Cynthia and George Mitchell Foundation Foundation Embryology 23 Philip A. and Barbara A. Wenger The San Simeon Fund, Inc. Marnie Halpern was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Lorrie D. Westerlund Alfred P. Sloan Foundation $500 to $9,999 Advancement of Science. Junior Investigator Zhao Zhang received the pres- Edward White V Anonymous (2) tigious Larry Sandler Memorial Award of the Genetics Society of America. $100,000 to $999,999 William M. White Atlantis Research Foundation The annual award is given for the best research that led to a Ph.D. using the Marsha Lynn Wilkins The Ahmanson Foundation Craig & Barbara Barrett ★Anat Shahar ★Chris Field fruit fly Drosophila. James E. Williams Avatar Alliance Foundation Foundation Matthew Williamson Carnegie Corporation of New York The Bodman Family Foundation Stewart Wills The Lawrence Ellison Foundation The Boeing Gift Matching Geophysical Laboratory Thomas Wilson Hazen Foundation Program Anat Shahar was awarded the Clarke Award of the Geochemical Society. It Richard Lounsbery Foundation, Inc. Jeremy Winter Bristol-Myers Squibb is awarded to an early-career scientist for “a single outstanding contribution The Ambrose Monell Foundation Matthew Winter Foundation, Inc. to geochemistry or cosmochemistry, published either as a single paper or a Cecily J. Wolfe The G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation Chevron Humankind series of papers on a single topic.” Eric and Sandra Wolman The Crystal Family Foundation Laquita Wood $10,000 to $99,999 Fund For Astrophysical Research Lois R. Wood Anonymous The L. Patrick Gage Charitable Global Ecology ★Joseph A. Berry ★Greg Asner Sean Woodall The Abell Foundation, Inc. Gift Fund Chris Field, director of Global Ecology, was awarded the fifth annual Battelle Foundation Fund Margaret D. Woodring Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communica- The Morton K. and Jane Blaustein Foundation Mary Jo Woods Arthur and Linda Gelb Charitable Foundation tion by Climate One. The American Geophysical Union (AGU) bestowed Robert J. Yamartino Blue Moon Fund, Inc. Urs Hoelzle & him with the 2014 Roger Revelle Medal. Joseph A. Berry was elected to Pamela D. Yerkes The Brinson Foundation Geeske Joel Living Trust Richard Young and Bonnie Beamer Chesapeake Bay Trust The Holaday Foundation the National Academy of Sciences. Greg Asner was elected a Fellow of the Robert A. Young Michael A. Duffy Revocable Trust Rush Holt & Margaret Lancefield Fund of the American Geophysical Union (AGU). Leon Zar Durland Co., Inc. Princeton Area Community Foundation Robert A. Zarzar The Gayden Family Foundation Fred and Charlotte Hubbell Observatories Michael E. Gellert Trust Kelly Zehnder Foundation Carnegie astronomer Mark Phillips, interim director of the Las Campanas William Zhang General Motors Foundation The LeRoux Family Charitable Fund Observatory, is one of a group of scientists honored with the Breakthrough ★Mark Phillips ★Wolf Frommer Timothy A. Zimmerlin Golden Family Foundation Linden Trust for Conservation Scott Zogg Gary and Cary Hart Trust The Madison Foundation for Families, Inc. Prize in Fundamental Physics. Douglas Zwiener Richard W. Higgins Foundation Microsoft Matching Gifts Program Koshland Porter Family Honey Perkins Family Plant Biology *Deceased Revocable Trust Foundation, Inc. LaureL Foundation Director Wolf Frommer was elected a member of the German Academy of Rathmann Family Foundation Sciences, Leopoldina, one of the world’s oldest national academies. Zhiyong Members were qualified with records The Michael T. Long Rickard Family Foundation Wang received the Humboldt Research Award, one of Germany’s most- we believe to be accurate. If there Family Foundation Schindele Family Fund are any questions, please call Irene Longfield Family Charitable Foundation Society for Developmental Biology prestigious prizes. David Ehrhardt was awarded an honorary fellowship of Stirling at 202.939.1122. The G. Harold & Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Stratpass Corp. the Royal Microscopical Society. Foundation Thawzall, LLC ★Zhiyong Wang ★David Ehrhardt The McMurtry Family Foundation Terrestrial Magnetsm MGW & CJW 2007 Trust The Kenneth T. and Sean Solomon, director of Carnegie’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Eileen L. Norris Foundation from 1992 until 2012, received the nation’s highest scientific award, the National Medal of Science. Erik Hauri was made a fellow of both the Geo- chemical Society and European Association of Geochemistry.
★Sean Solomon ★ Erik Hauri Friends, Honors & Transitions
2014-2015 Year Book
Transitions Research
24 administraton Timothy Doyle joined Carnegie as Chief Operating Officer. He was Associate Dean for Finance and CFO for Harvard’s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Highlights (SEAS). Doyle has a unique blend of experience including complex administrative ★Timothy Doyle ★Margaret Moerchen and financial organizations, private sector businesses, and most recently the research and education sectors. His diverse financial and operations background spans the areas of strategic leadership, financial systems and controls, budgeting and planning, and administration efficiency.
Margaret Moerchen was appointed Science Deputy to the President. She is an as- tronomer and was associate editor of Science magazine where she handled all astron- omy and planetary science manuscripts. Her interactions at the journal enhanced her knowledge of other physical sciences including geophysics, climate science, chemistry, materials science, and physics. Previously, she worked on instrument- ★John Mulchaey ★Rick Carlson building teams at the world’s largest telescopes, collaborating with diverse scientists and engineers.
Observatories John Mulchaey was appointed the Crawford H. Greenewalt Director of the Carnegie Observatories. Mulchaey has been at Carnegie for 20 years. He investigates groups and clusters of galaxies, elliptical galaxies, dark matter—the invisible material that makes up most of the universe—active galaxies, and black holes. Although Mulchaey works extensively with space-based, X-ray telescopes, the optical telescopes at Carn- egie’s Las Campanas Observatory play a central role in his research for follow-up observations, which are necessary to determine galaxy type and distance.
Terrestrial Magnetsm Richard Carlson was appointed director of Terrestrial Magnetism. He has been with Carnegie since 1980, originally as a postdoctoral fellow. Carlson studies the chemical and physical processes that formed the terrestrial planets. Using the known decay rates of various radioactive isotopes, he investigates the chronology of early processes on small planetary objects and studies the chemical and physical aspects of old and young crust-forming processes on Earth. He also studies nucleosynthetic differences in the early solar nebula.
