A Diagnostic X-Ray Tube with Spiral-Groove Bearings

Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12, 357-363, Nov. 1989 357

A diagnostic X-ray tube with spiral-groove bearings

E. A. Muijderman, C. D. Roelandse, A. Vetter and P. Schreiber

The technological development of a product usually advances in a series of small steps. But not always - one example is the change from fixed to rotating anodes in diagnostic X-ray tubes in about 1930. This was a development in which Philips played a leading part, largely because of the work of Albert Bouwers'". Since then there has been a steady stream of small improvements in diagnostic X-ray tubes, mostly because problems with limited bearing life and inadequate cooling of the anode have led designers to make modifications. It now looks as though there has been another great leap forward in solving these problems: spiral groove anode bearings lubricated by liquid metal.

Introduetion A diagnostic X-ray tube has to deliver a large So that the anode can rotate it must be provided amount of radiation from the smallest possible area with bearings and driven by an electric motor, which of the anode, the 'point focus', in a time of several has to be an induction motor. The anode, the bearings milliseconds to several seconds [11. The quantity of and the rotor of the induction motor are located radiation must be large enough for a sufficient num- inside the evacuated tube. The bearings therefore ber of electrons to be released at the input screen of an have to meet a number of rather special requirements. X-ray intensifier tube [21, or to produce sufficient The lubricant for the bearings must not contaminate blackening in an X-ray-sensitive film after develop- the vacuum of the tube, the bearings must be able to ment. The efficiency of the conversion of electrical stand up to high temperatures and they must be elec- energy into X-radiation is less than 10/0. More than trically and if possible thermally conductive. Solid- 99% of the energy supplied to the tube is therefore metal lubricated ball bearings were therefore always released in the anode material as heat. In a stationary used. The lubricant now used in the high-load Philips anode the material would melt locally because the diagnostic tubes is silver or lead, applied to the bear- heat is concentrated at the point focus. The problem ing components by special techniques. can be solved by making the anode rotate, since the Although diagnostic tubes have been produced in heat is then spread out over an annular area. this way in large numbers for years, and the technique In Philips diagnostic X-ray tubes the surface of the is still in use, considerable effort is being deployed in rotating anodes is now made of tungsten alloyed with the search for alternative methods of providing bear- rhenium. Since the melting point of this alloy is above 3000 high thermalloads at the anode are possible. [.] A. Bouwers, Eine Metallröntgenröhre mit drehbarer Anode, oe, Verh. D. Röntgen-Ges. Vol. 20, suppl. to Fortschr. Rönt- Alloying with rhenium prevents hairline cracks. genstr. 40, 102-106, 1929; J. H. van der Tuuk, X-ray tubes with rotating anode (Rotalix tubes), Philips Tech. Rev. 8, 31-41, 1946. Dr Ir E. A. Muijderman was formerly with Philips Research [I] W. Hartl, D. Peter and K. Reiber, A metal/ceramic diagnostic Laboratories, Eindhoven; C. D. Roelandse is with Philips Research X-ray tube, Philips Tech. Rev. 41, 126-134, 1983/84. Laboratories, Eindhoven; Dipl-Phys. A. Vetter and Dr P. [2] B. van der Eijk and W. Kühl, An X-ray image intensifier with Schreiber are with Philips Medizin Systeme GmbH, Hamburg. large input format, Philips Tech. Rev. 41, 137-148, 1983/84. 358 E. A. MUlJDERMAN el al. Philips Tech.Rev.44,No.ll/12 ings for the anode. The main reason for this is the tronie control circuit is necessary. Since such a circuit limited life of the ball bearings, which operate in can fail (e.g. if the electricity supply fails), which may vacuum under extreme conditions, with forces even cause damage, special ball bearings have to be pro- higher than those in the bearings in the stabilizer vided that can take over from the magnetic bearings. flywheels used in space vehicles [3], which also have to If these ball bearings are suddenly brought into ser- operate in vacuum. Another problem is that the usual vice they will be subjected to a large acceleration, so methods for calculating the life of ball bearings can that their life is very limited. In practice, this means only be used if these bearings are grease or oil lub- that the control electronics for the magnetic bearings ricated. Both are not possible in vacuum. should never be allowed to fail. Another difficulty Because of the limited life of the ball bearings the with magnetic bearings is that there is no possibility of anode is only rotated during the actual exposure. The removing heat by conduction. Also, 'slip rings with anode is therefore run up to the maximum speed very quickly: within one to three seconds. The maximum speed will be about 3000 or 9000 revolutions per minute, depending on the tube type, at a mains frequency of 50 Hz. Once the maximum speed has been reached the actual exposure is made; a high electrical current now flows briefly and heat is developed. The anode is then decelerated very rapidly. The electric motor must be capable of developing a very large driving or decelerating torque, because the anode has a high moment of inertia and has to be accelerated and decelerated very quickly. The 'air gap' between rotor and stator is partly outside the actual tube and is wider than 10mm because of the high voltage between rotor and stator . This means that the electric motor also has to meet some rather special requirements [1].

