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American Journal of Applied Sciences Original Research Paper Performance Evaluation of Channel Propagation Models and Developed Model for Mobile Communication 1,2Yahia Zakaria 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17.Listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic 2Engineering Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt Article history Abstract: Propagation models represent a solidifying of mathematical Received: 06-12-2016 equations and algorithms that are used for radio signal propagation Revised: 17-02-2017 prediction in specific regions. In this research different propagation models Accepted: 18-02-2017 are analyzed and compared. These propagation models have been proposed at the operating frequency of 3.8 GHz for different transmitter antenna Corresponding Author: Yahia Zakaria heights in all types of terrain. These propagation models depend on Department of Electrical location, frequency range and clutter type such as urban, suburban and Engineering, Faculty of countryside. We have to bear in mind that the results of the path loss Electrical Engineering and estimation of Free Space model are identical and equal to (119 dB) for 18 Computer Science,VSB- m and 34 m transmitter antenna heights at 3.8 GHz in urban environment. It Technical University of is obvious that Egli model shows the highest path loss values in rural Ostrava, 17, listopadu 15, environment as compared with the other models. By the end of this paper, a 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic developed empirical radio propagation model is proposed to be appropriate Emails: [email protected] in urban and rural environments. [email protected] Keywords: Channel Models, Wireless Communication, Urban, Suburban, Rural Introduction Large scale fading Small scale fading Existence of the poor sign strength and way deprivation due to the step-down of ability compactness Moreover, propagation path loss theoretical account is of an electromagnetic wave when it passes through mathematical shaft that is used by technologist and scientist obstruction and multi way propagation environment has to plan and enhance radio set communicating systems. A been a main defiance over many years in the use of major undertaking in the planning phase of the wireless wireless communication systems and this phenomenon is communication net is to predict the loss of signal strength in extremely seen in city with many obstacles and high a specific location (Isabona and Konyeha, 2013). population density (Emagbetere and Edeko, 2009). The research is arranged as follows: In section 2, the The concept that electromagnetic signal has the selected models are described whereas in section 3, capacity of propagating over considerable distances with simulation models are stated. In section 4, the analysis of the velocity of igniter was first proposed by (Maxwell, the results is compared. Then in section 5, the developed empirical model is presented and the conclusions follow 1865). By added the translation current term to the in the last section. solidification of par that governing the electromagnetic The previous work (Zakaria, 2014) compared and equations which called now Maxwell’s equations, he analyzed various propagation models (COST 231 Hata deduced that among their possible solutions linear wave Model, Stanford University Interim (SUI) Model and apparent motion could be included. Hence, the Ericsson Model). These propagation models have been electromagnetic waves should be capable of being proposed for operating frequency at 2.5 GHz for propagated over fundamental distances. In 1886, different receiver antenna heights in all types of the Heinrich Rudolf Hertz observed the transmission of the environments (urban, suburban and rural). It was noticed electromagnetic waves (Schwab and Fischer, 1998). from the results of the path loss estimation for 4 and 8 m Thus, multipath fading can be classified into two receiver antenna heights in suburban area that SUI model main types (Jakes, 1974): showed the lowest path loss result (119 dB in 4 m © 2017 Yahia Zakaria. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license. Yahia Zakaria / American Journal of Applied Sciences 2017, 14 (2): 349.357 DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2017.349.357 receiver antenna height) as compared with the other receiver. It is calculated by using the following equation models in suburban environment. On the contrary, (Alam et al., 2014): Ericsson model showed the highest path loss result (183 dB in 4 m receiver antenna height) as compared with the L32.45 20log ( d ) 20log ( f ) (3) other models in rural environment. Also, COST 231 fs 10 10 Hata model showed the highest path loss result (159 dB in 4 m receiver antenna height) as compared with the Where: other models in urban environment. Moreover, it was f = The frequency in MHz mentioned that SUI model showed the lowest path loss d = The distance between transmitter and receiver in result (119 dB in 4 m receiver antenna height) as meters compared with the other models in all types of the environments. It was obvious from the results of the path Cost 231 Hata Model loss estimation for 4 and 8 m receiver antenna heights in urban area that SUI and Ericsson models showed the This model is used for application where the root lowest path loss result (140 dB in 8 m receiver antenna word station transmitting aerial is above certain roof tops height) as compared with the other models in urban and is used widely in radio planning in mobile telephone. environment. On the other hand, COST 231 Hata model The median path loss is given by the following equating showed the highest path loss result (159 dB in 4 m (Zakaria, 2014): receiver antenna height) in urban environment. L50 dB 46.3 33.9log fct 13.82log h Description of Selected Models (4) a hrt [44.9 6.55log( h )]log( I ) C Egli Model This model can be used to predict the total path loss Where: for a head to point data link. It is calculated by using the fc = The frequency in MHz following equation (Sumit, 2012): ht = The base station height in meters hr = The mobile station height in meters 22 a(hr) = The mobile antenna height correction factor L50 Gb G m(/) h b h m I β (1) l = The link distance in km Where: C = 0dB for medium cities or suburban centers with Gm = The gain of mobile antenna medium tree density and equal 3 dB for Gb = The gain of base station antenna metropolitan centers hb = The height of base station antenna hm = The height of mobile antenna Young Model l = The propagation distance and = (40/f)2 f = The frequency in MHz This model represents the behaviour of cellular communication systems in large metropolis. It is calculated Two Ray Ground Reflection (TRGR) Model by using the following equation (Eric et al., 2009): This model considers both the direct itinerary and a dry 2 hh land reflection path. The received king at distance d is LGG BM BM2 (5) predicted by the following equation (Rani et al., 2014): d PG G h22 h t t r t r Where: Pdr (2) dL4 L = The path loss in dB GB = The gain of base transmitter in dB Where: G = The gain of mobile transmitter in dB h and h = The heights of the transmitted and received M t r h = The height of base station antenna in m antennas respectively B h = The height of base station antenna in m P = The transmitted signal power and L = 1 M t d = The link distance in km and is the clutter factor G and G = The feeler gains of the transmitter and the t r recipient respectively Simulation Models and Scenarios Free Space Model In this section we give more information about This model defines how much strength of the signal simulation models and scenarios by using MATLAB is lost during the propagation from transmitter to R2015b software. 350 Yahia Zakaria / American Journal of Applied Sciences 2017, 14 (2): 349.357 DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2017.349.357 Table 1. Parameters of numerical simulations different transmitter antenna heights in all types of Parameters Urban Suburban Rural terrain. The results of the path loss estimation of Free Distance between 6 km Space model are identical and equal to (119 dB) for 18 transmitter and receiver and 34 m transmitter antenna heights at 3.8 GHz in Mobile transmitter power 32 dBm urban environment. It is obvious that Egli model shows Average building height 16 m 10 m 7 m the highest path loss values in rural environment as Transmitter antenna height 34 and 18 m compared with the other models. Two ray ground Base station transmitter power 41 dBm reflection model showed the highest values (174.4 dB) Operating frequency 3.8 GHz and (169.3 dB) in 6 and 10 m receiver antenna heights, Receiver antenna height 12 m respectively in urban environment at 3.5 GHz. However, attention should be paid to the results of the path loss Simulation Models estimation of Free Space model which are identical and In this research, Egli model, Two Ray Ground equal to (109.4 dB) and (106.4 dB) at 3.5 and 2.5 GHz, Reflection model, Free Space model, Cost 231 Hata respectively in urban environment. model and Young model are analyzed in urban, suburban In the computation, operating frequency and distance and rural environments by applying two different between transmitter and receiver are fixed at the values transmitter antenna heights. During the simulations the of 3.8 GHz and 6 km, respectively. Two different path loss of channel propagation models is estimated by transmitter antenna heights (34 and 18 m) are considered applying two different transmitter antenna height of 12 in this case.
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