Image courtesy Zehra Nizami Headlline for Essay Pages Set Lato TwentyAstronomy Seven on Twenty Seven SubheadInvestigating in Minion the Birth, Semibold Structure, Italic and Fate of the Universe
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Most of the Milky Way’s larger dwarf satellites, such as the Sculptor dwarf sp eroidal gala s o n ere ere disco ered long ago former Carn- egie astronomers Harlow Shapley, Al- ert Wilson and Ro ert arrington. o e er ltra faint d arfs ic os Simon st dies came to a enton it t e deep digital s s r e s in the mid 2000s. Small Gala ies ig Impact Image courtesy European Southern Observatory
Nonastronomers might assume that the universe’s tiniest galaxies do not matter much on a cosmic scale. But the Observatories’ Josh Simon spends much of his time demonstrating that we can learn a great deal from the smallest galaxies. Among many other areas of research, Carnegie’s Josh Simon st dies ltra faint d arf gala ies. Dwarf galaxies often orbit larger systems like our Milky Way, at distances between 75,000 and more than 1 mil- measurements demonstrated that ultra-faint dwarfs are lion light years. Simon’s research ranges from “garden- made almost entirely of dark matter—the invisible matter variety” dwarf galaxies, containing millions of stars, to that makes up most of the universe. Less than 1% of their the recently identified “ultra-faint” dwarf galaxies, with mass consists of ordinary matter like protons, neutrons, only a few thousand stars. Most of the Milky Way’s larger and electrons, and 99% to 99.97% of their mass is dark dwarf satellites, such as the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal matter. As a result, these smallest dwarfs have become the galaxy, were discovered decades ago by former Carnegie center of attention for particle physicists and astronomers astronomers Harlow Shapley, Albert Wilson, and Robert studying dark matter. Harrington. But ultra-faint dwarfs came to light only in 2005 with the advent of deep digital sky surveys. The whopping dark matter content is not the only sur- The latest development has been the discovery of many T e a o e rig t panel s o s prise. Simon, Anna Frebel of MIT, and their collaborators previously undetected dwarfs near the Milky Way by the a Dar Energ S r e image of the sky, where the dwarf By measuring stellar motions within the ultra-faint unexpectedly found that the abundance of elements like Dark Energy Survey, among other efforts. Remarkably, gala Retc l m II is nearl dwarfs, Simon and colleagues showed that they are sur- magnesium, calcium, and titanium in ultra-faint dwarf a total of 23 dwarf galaxy candidates have been identi- in isi le. In t e rig t panel prisingly heavy. These galaxies weigh nearly as much as galaxy stars is almost identical to the abundance of those fied in just three months this spring, compared to only all of the stars that do not ordinary dwarfs despite hosting many fewer stars. Simon’s elements in similarly old Milky Way stars. Heavier ele- 26 Milky Way satellites known prior to 2015. Most of the elong to Retc l m II a e een digitall remo ed so ments such as barium and strontium, however, are much new discoveries are deep in the southern skies, perfectly that the presence of the rarer in the dwarf galaxies; their absence may provide a positioned for observations with the Magellan telescopes gala is act all apparent. The whopping dark mater content clue as to how such elements are created by supernova at Carnegie’s Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. Simon Image courtesy Fermilab/Dark Energy Survey explosions. expects that this cornucopia will keep him—and Magel- is not the only surprise. lan—busy for years to come. Astronomy Continued
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Relighting the Universe
The universe cooled furiously after the Big Bang, 13.7 bil- lion years ago. Atoms assembled some 400,000 years later, with cooler temperatures allowing protons to join with electrons, forming hydrogen and clearing the murky gas. After about 500 million years the first galaxies began to form. Astronomers think that the intense energy of galac- tic star formation unbound the electrons in the hydrogen gas, in a period of “reionization” lasting from 500 million to 1,000 million years.
Alan Dressler looked for the faintest of these early galax- ies to learn if they are abundant and energetic enough to drive reionization. Through a novel method, he was able Carnegie’s Alan Dressler to find galaxies five times fainter than before and reveal Image courtesy Tim Neighbors 25 times as many galaxies, enough to supply 25-50% of the ultraviolet light needed to reionize the universe: they are likely reionizing agents. Areal Camera and Spectrograph (IMACS) on Magellan at Carnegie’s Las Campanas Observatory, Dressler con- Telescopes witness the distant and young universe in real ducted a blind search covering 10% of the field of view by The IMACS spectrograph imaged 100 parallel slices of the sky in the 150-angstroms wavelength band to build up a search area. This exposure time. It is hard because the first galaxies were small and restricting the incoming wavelength to 150 angstroms of re ired t ent o rs of s er open tme in e cellent as Campanas their starlight is feeble. Hubble Space Telescope images, the 1500 angstroms typically observed. (An angstrom is a conditons o er fo r nig ts. S ort rig t ertcal lines are t e spectra however, reveal a sample of thousands of galaxies from unit of length equal to one ten-billionth of a meter.) The of ordinary Milky Way stars whose light happens to pass through a slit. T e g re s o s t e f ll IMACS eld it a small area enlarged se eral the reionization epoch, but the total ultraviolet light from light passing through each of 100 parallel “long slits” was tmes to s o t o e amples of t e signat re man alp a emission from star formation in them is only about 10% of the amount dispersed to search for so-called Lyman-alpha emission gala ies at t e end of t e reioni aton epoc . T e t o top le images are needed. lines, the signature light produced by gas glowing from negat es t at s o t e emission lines more clearl . star formation. Dressler looked for galaxies at the end of Image courtesy Alan Dressler The speculation has been that galaxies fainter than those the reionization epoch. found by Hubble supplied most of the energy for reion- ization. However, the deep imaging technique used could The numbers of detected emission lines rises steeply with Eac s are s o s arcseconds of s a meas rement t at descri es t e apparent si e of an o ect and angstroms of spectra it an emission not find fainter galaxies. Dressler pushed fainter via a decreasing brightness. Weeding out foreground galaxies line coming from star forming gas in a gala . T e ne o ser atons reac method developed by collaborators Crystal Martin (UC- by taking additional deep spectra of 60 representative e tmes fainter o ects t an t e prior imaging st dies and s o a steep Santa Barbara) and Marcin Sawicki (St. Mary’s) that uses targets confirmed that 1/3 of the faint sources are early- rise in t e total n m er of detected so rces. T e fracton of gala ies t at are t e signat re man alp a emi ers prod ce of t e ig spectroscopy, the analysis of the light’s spectrum, over universe galaxies—a dramatic rise in the number of faint, energy photons needed to reionize the universe. the narrow band of imaging. With the Inamori-Magellan early-universe galaxies, enough to reionize the universe. Image courtesy Alan Dressler The Carnegie Academy for Science Education & Math for America Teaching the Art of Teaching Science and Math
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developed and implemented an action plan. Outcomes State Standards for Mathematics, as well as interdisciplin- from each of the working groups’ activities were re- ary instruction. The standards are based on a framework ported on at a DC STEM Summit in November 2015. developed by the National Research Council rendered by educators in 48 states. The goal is to teach science in In July, CASE and OSSE trained 11 D.C. classroom teach- a manner that mirrors the way science and engineering ers to become STEM ambassadors in the city to increase professionals approach their everyday work and to stress community engagement with the education efforts of the critical thinking and communication skills. STEM Gets Stronger network. In August, Carnegie cohosted the STEM Leader- ship Academy with the Center for Inspired Teaching and In October 2014, the Carnegie Academy for Science OSSE. Thirty-four D.C. principals attended the two-day Education (CASE) joined forces with the District of event to learn about the implementation of the Next Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Educa- Generation Science Standards and the Common Core tion (OSSE) to launch the DC STEM Network. (STEM is Science, Technology, Engineering and Math.) This network is uniting community partners to design, guide, and advocate for improving STEM learning opportunities for Washington, D.C., students. The D.C. network joins initiatives in 22 states as part of a nationwide network led by the Battelle Memorial Institute. An advisory council of community leaders and a leadership team govern the net- The March launch of the DC STEM Net or led CASE at Carnegie s work; CASE and OSSE staff provide backbone support. Washington, D.C., headquarters, With over 20 years in D.C. teaching students and teachers itnessed some role re ersal st dents about STEM, CASE is ideal to lead the program. led t e ad lt partcipants t ro g t e ands on e periment of e tractng DNA from stra erries. In March, CASE hosted a launch event, engaging 120 Image courtesy Blonde Photography educators, industry partners, and community leaders in student-led lab experiments and interactive work- shops that created seven working groups to increase access to STEM learning. The working groups cover mentoring and tutoring, in-school education, out-of- school educational opportunities, professional devel-
opment for teachers, and community outreach. The ata Grigoriants le is t e manager of Carnegie Academ for network is connecting schools, industry partners, in- Science Ed caton CASE strategic partners ips and de elop- stitutions of higher education, and STEM professionals ment. Marlena ones middle is t e manager of CASE programs to improve STEM programs and create opportunities and o treac . lie Edmonds rig t is t e director of CASE and the DC STEM Network. for training and job experiences. Each working group Image courtesy Blonde Photography The Carnegie Academy for Science Education & Math for America Continued
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Master Teac er rogram E pands