Accelerating and decelerating the anode for every Fig.1. The new Philips MRC 200 diagnostic X-ray tube with an exposure means that radiologist and patient are anode mounted in spiral-groove bearings lubricated by liquid forced to accept delays, which are inconvenient for metal. The anode diameter is 200 mm. The rated input is 85 kW[7]. both and may be uncom fortable for the patient. The time required for accelerating the anode is also a problem if the exposure has to be made at a particular phase of a periodic movement, such as the peristaltic carbon brushes' have to be used for the anode-current movement of the alimentary tract. supply. (It is also possible to use the principle of the Another disadvantage of ball bearings is that they thermionic diode for the passage of current from the are noisy, since they contain no grease or oil to atten- stationary tube wall to the rotating anode shaft.) uate the sound. An even greater disadvantage is that Because of these problems - and also because of the ball bearings present a high thermal resistance to the complicated construction of the magnetic bearing - heat to be conducted away from the anode to the out- no diagnostic X-ray tubes with magnetic bearings side world. The heat flow that leaves the tube by con- have yet appeared on the market. duction through ball bearings is therefore virtually At Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven negligible, and amounts to only about 3 W. This another solution has been found to the problem of means that the rest of the heat flow must leave the providing bearings for the rotating anode of a di- anode by radiation, which results in a large increase in agnostic X-ray tube: spiral-groove bearings with the mean anode temperature. The last disadvantage liquid metal as the lubricant. The application of these of ball bearings that we shall mention is that they pre- bearings solves all of the problems mentioned above: sent a varying resistance to the anode current. • life, Another possibility is to use magnetic bearings [4] • noise, for the anode. The advantage here is that no lubricant • heat transfer and is necessary, sincethe shaft is 'floating' . However, the • current supply. equilibrium of the floating shaft is unstable, so that a The heat conduction of a metal-lubricated spiral- comprehensive - and therefore expensive - elec- groove bearing is about a thousand times greater than Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY TUBE 359

