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Energetics Science and Technology in Central Europe CENTER FOR ENERGETIC CONCEPTS DEVELOPMENT SERIES Editorial Board Davinder K. Anand, CECD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD James M. Short, CECD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Don DeVoe, CECD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Bryan Eichhorn, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Satyandra K. Gupta, CECD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Michael G. Pecht, CALCE, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Michael R. Zachariah, CECD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD ENERGETICS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES Editorial Board James M. Short, CECD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Robert A. Kavetsky, ETC, Waldorf, MD Davinder K. Anand, CECD, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Energetics Science and Technology in Central Europe Invited Editor Ronald W. Armstrong Series Editors James M. Short Robert A. Kavetsky Davinder K. Anand Center for Energetic Concepts Development Series University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland Cover design by Ania Picard Library of Congress Control Number: 2012932804 The book contains information from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted and credit is given when appropriate. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. The views of this book are solely the views of the authors. No opinions, statements of fact, or conclusions contained in this document can be properly attributed to the Department of the Navy, the Office of Naval Research, or its contracting agencies. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from CECD. CECD consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CECD for such copying. Direct all inquiries to: CECD Department of Mechanical Engineering 2140 Glenn L. Martin Hall University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Ph.: (301) 405-5205 http://www.cecd.umd.edu 2012 CECD International Standard Book Number 978-0-9846274-3-1 Printed in the United States of America Printed in Southern Maryland Preface Energetics Science and Technology in Central Europe is one book in a series of Center for Energetic Concepts Development books on Energetics Science and Technology in different parts of the world. This book is the 2nd in a planned series of six volumes. Each volume covers a different region of the world. The motivation for this series is to provide a comprehensive collection of information on this critical technology and identify the energetic materials science and technology being conducted across the globe. The first book started with the discovery of gunpowder in China, where energetics (in the form of fireworks) originated. Knowledge of fireworks, gunpowder and other forms of energetic materials flowed out of China and into Europe in the 13th Century along routes such as the Silk Road. Since European scientists were the first to improve on gunpowder and create an array of imaginative uses, for both civilian and military purposes, we selected Central Europe to be 2nd in the series. European contributions are too many to capture in a single volume. Contributions from elsewhere in Europe will be included in another of the six volumes. Among the first uses of gunpowder in Europe was its appearance during a defense of Prague in 1420, at Vitkov Hill in what is today the Czech Republic. Since that time the countries in this region of Europe have sought to improve energetics for both peaceful (e.g., coal mining) and military purposes. Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an increased transparency into the energetics and research capacity in this section of the world. The increased transparency makes possible this volume. An important example of Central European energetics research capacity is the Institute of Energetic Materials at the University of Pardubice (http://www.upce.cz/en/fcht/uem.html). Annual seminars open to a worldwide audience began at the University of Pardubice in 1998. vi Preface The seminars have come to be known as NTREM—New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials. The seminars are specifically designed to be a part of the study curriculum of Pardubice students. NTREM is one of the first ways energetics research capacity in this section of the world was made known to Western Nations. As the quality of the NTREM presentations increased since its 1998 inception, the organizers sought a process for timely publication of the research findings. The solution was the founding of a new scientific journal. The Central European Journal of Energetic Materials first appeared in 2004. The Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry in Poland publishes the journal (http://www.wydawnictwa.ipo.waw.pl/). The editors designed the book to be a collection of chapters by energetic scientists living in and near Central Europe. We started by inviting scientists historically associated with NTREM. We invited chapters from the NTREM Chairman, Svatopluk Zeman of the Czech Republic; Scientific Committee Chairman, Adam Cumming of the United Kingdom; Scientific Committee members from Poland, Andrzej Maranda; Germany, Thomas Klapötke; Russia, David Lempert and Tatyana Pivina; and Turkey, Lemi Türker. We also invited Wanda Karaś, Managing Editor of the Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, Poland; Manfred Bohn, Germany; Aleksandr Smirnov and Vladimir Klimenko, Russia. Joining Klimenko writing one of his two chapters are Ronald Armstrong and Davinder Anand of the United States. We are releasing this book to the public during the 15th International Seminar on New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials, held at the University of Pardubice, April 18-20, 2012. Analogous to Energetics Science and Technology in China, it is our hope this book will also provide an impetus for the editors, authors, and readers doing energetics research to reach out and connect directly for the purpose of research collaboration. We thank Ania Picard for designing the cover and preparation of the final product; and Eric Hazell for copy editing each of the eleven chapters. The Editors Executive Summary In 1972 the American President Richard Nixon visited China. It A selected synthesis is presented of organizational and current research activities reflective of the considerable effort being devoted in Central Europe to the development of improved energetic material formulations for military and industrial uses. The listed descriptions of (1) Svatopluk Zeman’s annual seminars on “New Trends in Researches on Energetic Materials”; (2) Andrzej Maranda and Wanda Karaś’s Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; and, (3) Vladimir Klimenko’s “International Conferences on New Models and Hydrocodes for Shock Wave Processes in Condensed Matter”, are shown in each case to involve significant outreaches to the international community of researchers on the topics of energetic materials and their properties. Additional research articles provided by these article contributors and additional colleagues of theirs establish bibliographically the international character of associated researches on the comprehensive range topics: energetic molecule syntheses; compilation of the material properties, particularly relating to energetic components of propellant formulations; chemical decompositions that occur both on molecular and crystal lattice scales; the consequent material responses under impact and more extreme loading conditions; the important viscoelastic properties of binder material in formulations; and, explosive uses in industrial mining applications. Chapter 1. Professor Zeman provides a brief history of teaching the chemistry and technology of energetic materials at the University of Pardubice, especially as connected with his development over ~15 years of the annual seminars on “New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials”. The seminars have been directed towards university students and recent graduates. An important outreach effort has been to have invited lecturers from the international energetics community. viii Executive Summary Chapter 2. An elaboration is provided by Dr. Adam Cumming, DSTL, UK, of organizational support and scientist participations provided by Western European agencies for the NTREM activity, in particular, and for cooperation of Western-Eastern European research activities. Comment is provided on Romanian and Bulgarian connections in the Central European community. Chapter 3. Professor Andrzej Maranda, co-founder and Chairman of the Central European Journal of Energetic Materials joins with the journal's managing editor, Ms. Wanda Karaś, in a discussion of the topics covered in the journal. The journal, based in the Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Warsaw, provides an authoritative outlet for publication of articles presented at the NTREMs, particularly those first presented as poster presentations and for the plenary lectures. Chapter 4. A description is provided by Dr. Vladimir Klimenko, Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, and colleague Professors Ronald W. Armstrong and Davinder K. Anand, of the University

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