National Math for America (MfA) is excited to announce The MfA DC Master Teacher program started in 2011 the expansion of the Master Teacher Program, with the and now includes nine Master Teachers from among goal to establish a model for a corps of national master those currently teaching mathematics in D.C. public ianca A rams as een t e director of Mat for America a l enniman as ired in to lead t e MfA DC (MfA DC since its incepton in . e pansion e ort and professional de elopment. teachers in mathematics and science. This approach or public charter schools. Three are alumni of the first follows a recommendation from the 2010 President’s cohorts of fellows, one is the 2011 Presidential Awardee Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching, and T e Master Teac er rogram reg larl olds professional de elopment sessions for t e teac ers. report urging the formation of a nationwide STEM another is the 2014 D.C. Teacher of the Year. Images courtesy Bianca Abrams Master Teacher Corps. MfA also seeks to make As part of the expan- teaching a respected Over four years, MfA DC teachers sion, MfA DC hopes career choice for the could potentally teach some to recruit five Master best minds in science Teachers per year over and mathematics. 32,000 D.C. students. the next five years. In 2015, eight teachers To qualify for the MfA applied and four were DC Master Teacher Program, candidates need a strong selected. Currently, there are 33 MfA DC teachers in the math background, must have taught math for at least four pipeline. These highly effective teachers strive to provide years, and must have demonstrated leadership qualities. outstanding mathematics instruction; they impacted ap- The rigorous selection process includes a complex appli- proximately 8,000 D.C. students in the public secondary cation, PRAXIS exams, and an interview with a selection schools last year. Over four years MfA DC teachers could panel. If selected, the master teachers commit to teaching potentially teach some 32,000 D.C. students. five years in the Washington, D.C., public schools. MfA DC Master Teachers receive a $10,000 salary supplement MfA DC is directed by Bianca Abrams. Assistant director to reward their teaching excellence and encourage reten- Paul Penniman was hired in 2015 to lead the expansion tion. They also receive a one-time grant to further their and its professional development. He has taught education, attend professional math meetings, or work mathematics since 1978. He is the founder and executive toward National Board certification. director for Resources to Inspire Students and Educators (RISE), a nonprofit that has provided tutoring and mentoring to low-income D.C. youth, primarily in Wards 7 and 8, for the past 12 years. Earth/Planetary Science Understanding the Formation and Evolution of the Planets and Their Place in the Cosmos
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and the water that remains in the downgoing plate to be Installing seismic statons in remote eld locatons is tme cons ming and la or intensi e. ara Wagner rig t c ec s t e transported deep into the Earth. data alit at one staton in er . T e team opes to deplo smaller lig ter seismic sensing de ices in t e f t re. To study the fate of water in subduction zones, Wagner Image courtesy Lara Wagner has been deploying broadband seismometers for over 15 years in Chile and Peru to produce high-resolution im- The Mystery of ages of seismic velocities in the Earth’s interior. Seismic T e Eart s interior as a la ered str ct re. laces ere tec- velocities are very sensitive to the presence of water. tonic plates slide nder anot er top le in green s d cton Deep Water Cycling Wagner expected to see evidence of this progressively ones are t e cond its for c cling old oceanic cr st and ater to t e ot mantle. T e sliding instgates ma or eart a es and released water in the continental plate directly above the t e ater released s d cton triggers t e olcanism t at Lara Wagner uses seismic imaging to unravel the myster- subducted oceanic plate. c aracteri es s d cton ones. ies of Earth’s deep water cycle. Deep water cycling mostly Image courtesy doi: 10.1130/2007.2421(08), GSA Special Papers 2007, v. 421, pp. 115-156 occurs in subduction zones: plate boundaries where one Wagner found evidence for water, but she also found tectonic plate slides under another. At subduction zones, evidence that this water changes the composition of the old oceanic crust is returned to the hot mantle, new con- upper plate by adding silica from subducted sediments. tinental crust is made, volcanoes and earthquakes form, The continental crust has, on average, substantially higher and water enters and exits Earth’s interior. Water, in turn, silica concentrations than does oceanic crust. This high may play a key role in explaining why—among the rocky, silica concentration has long been thought to be related terrestrial planets—only Earth has plate tectonics. Wag- to the formation of continents in subduction zones, but ner believes that observing certain minerals’ dehydration the precise mechanism remains a mystery. Wagner’s work processes will help establish the steps in this water cycle. on the fate of subducted water continues, and her team However, in most subduction zones, these steps almost all is investigating ways to use smaller, lighter equipment to happen at nearly the same time and place, when the plate improve her ability to “see” water and its effects, deep in reaches the hot mantle and heats rapidly. This makes it the Earth’s interior. difficult to tease them apart, or to know if any water is left behind in the sinking plate. ot images rig t ere rendered ara Wagner. T e le image of a at sla s d cton one in er is from and Wagner studies areas with “flat-slab subduction,” in Peru, as constr cted sing all a aila le data at t e tme most of Chile, and Colombia, where heating occurs much more ic came from statons o tside of So t America. T e one gradually because contact with hot mantle is delayed. on t e rig t it m c ig er resol ton s o s t e tear on t e nort ern porton of t e at sla ere normal steep dip This gradual heating allows Wagner to analyze the se- s d cton as reinitated. T e image is ased on a model from quential breakdown of water-laden minerals that formed Wagner s grad ate st dent ne e ic Antoni e ic. T e more when the oceanic plate was still under water. By studying detailed image is ased on data from seismic statons t at t e team installed across er and oli ia from to . T e flat-slab subduction, Wagner can study both the fate of local statons are e to see t e str ct res elo . the water that is progressively released at shallower depths Images courtesy Lara Wagner Earth/Planetary Science Continued
36 37 Mercury Isn’t What We Thought
The MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENviron- ment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) mission to Mercury team, including Deputy Principal Investigator Larry R. Nittler, has shattered what we thought we knew about the innermost planet, including its chemical composition and history. Surface chemistry maps recently revealed previ- ously unidentified geochemical terranes—large regions arr Ni ler Dep t rincipal In estgator of t e MESSENGER with compositions distinct from the surrounding area. Mission to Merc r is in t e Terrestrial Magnetsm NanoSIMS la . T ese maps s o ratos of magnesi m lef and al min m right Image courtesy Larry Nittler to silicon across Mercury’s surface. These maps, with maps of ot er elemental a ndances re eal t e presence of distnct Early in the mission, MESSENGER showed that Mer- geochemical terranes. cury’s crust was shaped by ancient volcanic magmas Data from the spacecraft’s X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) Image courtesy NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution derived from the partial melting of the mantle. The team and Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) also found that the planet has an unusual sulfur-rich and provided concentrations of potassium, thorium, ura- iron-poor composition, indicating that it formed from nium, sodium, chlorine, and silicon, as well as ratios a different mix of materials than the other terrestrial relative to silicon of the important rock-forming elements Sulfur (top is m c ig er ile iron botom is m c lo er t an planets. The new maps reveal remarkable chemical diver- magnesium, aluminum, sulfur, calcium, and iron. Until t e ot er terrestrial planet cr sts for e ample Eart s cr st is sity and are critical to understanding the processes that recently, geochemical maps for some of these elements a o t . s lf r and iron eig t . T is compositon s g- shaped Mercury’s mantle and crust. and ratios were limited to one hemisphere with poor gests Merc r formed nder m c less o idi ing conditons and resolution. Nittler, former postdoc Shoshan t s a di erent mi of startng materials t an t e ot er planets. a Image courtesy NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution Weider, and team used a novel method to ...it formed from a diferent mix of materials produce global maps of the magnesium to silicon and aluminum to silicon abundance than the other terrestrial planets. ratios via a technique by which X-rays emitted from the Sun’s atmosphere al-lowed lowest aluminum to silicon ratios on the planet’s surface. them to examine the planet’s surface The distinctive chemistry suggests mantle material was composition. The global magnesium and exposed during a very large and ancient impact event. The MESSENGER spacecraft was launched on August 3, aluminum maps were paired with less spatially complete 2004, and entered orbit on March 18, 2011, for a year- maps of the ratios of sulfur, calcium and iron to silicon, Using other measurements, the team also found that the long study. After operating for three years longer than and other data sets. smooth plains of the Caloris basin, Mercury’s largest im- planned, MESSENGER ended its mission April 30, 2015, pact basin, have an elemental composition distinct from far surpassing goals. The little workhorse returned more One of the large terranes discovered spans more than 5 other volcanic plains. This suggests that Mercury’s mantle than 250,000 images, ten times the planned number. million square kilometers (1.2 billion acres). It has the has a strikingly diverse composition, with different volca- highest observed magnesium to silicon, sulfur to silicon, nic plains representing parental magmas that were partial and calcium to silicon ratios, in addition to some of the melts from chemically distinct portions of the mantle. Genetics/Developmental Biology Deciphering the Complexity of Cellular, Developmental, and Genetic Biology