that of a ball bearing. Another extremely important advantage is that an anode with spiral-groove bearings can rotate continuously, since its life is virtually un- limited. Periodic acceleration and deceleration are then no longer necessary. This means that radiologist and patient will no longer be subject to delays and that the motor can be much simpler, since it only has to supply enough power to keep the anode rotating continuously. Moreover, a spiral-groove bearing can support a much greater load than a ball bearing, so that an anode of much greater diameter can be used. Since the anode only has to be run up to speed once a each day, in the morning, the higher moment of inertia is not a problem. A spiral-groove bearing is a self-acting bearing, i.e. a bearing that requires no external pressure source, in which there are grooves in one of the two bearing surfaces [5]. If the relative movement of the bearing surfaces is in the correct direction, the grooves ensure that the lubricant is retained in the bearing. Since the space between the two cylindrical surfaces is wedge-shaped and because of the propulsive action of the grooves an excess pressure is produced in the lubricant. If the excess pressure is high enough, the lubricant will keep the bearing surfaces apart. The principle of the spiral- groove bearing has been known for twenty or thirty years and various forms of these bearings have been studied in depth [6] at Philips Research Laboratories. For the application of a spiral-groove bearing in a diagnostic X-ray tube it was necessary to find an alloy that is liquid at or near room temperature and can be used as a lubricant. The alloy must also have a low vapour pressure at high temperatures, so that the vacuum in the tube is not contaminated by vaporized metal. Mercury is therefore unsuitable as a lubricant in vacuum. After extensive experiments by J. Gerkema and J. B. Pelzer at Philips Research Laboratories a gallium alloy was eventually found that can act as a lubricant. Fig. 2. Earlier generations of Philips diagnostic X-ray tubes. a) The The study at Philips Research Laboratories laid the SR090 tube, b) the SRM 100 tube and c) the SRC 120 tube. The foundations for a diagnostic X-ray tube that has numbers refer to the anode diameter in mm. recently been introduced by Philips Medizin Systeme GmbH of Hamburg. The new tube is shown in fig. 1. [3] J. P. Reinhoudt, A flywheel for stabilizing space vehicles, Philips Tech. Rev. 30, 2-6, 1969; The type designation MRC 200 isrelated to the external J. Crucq, The reaction wheels of the Netherlands satellite diameter of the anode, 200 mm. In the present version ANS, Philips Tech. Rev. 34, 106-111,1974. [4] E. M. H. Kamerbeek, Magnetic bearings, Philips Tech. Rev. the anode rotates at almost 3000 rev/min. The rated 41,348-361, 1983/84. [5] Strictly speaking the journal bearings are helical-groove bear- input power of the tube is 85 kW [7]. The met al- ings, but the term 'spiral-groove bearing' is in fact widely used lubricated spiral-groove bearings have been put for both spiral-groove thrust bearings and helical-groove jour- through extensive life tests at Philips Research Labor- nal bearings. [6] E. A. Muijderman, New forms of bearing: the gas and the atories. A preproduction batch of tubes has been pro- spiral groove bearing, Philips Tech. Rev. 25, 253-274,1963/64; E. A. Muijderman, G. Remmers and L. P. M. Tielemans, duced at Hamburg, and these have been thoroughly Grease-lubricated spiral-groove bearings, Philips Tech. Rev. tested. 39, 184-198, 1980. [7] The rated input power is defined as the power that can be sup- The new tube was specially designed for making plied for a maximum of 0.1 second to a tube that was in ther- cine exposures. These are of interest in the investiga- mal equilibrium at a continuous power input of 250 W. 360 E. A. MUIJDERMAN et al. Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No.11/12 tion of bloodvessels where the blood flow is very and the total energy that can be supplied to the tube rapid, as in the coronary arteries (coronary angio- during a cine investigation lasting 20 minutes. The bar graphy). At a relatively low radiation dose for each chart shows that this last figure is more than three exposure, 6 to 10 series of exposures, each consisting times higher than for earlier tube types. of 300 to 600 exposures, are made for each patient at We shall now look at the construction of the tube. a rate of 25 to 100 exposures per second. Until recently Next we shall consider the anode bearings, and finally it was necessary to wait for a fairly long time between weshall briefly touch on certain aspects of the dynamic the series of exposures until the heat stored in the stability of the rotating anode. anode had been dissipated by radiation. The great advantage of an anode with a large diameter combined with metal-lubricated spiral-groove bearings is not ~.... 300% ",,'-',- 56 only that a large amount of heat can be stored in the Q anode, but also that this heat can be removed by con- 4 6 duction. The radiologist is therefore no longer forced 200 45 to wait for the anode to cool down during an inves- 3 3 12 ~ tigation. This means that the patient does not have to 12 be subjected to the investigation procedures for such a 123456 ~ 100 56 long time. This can be a great advantage, especially 1234 -- ~~,,- §§§§ §§ where catheters are used, since more power is then re- lil Iil~:'~ - quired from the tube. Nor is it necessary to use so o SRM 100 SRC 120 MRC200 much contrast agent. An important economic advan- SR090 -type tage, of course, is that more patients can be dealt with in a given time. Fig. 3. Bar chart giving a comparison of the performance of succes- sive generations of diagnostic X-ray tubes, see also figs 1 and 2. The Besides the version for cine exposures, other ver- relative values Q of a number of quantities are plotted for four sions of the new tube will also be developed for other different tubes, with Q for the SRM 100 tube given a value of 100 in each case. The values quoted for each type of tube are: 1the rated applications where the excellent cooling and the con- input power[7), 2 the maximum load during a single cine pulse, tinuously rotating anode will be advantages. Another 3 the product of heat capacity and mean anode temperature, 4 the quantity of heat that can be stored in the anode during a com- advantageous feature of the new tube is the spatial parable series of cine exposures (lasting 6 to 10 seconds), 5 the total stability of the focus. Because the temperature remains thermal energy that can be dissipated by radiation and conduction, and 6 the total energy that can be supplied to the tube during a cine low, the position of the focus never changes by more investigation lasting 20 minutes. than 50 urn. The stability of the focus is of interest for the digital processing of X-ray images. With the 'sub- traction' method, for example, bloodvessels can be made visible by 'taking away' an image made without a contrast agent from one made with a contrast agent. Fig.2 shows the earlier types of tube with rotating The construction of the tube anodes: the SRO 90, with glass envelope, the SRM 100, Fig. 4 shows a cross-section of the new MRC 200 with an envelope of glass and metal, and the SRC 120, diagnostic X-ray tube in its shield. The space between made entirely from metal and ceramics [11. The numbers tube and shield is filled with oil, which provides high- in these designations indicate the diameter of the anode voltage insulation. The oil also takes part in the cool- in mm; the speed of rotation is almost 9000 rev/min ing process by taking up the heat leaving the anode for all the tubes. The introduetion of each new tube (A) by radiation and conduction through the spiral- meant a step in the improvement of the performance. groove bearing (SÇTB); oil pumped through the tube It can be seen from fig. 3 that the introduetion of the 0) is directed against the bottom of the opening in the newest tube corresponded to a much larger advance bearing. than the previous ones. The bar chart shows the rela- The electrons emitted by the filament of the cathode tive value of various quantities, with the SRM 100 (K) strike the anode at the point focus (PF). The X- glass/metal tube as the basis for comparison. These radiation produced here is confined to a conical beam quantities are the rated input power [71, the maximum (X) by diaphragms (not shown). The X-radiation load during a single cine pulse, the product of heat ca- leaves the tube through an extremely thin beryllium pacity and mean anode temperature, the quantity of window (W), a thin layer of oil and a thin aluminium heat that can be stored in the anode during a com- window (AI) in the shield. parable seriesof cine exposures (lasting 6 to 10seconds), The difference between the temperature at the point the total heat loss due to radiation and conduction, focus and the mean anode temperature is approx- Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY TUBE 361