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or t e rst tme ic i osic in Allan Spradling s la demonstrat- ed t at so called o nd ind ced pol ploid WI is an essental part of o r ealing arsenal. WI is a ealing process in ic a cell increases its DNA content and grows to support a larger cell Fruit flies and mammals share many similar genes mak- ol me instead of ealing cell di ision. ing flies ideal for studying biological processes. The fruit Image courtesy Vicki Losick fly has been used to study repair mechanisms in embryos and larvae, but research in adults, which uses WIP, is in its infancy. Polyploid cells have been observed follow- A Nat ral and Aid for Wo nds ing injury to many organs in our body, but their role in Unin red fr it tss e is s o n elo . T e ealed tss e made wound repair has remained unknown. The fly could be p of a giant pol ploid cell das ed o tline s rro nded ot er Wound healing is short of miraculous. Traditionally, re- a valuable proxy for understanding the basic molecular pol ploid cells rig t green staining is in t e middle and a m tant t at loc s o nd ind ced pol ploid is at rig t. T e search has investigated how cell division replaces cells lost mechanisms that regulate WIP, enabling the healing epidermal n clei are green ile cell cell nctons are magenta. by injury. But what happens in organs that only have a capacity of polyploid cells to be exploited to improve hu- Image courtesy Vicki Losick limited capacity for cell division? Postdoctoral researcher man wound healing. Vicki Losick, in Allan Spradling’s lab, probed this ques- tion using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. She stud- Losick has begun to uncover the underlying “signal trans- ied healing in the adult fly’s abdominal epithelium, a thin duction pathway” mechanism behind the healing activity layer of tissue below the of WIP. These pathways fly’s exoskeleton. She are molecular “bucket found that wounds heal Vickie Losick found that brigades,” in which by cell growth instead molecules outside of a of by cell division. In wounds heal by cell growth cell activate receptors this case, the epithelial at either the cell surface cells grew by polyploidi- instead of by cell division. or inside the cell, which zation, a process by then trigger other mol- which cells can increase ecules to respond to the their DNA content resulting in two or more paired sets stimulus. In this wound repair scenario, a pathway called of chromosomes. By increasing a cell’s DNA content the Hippo, which controls the size of organs, is at work. cell can grow and support a larger cell volume. This is Depending on the type of tissue, Hippo appears to sense the first study demonstrating that polyploidy is essential cell loss and activate cell replacement either by WIP or by to wound healing; Losick named this novel mechanism cell division. This new knowledge sets up the fascinating wound-induced polyploidy (WIP). question of why cells would opt to grow big by WIP, in- stead of dividing, to heal a wound. Losick and Spradling speculate that polyploid cells provide advantages for the tissue, including stronger mechanical properties that help to stabilize the wound area. Genetics/Developmental Biology Continued
40 41 Finding Treasure in Junk
Most biologists study genes, which are only 1.5% of our genome. But since Zhao Zhang started graduate school, he has been fascinated by the most abundant elements in the rest of the genome, “junk” sequences called transpo- sons. Also known as “jumping genes,” these elements were first discovered by Carnegie scientist Barbara McClintock more than half a century ago. Making up at least 50% of our DNA, transposons can copy themselves within the genome much like viruses can. These genetic gypsies can wreak havoc on genome stability and integrity, often dis- abling genes and probably even trigging cancer. Zhang is developing new techniques, using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, to study these most mysterious residents of our genome.
Failure to silence transposons in germ cells, precursors to egg and sperm cells, is the surest path to animal ex- (Above Mem ers of t e ang la from le to rig t tinction. For this reason, animals have evolved a system are Madeline Cassani n Do and ao ang. Image courtesy Zhao Zhang in germ cells to put transposons under control. In this system, which is ancient in evolution and widespread across species, a specialized group of small RNA mol- Compared with germ cells, we know surprisingly less Since transposons are present in our genome in multiple ecules—piRNAs—team up with certain proteins and about transposon activities in somatic cells—cells that copies, sometimes thousands of copies, and current tools create a “genomic immune system” to destroy prod- produce other tissues. Do they jump at all? How do are not sensitive enough to capture the mobilization of ucts from transposons and shackle them in germ cells. somatic cells control their activity? Does the activation of individual elements, progress to address these questions With his colleagues, Zhang has discovered and named transposons cause any disease or lead to aging? If yes, can is impeded. The Zhang lab is developing new tools to po- a gene, qin, found across species, which plays an es- we use them as therapeutic targets? tentially capture single transposon jumping events with sential role in this system. Mutating this gene leads to single-cell resolution and capable of probing insertion transposons jumping around in germ cells and animals events in one cell from a large cell population. These new becoming sterile. tools could bring us into a new era of transposon biology (Lef ao ang disco ered and named a gene qin, that in somatic cells. They could help us understand ourselves is in ol ed in silencing mping genes. Eac panel s o s at a different level and potentially provide another way to an egg c am er t e progenitor of mat re ooc te or egg. M tatng qin leads to transposons jumping around, DNA treat diseases, such as cancer. damage acc m laton green signal and animal sterilit . Image courtesy Zhao Zhang Plant Science Characterizing the Genes of Plant Growth and Development
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burgh; Mark Stitt and Michael Schroda at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Ursula Good- enough at Washington University, St. Louis; and Stefan Geimer at the University of Bayreuth in a project called Combining Algal and Plant Photosynthesis (CAPP). The team’s objectives are to identify the genes involved in the algal carbon–concentrating mechanism, to understand T r oc arging otos nt esis them, and finally to transfer this system to higher plants.
Martin Jonikas combines plant science with engineering Of the 17,000 or so algal genes, five are known to be to improve photosynthesis—the conversion of water, car- required for the carbon–concentrating mechanism. The bon dioxide, and sunlight into plant food and oxygen—to team believes that at least a dozen more remain to be improve crop yields. When photosynthesis first evolved, discovered. To identify the missing genes, the Jonikas lab the atmosphere contained much more carbon dioxide eliminates genes individually to see if the than it does today. The carbon-fixing enzyme Rubisco carbon–concentrating system is af- worked so well that it sucked most of the carbon diox- fected. They use large-scale ide out of the atmosphere. Today though, Rubisco is starving for carbon dioxide, limiting the growth rate of many crops. Green algae and so-called C4 plants like corn, however, overcome this limitation. They highly concentrate carbon dioxide before delivering it to Rubisco, via so-called T e oni as la car on concentratng mec anism team carbon–concentrating mechanisms. The incl ding colla orators from t e United ingdom are s o n from le to rig t Martn oni as e Mac inder i ian dream is to transfer this mechanism to crop robotics to analyze hundreds of thousands of algal mu- C en Nic At inson Uni ersit of Edin rg Eli a et plants, which could increase their yields reeman Alistair McCormic Uni ersit of Edin rg tants for carbon–concentration defects. by up to 60%. o ard Grift s Cam ridge Uni ersit eif allesen Morit Me er Cam ridge Uni ersit and Alan Ita ra. Algae and higher plants have chloroplasts, the organelle Image courtesy Martin Jonikas To achieve this goal, the Jonikas lab is collaborating with that conducts photosynthesis. However, the algal chloro- the labs of Howard Griffiths at the University of Cam- plast has a special subcompartment not found in higher bridge; Alistair McCormick at the University of Edin- plants called a pyrenoid, which forms the heart of its of the subcompartment. With the Griffiths lab, they are carbon–concentrating mechanism. Algae put Rubisco in determining the molecular role of each component, and The top image shows the chloroplast in an algal cell, in green. The their pyrenoids and then pump a high concentration of an understanding of how the pyrenoid is assembled is chloroplast contains a feature called the pyrenoid, gray encircling carbon dioxide into Rubisco. Although little is known beginning to emerge. The McCormick lab is now work- l e. T e close p of t e p renoid at o om s o s R isco in l e. about how the pyrenoid is assembled, the Jonikas lab is ing to introduce the newly discovered components into Top electron micrograph courtesy Moritz Meyer; bottom electron micrograph courtesy Robyn Roth and Ursula Goodenough discovering new genes that encode protein components higher plants. Plant Science Continued
44 45 Sle t ing lant Gro t Molec les …discoveries provide an important foundaton Plant cells have an interior scaffolding of proteins called Imaging data and genetic experiments revealed that the a cytoskeleton that directs the construction of the cell reorientation of the cytoskeleton by blue-light percep- for developing new crops walls and plant growth. Environmental signals, like light, tion is driven by a protein known as katanin, which and for understanding how conserved and hormones prompt this scaffolding to reorganize. severs microtubules. Previously, katanin was thought to Yet the molecular mechanisms for this activity are not be important for the disassembly of microtubule arrays. proteins work in both well understood. Carnegie’s David Ehrhardt and team The Ehrhardt group found that katanin also has a creative investigate this process in higher plants via real-time, live role. It severs the microtubules, where they intersect each plants and animals. imaging. Their discoveries provide an important founda- other, creating new ends that can regrow and then them- tion for developing new crops and for understanding how selves be severed. This results in a rapid amplification of a conserved proteins work in both plants and animals. new array oriented at about 90° to the original. This was Carnegie s Da e E r ardt as een a leader in de eloping ne a s to the first time researchers demonstrated how blue light is ali e plant cell imaging in real tme. The cytoskeleton includes protein arrays called microtu- drives changes in cytoskeleton reorganization. Image courtesy Robin Kempster bules. In rapidly growing cells, the microtubule network forms in a parallel array that wraps around the cell per- The researchers are now investigating the role of the pendicular to the main growth axis. Previously, Ehrhardt cytoskeletal rearrangement in regulating phototrophic and colleagues showed how this array directs the deliv- growth, the signaling mechanism between phototropin ery of cellulose synthase enzymes (cellulose is the main and katanin, and the role of other cytoskeletal regulatory substance of cell walls) to the cell membrane and guides mechanisms in reorientation. They have discovered two these enzymes as they synthesize the cell wall. proteins that appear to be essential for rapid reorienta- tion and stabilization of the new ends, work that they are The team also looked at how the direction of a blue- preparing for publication. light source influences a plant’s growth, a phenomenon called phototropism. The responsible blue-light recep- tor protein, phototropin, was discovered by Carnegie’s Winslow Briggs in the 1990s. Light perception through phototropin also drives a rapid rearrangement of the outer microtubule cytoskeleton in cells on the lit side of the plant stem.
A microt le arra is is ali ed li e cell imaging. T e l e o erla s o s a cascade of ne microt les generated from a single progenitor se ental ro nds of se ering t e protein atanin and t e gro t of t e se ered ends. T e ne array is roughly orthogonal to the original. Image courtesy Dave Ehrhardt Global Ecology Linking Ecosystem Processes with Large-Scale Impacts
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These forests grow on an underlying geologic and hydro- logic patchwork quilt, which also affects the diversity of chemical functions that forest plants undertake. Under- standing the geographic variability of plant chemical activity is crucial to understanding the way an ecosystem functions on a large scale.
By improving our definition and understanding of biodi- versity, Asner hopes that forest managers and policymak- Redefining orest iodi ersit This huge swath of land shows the macroscale ers will have a better understanding of how to protect a f nctonal di ersit of t e er ian Andes and forest’s portfolio of functions, not just its individual “head Ama on o er . illion acres million ectares . Traditionally, the number and types of species per unit count” of trees and other plants. Understanding a forest’s Image courtesy Greg Asner area defines biodiversity. But this way of looking at forests functional diversity is also crucial for assessing how climate creates a huge gap between these species-based studies change and human activities are altering these chemically This image shows the chemical and the large-scale ecosystem and biosphere studies that unique ecosystems that have undergone millions of years di ersit of tree comm nites tell us how our planet functions, including how water, of evolution and biogeographic construction to become ia di erent colors o er carbon, nutrients, and other fundamental properties of acres ectares of lo land the chemical mosaics that they are today. Ama on rainforest. the biosphere cycle and shift. To this end, Carnegie’s Greg Image courtesy Greg Asner Asner and his Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) team are using remote-sensing tools and tree-climbing fieldwork to get a much bigger picture of forest biodi- versity—how a diversity of functions is arrayed across a landscape and how this relates to the more traditional species diversity.
In a series of papers published in 2014 and 2015, the CAO team learned how a range of forests and regions within forests differed from one another in terms of their contri- butions to the entire biosphere. They uncovered hidden mosaics of chemical variation across the topography of forest canopies in the Peruvian Amazon.
Thousands of tree and plant species are found in the Carnegie’s Greg Amazon. Each one synthesizes a complex portfolio of Asner works on T is image s o s t e D chemicals to accomplish a variety of functions that range the Carnegie f nctonal di ersit of one Air orne ectare . acres of lo land from capturing sunlight to fighting off herbivores, to O ser ator . Ama on rainforest. attracting pollinators and adapting to climate change. Image courtesy Robin Kempster Image courtesy Greg Asner Global Ecology Continued
48 49 They are now partnering with Google Earth Engine to scale up... to include the entre globe.
algorithms for detecting phytoplankton using a novel ap- proach that looked at how well each algorithm identified bloom occurrence, area, and timing. They selected the best performing algorithm, which is based on light signals in the near-infrared and shortwave infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and used it to look at a three-decade history of algal blooms in Lake Erie. Their research defied the prevailing view that there were no blooms from 1990 to 1992 and provided new information on how the current regime of large blooms began not abruptly as previously assumed, but gradually over sev- eral years. This revised history changes the way scientists look at Lake Erie’s past, a clue to improving its future. .D. st dent e o or s it Anna Mic ala on t e rst e er pro ect of mapping algal looms glo all . With their proof-of-concept in hand, Ho and Michalak Image courtesy Ken Caldeira Trac ing Algal looms Goes Glo al won an award to map blooms globally from Google Earth Engine. Earth Engine aggregates 40 years of the world’s Toxic algal blooms in freshwater lakes are becoming an are driving trends. Using remote sensing, Ph.D. student satellite imagery for researchers to detect changes to epidemic. Nowhere is this more evident than in Toledo, Jeff Ho and Anna Michalak are changing this. With Lake Earth’s surface. Ho and Michalak’s goal is to generate the Ohio, where toxic algae in Lake Erie caused a three-day Erie as a test bed, the duo has vetted a new approach us- first long-term, self-consistent, and spatially precise data tap water ban in the summer of 2014, leaving researchers ing historical LANDSAT data to track blooms. They are set on freshwater algal blooms globally. Along with col- T e ANDSAT data for a e Erie s o s modest and possi l seeking to better understand what causes these events and now partnering with Google Earth Engine to scale up the laborators worldwide, they plan to add new information declining looms in larger looms startng in and ne informaton t at t e and looms ere not what can be done to stop them. Global data on blooms study to include the entire globe. via remote sensing on more than 167 lakes as they did for as e tensi e as pre io sl t o g t. T e maps are t e o tp t are lacking, with little known on their intensity, extent, Lake Erie, something no other study has done before. The of the algorithm the researchers selected, matched with in situ and timing, except in a few well-researched lakes. This Rigorous testing of remote sensing algorithms was neces- data will provide the foundation for mitigation efforts data. Open ater is lac and red is t e ig est concentraton of p toplan ton. Algorit m o tp t is o erlain on a tr e color lack of information prevents researchers from determin- sary before any global analysis could be attempted. As a and for predicting when conditions are ideal for blooms satellite image showing clouds and land. ing how factors like global warming or nutrient loading first step, the researchers evaluated twelve LANDSAT to proliferate. Image courtesy Jeff Ho Matter at Extreme States Probing Planetary Interiors, Origins, and Extreme States of Matter
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A Different Scenario for This cutaway of the deep Earth shows what happens when the Earth’s crust slides under the Deep CO2 Cycling mantle in t e process of s d cton. D ring t is process car on is carried do n. It ndergoes Scientists can’t venture to the deep Earth. So to under- c emical reactons it increasing press re and stand earthquakes, volcanoes, plate tectonics, and the temperat re and is t en released ac to t e atmosp ere at arc olcanoes. planet’s evolution they mimic the Earth’s high-pressure Image courtesy Craig E. Manning, Nature Geoscience 7, 333–334, 2014, and high-temperature conditions in the lab. Recently, doi:10.1038/ngeo2152 Dionysis Foustoukos and Bjørn Mysen took a new ap- proach to deciphering how certain materials are deeply cycled. They found that carbonate minerals in the Earth’s crust, where it slides under an adjacent tectonic plate (called subduction), may not recycle carbon diox- The investigators subjected water-saturated calcium- and
ide (CO2) for deep storage as effectively as previously magnesium-bearing carbonates to reducing and oxidiz- thought. Instead, carbonate minerals may participate in ing conditions, in which electrons are lost or gained. The melting processes that could contribute to the volcanic experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging
CO2 emissions at subduction zones, where plates con- from 750-2000°F (400-1100°C) and pressures between verge and chains of volcanoes called arcs arise. 4,400-28,000 times atmospheric pressure (442-2839 megapascals). Carbonate minerals contain the carbonate ion and a Dion sis o sto os and rn M sen o ser ed t e meltng processes of car onate materials nder conditons of t e deep metal, such as iron or magnesium. As an oceanic crust Melting occurred in the magnesium carbonate (MgCO3)- Earth. This image shows a sample under high-pressure, high- sinks into the mantle, carbonates interact with other magnesium oxide (MgO) system at 1550°F (850°C) and temperat re conditons in a drot ermal diamond an il cell. minerals, altering their chemistry. Understanding melt between 5,000 and 15,000 atmospheres. In the calcium Image courtesy Dionysis Foustoukos
structure is important for deciphering volatile cycling of carbonate (CaCO3)-calcium oxide (CaO)-water ( H2O) carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and system, melting occurred between 1100-1650°F (600- trace elements and metals. 900°C) and pressures of 15,000-20,000 atmospheres (1.5- 2 GPa). These pressures and temperatures correspond to The duo used Raman vibrational spectroscopy to analyze about 50-60 miles (80-100 km) beneath the volcanic arc. squeezed samples in a diamond anvil cell and to observe the melting processes. In this method, laser light interacts The results suggest that carbonate may not survive the with molecular vibrations from a sample as it is subjected transfer to sub-arc depths greater than 50 miles (80 km) to extreme conditions. As molecules change, a shift in light and may start melting before the completion of dehy- energy occurs, yielding specific chemical “fingerprints.” dration at the slab-mantle interface, even at subduction zones with cold to intermediate temperatures. If correct, recycling of carbon into the mantle would be less efficient rn M sen top le and Dion sis o sto os le teamed p to st d t e c cling of car on dio ide deep it in t e Eart . than previously thought, and a significant amount of CO2 Left image courtesy Dionysis Foustoukos; top left image courtesy Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute would likely be expelled via volcanoes. Matter at Extreme States Continued
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Da e Mao rig t as een a pioneer in t e eld of ig press re researc for o er fo r decades. e contn es to de elop ne instr ments and met ods t at are e panding t e eld into ne areas. e is s o n it Go in S en t e director of t e ig ress re Colla orat e Access Team managed Carnegie at t e Ad anced oton So rce Argonne Natonal a orator . Image courtesy Dave Mao
E panding ig ress re ori ons
The science of matter under extreme pressures and tem- Recently, other researchers developed diamonds made up peratures was in its infancy when Ho-kwang (Dave) Mao of many smaller crystals that achieve pressures of over 6 starting breaking high-pressure records over four decades million atmospheres (640 GPa). Pressures in the Earth’s ago. He continues to develop instrumentation and meth- core, for comparison, are about 3.5 million atmospheres ods to redefine this frontier, where chemistry morphs, (350 GPa), and the cores of gas giants range from 5.8 to In additon to is role as senior scientst at Carnegie Da e Mao electrons become erratic, magnetism warps, and new 47.4 million atmospheres (580 to 4740 GPa). is also t e director of t e Center for ig ress re Science and Tec nolog Ad anced Researc STAR s o n ere a o e materials are born. Mao’s legacy has expanded to China in Shanghai, China. where he now leads the Center for High Pressure Science Mao is adapting the diamond anvil cell to reach pressures Image courtesy Yue Meng and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR). beyond these current limits by shaping the pressure- bearing tips of the anvil with a focused ion beam. T e or orse of ig press re researc is t e diamond an il cell rig t . T o perfectl aligned diamond tps s ee e samples Mao’s record-breaking work took off in 1975 when to ig press res. Scientsts se a ariet of pro es to meas re he and Peter Bell developed a diamond anvil cell, the In another push to unleash the full potential of this field, what happens to the material as it undergoes chemical and workhorse of high-pressure research, which reached over the Chinese government established HPSTAR, led by Mao physical changes. Image courtesy Steve Jacobson 1,000,000 times atmospheric pressure. Today the field since September 2012, to become a leader in this area. It includes high-pressure chemistry, high-pressure crystal- is modeled after Carnegie by supporting independence, lography, chemistry of the Earth’s mantle and core, deep advanced facilities, and a collaborative research environ- worlds of physics, chemistry, technology, photon science, Earth geophysics, physics and chemistry of giant plan- ment. HPSTAR scientists explore the high-pressure nanoscience, functional materials, energy science, super- etary interiors, and high-pressure materials science. hard materials, and Earth and planetary interiors. The diamond anvil cell squeezes matter between two perfectly aligned single-crystal diamond tips. Matter is Mao is adaptng the HPSTAR was first established in Shanghai, followed by then measured with a wide range of probes including laboratories in Changchun and Beijing. The center is synchrotron X-rays; neutrons; and optical, electrical, and diamond anvil cell projected to grow to 90 faculty members and 600 others magnetic devices. But there are limits to the pressure to reach pressures including graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, visit- diamond can withstand without breaking. ing scientists, engineers, and administrative personnel in beyond these current limits... the next decade.
2014-2015 YEAR BOOK
2014-2015 Year Book
Reader’s Note: In this section, we present summary financial information that is unaudited. Each year the Carnegie Institution, through the Audit committee of its Board of Trustees, engages an independent auditor to express an opinion about the financial statements and the financial position Financial of the institution. The complete audited financial statements are made available on the institution’s website at www.CarnegieScience.edu. 55 The Carnegie Institution for Science completed fiscal year 2015 in sound financial condition due Profile to the positive returns (+7.3%) of the diversified investments within its endowment; a disciplined spending policy that balances today’s needs with the long-term requirements of the institution and for the year ending June 30, 2015 the interests of future scientists; and the continued support of organizations and individuals who (unaudited) recognize the value of basic science.
The primary source of support for the institution’s activities continues to be its endowment. This reliance on institutional funding provides an important degree of independence in the research activities of the institution’s scientists.
As of June 30, 2015, the endowment was valued at $991 million. Over the period 2001-2015, average annual increases in endowment contributions to the budget were 5.0%. Carnegie closely controls expenses in order to ensure the continuation of a healthy scientific enterprise.
For a number of years, under the direction of the Investment committee of the board, Carn- egie’s endowment has been allocated among a broad spectrum of asset classes including: equities (stocks), absolute return investments, real estate partnerships, private equity, natural resources partnerships, and fixed-income instruments (bonds). The goal of this diversified approach is to generate attractive overall performance and minimize the volatility that would exist in a less diver- sified portfolio.
The Investment committee of the board regularly examines the asset allocation of the endowment and readjusts the allocation, as appropriate. The institution relies upon external managers and partnerships to conduct the investment activities, and it employs a commercial bank to maintain custody. The following chart shows the allocation of the institution’s endowment among asset classes as of June 30, 2015.