imately inversely proportional to V nD, where n is the 1200 oe speed of rotation and D is the outer diameter of the MRC200 tOOO anode [11. In designing an X-ray tube with a rotating T anode it is necessary to find the right compromise be- BOO tween speed of rotation and anode diameter. In this 600 tube, mainly intended for cine exposures, it was de- cided to make the speed fairly low and the anode 400 _------iA diameter large. In earlier tubes a large anode diameter 200 was undesirable, since running up to speed and de- ~======~~====~~~~~~O R celerating would have taken too long because of the 00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1BOOs high moment of inertia, In the new tube this is no E - t problem, since it only happens once in each wor-king day. The anode of the MRC 200 therefore has both a 1200 oe high moment of inertia and a high heat capacity. This 1000 ------A means that a large amount of heat can be stored tem- T SRM 100 BOO

600 400 _------R 200 ______0

00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1BOOs 12 - t

Fig.5. The temperature T as a function of time t for continuous operation at an input power of I kW, starting at time t = 0, for a) the new MRC 200 tube and b) the earlier type, the SRM lOO. A the temperature variation at the anode circumference, R at the rotor circumference and 0 of the oil in the shield.

porarily in the neighbourhood of the circular path of the point focus. This heat can then be dissipated A quickly by conduction through the bearing. 5GB It can be seen from jig. 5 that the heat capacity of the anode and the heat dissipation by conduction are significantly better than for the earlier SRM 100 tube. The figure shows the results of a computer simulation of the temperature variation in the anode after starting at a continuous tube loading of 1 kW with a relatively large focus. The three curves relate to the temperatures of the anode rim, the rotor and the oil in the shield. All the temperatures for the MRC 200 are con- siderably lower than for the SRM 100. Since the temperature increase at the anode rim is so much smaller in comparable circumstances, the energy load at the focus can be much higher.