Asset Class Target Actual Common Stock 37.5% 41.7% Alternatve Assets 55.0% 45.4% Fixed Income and Cash 7.5% 12.9%
riends Financial onors Profile Transitions EAR OO
Illustration of $100 Million Investment — Carnegie Returns vs. A erage Ret rns for All Ed cational Instit tions $450.0
$398.7 $400.0 $371.5 Carnegie’s investment goals are to provide high levels of current support to the Institution and to Carnegie 56 maintain the long-term spending power of its endowment. The success of Carnegie’s investment Average of all Educatonal Insttutons 57 strategy is illustrated in the following figure that compares, for a hypothetical investment of $100 $350.0 million, Carnegie’s investment returns with the average returns for all educational institutions for the last fifteen years. $300.0 . . Carnegie has pursued a long-term policy of controlling its spending rate, bringing the budgeted $250.0 . rate down in a gradual fashion from 6+ % in 1992 to 5% today. Carnegie employs what is known .
as a 70/30 hybrid spending rule. That is, the amount available from the endowment in any year is $200.0 . . made up of 70% of the previous year’s budget, adjusted for inflation, and 30% of the most recently . completed year-end endowment value, multiplied by the spending rate of 5% and adjusted for MILLIONS $ IN $150.0 . $166.3 inflation and debt. This method reduces volatility from year-to-year. The following figure depicts . $139.0 actual spending as a percentage of ending market value for the last 23 years. $100.0 $130.8 . $107.8 In fiscal year 2015, Carnegie benefitted from continuing federal support. Carnegie received $22.8 $50.0 million in new federal grants in 2015. This is a testament to the high quality of Carnegie scientists and their ability to compete successfully for federal funds in this period of fiscal restraint. $0.0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2015 Carnegie also benefits from generous support from foundations and individuals. Funding from foundations has grown from an average of about $3 million/year in the period from 2000 to 2004 to $11 million in 2015. Within Carnegie’s endowment, there are a number of “funds” that provide support either in a general way or targeted to a specific purpose. The largest of these is the Andrew Endowment Spending as a Percent of Ending Endowment Value* Carnegie Fund, begun with the original gift of $10 million. Mr. Carnegie later made additional gifts 6.0 totaling another $12 million during his lifetime. This tradition of generous support for Carnegie’s scientific mission has continued throughout our history and a list of donors in fiscal year 2015 ap- 5.5 pears in an earlier section of this year book. In addition, Carnegie receives important private grants for specific research purposes, including support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute for 5.0 researchers at the Department of Embryology.
4.5 PERCENT 4.0
3.5
3.0 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 10 11 12 13 14 15
* Includes debt fnancing. Friends,Financial Honors Profile & Transitions 2014-2015 YEAR BOOK
Statements of inancial osition (Unaudited) Statements of Acti ities1 (Unaudited) June 30, 2015, and 2014 Periods ended June 30, 2015, and 2014
2015 2014 2015 2014 58 59 Assets Revenue and support: Current assets: Grants and contracts $ 37,738,760 $ 35,708,599 Cash and cash equivalents $ 16,120,426 $ 4,093,370 Contributons, gifs 10,610,849 10,438,061 Accrued investment income 73,772 11,988 Other income 6,213,102 2,645,768 Contributons receivable 7,077,572 11,280,393 Net external revenue $ 54,562,711 $ 48,792,428
Accounts receivable and other assets 8,966,680 9,188,678 Investment income and unrealized gains (losses) $ 58,482,948 $ 170,662,287 Bond proceeds held by Trustee 49,434,798 49,414,262 Total revenues, gains, other support $ 113,045,659 $ 219,454,715 Total current assets 81,673,248 73,988,691 Program and supportng services: Noncurrent assets: Terrestrial Magnetsm $ 11,769,589 $ 12,858,902 Investments 983,996,467 984,182,412 Observatories 18,318,574 19,181,747 Property and equipment, net 137,996,467 140,153,915 Geophysical Laboratory 22,714,496 20,079,387 Long term deferred assets 21,992,598 17,598,331 Embryology 12,269,662 11,778,108
Total noncurrent assets $1,143,605,259 $ 1,141,934,658 Plant Biology 11,402,502 11,119,082 Global Ecology 7,563,559 8,432,635 Total assets $1,225,278,507 $ 1,215,923,349 Other programs 1,046,000 1,250,486 Administraton and general expenses 17,975,643 14,205,604 Liabilites and Net assets Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 10,145,114 $ 11,234,976 Total expenses $ 103,060,025 $ 98,905,951 Deferred revenues 27,431,440 28,055,413 Change in net assets before pension related changes $ 9,985,634 $ 120,548,764 Bonds payable 115,057,854 115,064,362 Pension related changes (1,275,370) (2,440,448) Accrued postretrement benefts 25,923,865 23,558,628 Net assets at the beginning of the period $ 1,038,009,970 $ 919,901,654 Total liabilites $ 178,558,273 $ 177,913,379 Net assets at the end of the period $1,046,720,234 $1,038,009,970
Net assets 1 Includes restricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted revenues, gains, and other support. Unrestricted $ 310,287,147 $ 306,552,812 Temporarily restricted 681,328,124 676,403,916 Permanently restricted 55,104,963 55,053,242
Total net assets $1,046,720,234 $ 1,038,009,970
Total liabilites and net assets $1,225,278,507 $ 1,215,923,349 Friends,Financial Honors Profile & Transitions
E penses Department ($103.1 Million) Small Size, Big Impact
Some 75 Carnegie investigators, with postdoctoral fellows and other 60 . . colleagues, machinists, business administrators, facilities staff, and Admin Ot er Terrestrial Magnetism more contributed to some 725 papers published in the most prestigious scientific journals during the last year. Many discoveries were widely covered by the media and had extensive social media reach. . O ser atories For a full listing of personnel and publications see http:/CarnegieScience.edu/yearbooks
. Glo al Ecolog 1 Year . lant iolog 75 Carnegie 725 Investigators Published . . Papers Em r olog Geop sical a orator “…two critical parts of ovulation that seem to be the Carnegie In estigators “One thing Asner same for both flies and mice.” “Basically the storms that we discovered…was that AllAn SPrAdlInG And JIAnJun Sun In PhYS.orG should’ve had in California ended 1 billion tons of carbon… up whacking New England.” IN THE NEWS embedded in Peruvian 63 62 ChrIS FIeld In The WeATher ChAnnel forests is at imminent risk of being emitted…”
GreG ASner In neWSWeeK “…the supernova explosion that caused the birth of our sun may have also given “The quasar, the brightest ever rise to our solar system’s rotation, allowing detected in the early universe, for the formation of the planets…” was found...” AlAn BoSS In The dAIlY mAIl YurI BeleTSKY In The GuArdIAn “A new imaging tool… allows “Panel urges research on researchers to study the geoengineering as a tool “Mysterious radio burst dynamic of growth of root against climate change.” captured in real-time for systems in soil and uncover Ken CAldeIrA In The neW YorK TImeS first time ever.” the molecular signaling pathways…” mAnSI KASlIWAl In The huFFInGTon PoST “Some minerals may have helped JoSÉ dInnenY In AGroFeSSIonAl WeeKlY early organisms emerge.” “…findings answer long-held roBerT hAzen In WIred questions about embryonic plant nutrition and have major “A missing link to the 1930s theory of potential importance for metals proves that thermal convection improving crop yield.” drives the Earth’s magnetic field.”
WolF Frommer In SCIenCe World rePorT ronAld Cohen In The InTernATIonAl BuSIneSS TImeS ❮ ❮ T he dePAr T menT o F emB rYoloGY Carnegie Investgators enetcs/Developmental Biology Research Sta Members Alex BorTvIn ront ro le to rig t ennifer r a er ill piec Tom McDona g Eri donAld d. BroWn, director emeritus D o Mar est S s eng Wang Gennadi limac e . Second ro E ra- C N MIN AN im Dar is edram No ari Wil er Ramos Ma m d Siddi i Marla T arp Allan STeven A. FArBer Spradling atricia Cammon ac inder Andre Roc Meredit Wilson. Third JoSePh G. GAll ro osep Gall ean Mic ael C anc Carmen T ll essica Ots en Anderson mArnIe e. hAlPern e ra Ni ami a s mi Gorrepat ao ang Gaelle Tal ao rne Si iao e in AllAn C. SPrAdlInG, director Lin. o rt ro C en Ming an Doll C in Ste en ar er S eta Der s e a YIxIAn zhenG Ming C ia ee i o C ang Et an Green la n Do C en i Wang Ona Sta Associates 65 Martn ia iao . i ro Re ecca O nis i ic i osic Ro ert e is Dianne ChrISToPh lePPer 1 Williams Carol Da enport Allison inder nne gend ler Madeline Cas- zhAo zhAnG sani dia i T ler ar e . Si t ro Mi e Sepans i e in Smolens i aleri a 1 rom No em er Ga sins a a Simen laso red Tan e ia ang Marnie alpern a T ierer Sa a Mal i eng An W . Se ent ro Sarina Raman, Ankita Das, Jung-Hwa C oi Ale ort in Mic elle Mac ra Connie e ell Mica We ster C ristop Lepper, Samantha Satchell.
Carnegie Investgators T he GeoP h YSICAl l ABorATorY ❯❯ Sta Scientsts Ma er at treme States, GeorGe d. CodY, Actng Director ronAld e. Cohen earth/Planetary Science YInGWeI FeI AlexAnder F. GonChArov ront ro le to rig t Colin a g erolles isitor Maceo acote I an Na mo S s mita roBerT m. hAzen at ard an isitor ade ema an iao ei S n Ra a adapoo ang eng in i e ruSSell J. hemleY D C ristan ansen isitor Todd apata Min iang o Ta a i M ramats i ang T. neIl IrvIne, emeritus Go iaomiao ao an i ian n ing Gefei ian ian ian Wang. Second ro O KWAN MAO A i ito Tonosa i Aida aro g isitor D anne rtado Mic elle Sc oltes iro i Ta - BJørn o. mYSen ena a Anat S a ar Corliss in I Sio Mic elle oon Starr a lo Espar a Agnes Mao inf douGlAS rumBle III S Do g R m le Andre Need am Adelio Contreras e in S D c o ng im fei AnAT ShAhAr Meng elen en on C ristana oc isc isitor C ao i A ise as Irena Mama a- AndreW STeele no i a ao Nic oltgre e T omas S iell. ac ro Ma e Ward Tomas aron TImoThY A. STroBel Set Wagner Serge o ano ac Ge alle Tim Stro el Andrea Mang m Mic ael Me er vIKTor v. STruzhKIn Trong Nguyen, Emma Bullock, George Cody, Gary Bors, John Armstrong, Andrew Steele, Ga or S ilag i ictor go Daniel mmer Merri Wolf Mic ael Ac erson S i i osep ai Dion sis o sto os o ang Da e Mao intn Miller i tor Str in S a n ard itos i Gomi aidong ang en ata adram. ❮ ❮ T he dePAr T menT o F GloBAl e C oloGY Carnegie Investgators Global ecology Research Sta Members GreGorY ASner rom le to rig t Angelica as e Anna Mic ala ill a es Nina JoSePh A. BerrY Randa o Garret ntress o an Tadic Mae i ate Mac Re ecca KenneTh CAldeIrA Al rig t S a on ones Mansa E a Sin a Mi e Mastrandrea iaoc n ChrISToPher B. FIeld, director ang So eil S a eg T ai Williams e o en Caldeira Mic ele AnnA mIChAlAK Dalponte isitor ai Emil rancis Da e napp Gra son adgle Da e Mar in an an ang Dana C ad ic ennifer Scerri E ana ee Andre Da ies il rodric Nic a g n Ismael illa Maria Slade Yoichi Shiga, Mary Whelan, Kelly McManus, Ari Kornfeld, Hulya Aksoy, 67 Ro in Martn Da lia Wist Greg Asner oe err Min C en Scot Miller at i mp Naoia Williams Ali asper T eo an de Sande atric reeman C ris ield C ris al o Todd To ec .
Carnegie Investgators T he o BServATorI e S ❯❯ Research Sta Members research Associates Astronomy AndreW BenSon dAn KelSon, Sta Associate reBeCCA BernSTeIn BArrY mAdore, T e sta of Carnegie O ser atories is standing on t e AlAn dreSSler Senior research Associate life si ed dra ing of t e pcoming Giant Magellan 1 WendY FreedmAn, director Technical Sta Members Telescope. irst ro le to rig t Josh Simon, Juna luIS ho AlAn uomoTo, magellan ollmeier e re Crane C arlie ll C ristop ir JunA KollmeIer Technical manager Mansi Kasliwal, Alan Uomoto, Rachel Beaton, Jennifer PATrICK mCCArThY an Saders en S appee ictoria Sco cro Step a- AndreW mCWIllIAm 1 To A g st 2 nie Tonnensen anet Col cci Tats Mon man Mac - John mulChAeY, director 2 From April 27, 2015, formerly Sta Mem er and Associate en ie igno t Eri a Carlson Andre enson o n AuGuSTuS oemler, Jr., director emeritus Director for Academic A airs Mulchaey, Jorge Estrada. ac ro Greg Ort erson erIC PerSSon To A g st no Sta Castllo Ro ert Storts Tom Meneg ini Mt. Wislon GeorGe PreSTon, director emeritus Mem er Emerit s Instt te incent o al C ristop er rns Mar mIChAel rAuCh Sei ert Irina Strelni Daniel elson S ng Ri So 3 FrAnçoIS SChWeIzer S annon atel Andre Wet el e re Ric Ian STePhen SheCTmAn T ompson George reston ran ois Sc ei er is JoShuA SImon Oc oa C ristop er Cannella Andre McWilliam IAn ThomPSon an ong Ant on iro ira and a Earl arris rAY WeYmAnn, director emeritus arr Madore Da id artan an e erl in a ra St rc T son are ec nn Sco R el. isitors st dents ❮ ❮ THE DEPARTMENT OF Pl A NT Bi O lO gy Carnegie Investgators Plant science Research Sta Members M. kATHRyN BARTON irst ro le to rig t Theo van de Sande. Second ro Ronald alim De a i WiNslOW R. BRiggs, Director Emeritus a a Wei eng nnamed intern S e R ee i ian C en ia ing Nina JOsé DiNNENy I ano a iao o i C ris C en elian ang. T ird ro ina D an os Se as- DAviD EHRHARDT tan e asing Sel ana agam i reeman at r n arton Ma E ans at i WOlF B. FROMMER, Director mp iao ing Wolf rommer Wen iang ang. o rt ro al a e ARTHuR R. gROssMAN C eng s n o essica oret anessa Castro Rodr g e A relie Grima lt sEuNg y. RHEE E ana ee eder Garcia Martn oni as Da lia Wist Ro ert in erson Ted Raa I ON WAN S i an i. i ro Sara a on S ai Saro ssi il C e ng ei e indner o lle Ad nct Sta 69 Sasse Sc l pfer Masa os i Na am ra ascal Sc lapfer S san Cortnas Naoia DEvAki BHAyA Williams osep ilarasa lasi Tingtng iang os Dinnen Alan Ita ra Ismael MATTHEW EvANs Villa. Si t ro riedric a ser T ler Wi opp Diane C erm Ta lor Marie an o ng In estgator Gong Ma rior oon Seo Eom Man Ao eifen ang An it Walia M.C. ee MARTiN JONikAs eat er Cart rig t Wei C an ao T omas art ig Art r Grossman. Seventh Senior In estgator ro ao ie in Anc al C andra Adam Iodine Sop ia ong o e it e elmer THEODORE RAAB inde oom Anton C e oor aco Ro ertson Neil Ro ins Mic elle Da ison E n oo O la ia ossi ennifer Scerri I in Ric im i ang S nita atl Mic ael anf C an Wang C an o ar . ast ro T ai Williams Maria Slade.
Carnegie Investgators THE DEPARTMENT OF TE RREs T R i A l M Ag N ETi s M ❯❯ Research Sta Members Earth/Planetary science CONEl M. O’D. AlExANDER AlAN P. BOss and Astronomy PAul BuTlER RiCHARD W. CARlsON, Director1 ront ro le to rig t C ristop er T issen Conel Ale ander Sergio JOHN E. CHAMBERs Dieteric Eri a Nes old Winston ara s dog ara Wagner Mar oran M.A. MATTHEW J. FOuCH2 O’Donnell. Second ro M riam Tel s Timot Rodigas Rita arai essica JOHN A. gRAHAM, Emeritus Donaldson Nan i Amanda o g anice D nlap Eri a ri Ro in Dienel ERik H. HAuRi e ind er is T ler art olome Wan im a lo Espar a o anna Tes e. AlAN T. liNDE3 T ird ro Adelio Contreras Maceo acote Al cia Wein erger en andit lARRy R. NiTTlER ian a Wang Diana Roman rian Sc leig S a n ard eter Driscoll DiANA C. ROMAN a eline a ert . ast ro intn Miller Alan oss Gar ors Ste en sCOTT s. sHEPPARD S ire e in o nson Merri Wolf o n C am ers rad ole Ste en Golden sTEvEN B. sHiREy Ric ard Carlson Ste e Ric ardson. sEAN C. sOlOMON, Director Emeritus4 FOuAD TERA, Emeritus lARA WAgNER5 1 AlyCiA J. WEiNBERgER rom No em er To l senior Fellow 3 Retred on l i. sElWyN sACks On ea e of A sence 5 rom A g st a Gif for the Future
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