Fig.4. Schematic cross-section of the MRC 200 diagnostic X-ray The new tube, like its predecessor, is made entirely tube. White: vacuum. Red: oil; the direction of flow is indicated by of metal and ceramics, and contains no glass at all. arrows. HV+ positive high-voltage connector. I A ceramic insulator for the anode. St stator of the induction motor that rotates the Ceramic components can be more accurately dimen- anode. SGB spiral-groove bearing to take up forces in both radial sioned. The metal envelope is at earth potential. This and axial directions. (The liquid metal is shown as a blue line.) A anode. HV- negative high-voltage connector. Ov oil outlet. avoids difficulties from the charge effects that occur IK ceramic insulator for the cathode. TW metal envelope. W beryl- in tubes that contain glass in the envelope. The highest lium window. K cathode. X X-ray beam (the diaphragms that confine the beam are not shown). Al aluminium window. Sh shield. potential difference across either of the ceramic in- R rotor of the induction motor. Ol oil supply. PF point focus. sulators (h at the cathode and IA at the anode, see 362 E. A. MUIJDERMAN et al. Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 fig.4) is about 75 kV, half the maximum voltage of the axis of symmetry. This 'half-omega whirl' has across the tube. The high-voltage connectors, Ht/" an angular frequency about half that of the rotational and Hr, are located at the two ends of the shield. speed. Although this instability can be investigated by The connectors are connected to the spiral-groove using a computer program [8], results obtained in this bearing and the filament of the cathode respectively, way do little to improvethe physical understanding of and are insulated from the shield by plastic insulators. the problem. This means that the search for the cor- As noted earlier, the rotor (R) of the induction motor and the spiral-groove bearing are located in the vacuum. The stator (St) is located outside the tube in the oil between the tube and the shield. Since the anode rotates continuously, the maximum motor power does not have to be much higher than is necessary to overcome the friction in the spiral-groove bearings. The friction loss is only about 40 W.

The anode bearings The anode spiral-groove bearing, SCIB in fig.4, is constructed as a bearing with a stationary shaft and a rotating bearing bush. Since it has to be possible to use the X-ray tube in all possible orientations, the spiral-groove bearing system consists of two thrust bearings and two journal bearings [5]; see fig. 6. The pumping action of the different components cancels out, so that no lubricant is forced out of the bearing. This is achieved by using herringbone groove patterns, which give the greatest build-up of pressure at the centre of each pattern. Since there are groove patterns for thrust-bearing action on both upper and lower sides, axial forces can be taken up in two directions. The two separate journal bearings with their own helical groove patterns are necessary for taking up torques as well as forces. Fig. 6. The spiral-groove bearing system. Above: the helical groove patterns of the journal bearings. Below: the spiral groove pattern in Fig. 6 also shows a diagram of the 'pressure hills' of one of the thrust bearings. The same groove pattern is used in the the different parts of the bearing: the pressure in the other thrust bearing (mirror symmetry). The hatched areas are 'pressure hills', representing the pressure p in the lubricant, as a lubricant as a function of position. This figure holds function of x for the journal bearings in a centric position, and as a for the bearing system in a centric position. When the function of r for the thrust bearing. bearing positions itself eccentrically because of the ra- dialload, the height of the pressure hills is also a function of the angle in the circumferential direction. The reet settings for the various parameters that can affect . peak of the pressure hill is found just in front of the the stability of a new design - there are 32 of them - position where the bearing gap is smallest. Integrating has to be made virtually 'in the dark' . each pressure hill gives a part of the bearing force. In In earlier investigations [8] a simple stability con- principle it makes no difference to the operation of a dition in the form of an analytical expression was de- spiral-groove thrust bearing whether the grooves are rived for a rotor whose bearings are attached to the in the stationary part of the bearing or in the moving environment by rigid supports. Since the connection part. In fact we put the grooves in the moving part of between the spiral-groove bearing via the envelope to the bearing to facilitate production. the environment is not rigid, we cannot use this simple stabilitycondition. Fortunately, however, the rotating X-ray-tube Dynamic stability of the rotating anode anode has a number of symmetries that greatly sim- An investigation has also been made at Philips plify the problem of stability with flexible bearing Research Laboratories into the possibility of instabil- supports. It was therefore possible to find an analyt- ity of the rotating anode because of a whirling motion ical expression for this case as well: a simple relation Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY TUBE 363 for the 'critical speed', the speed at which any in- be possible to use the method for rapid and early pre- crease in speed would lead to the whirling action men- diction of the likelihood of rotor instabilities in future tioned above [9]. The differences between computer designs. The physical understanding that results from calculations and the results of using this simple rela- the relation derived earlier will then indicate methods tion are generally no more than a few per cent. It also of avoiding instabilities. turns out that the familiar assumption that the critical speed is twice the lowest resonant frequency of the rotor is by no means true in all cases. We have used the analytical stability condition that Summary. Spiral-groove bearings can replace the ball bearings in the vacuum of a rotating-anode diagnostic X-ray tube. This in- we have derived to test the stability of the anode of creases the maximum load the tube can take and solves a number of the MRC 200 tube. The positive results obtained are other problems, such as limited bearing life, difficulties with anode cooling and noise from the bearings. The spiral-groove bearing has in complete agreement with practical tests. It will also to be lubricated with liquid metal, partly because the vapour pressure of the lubricant should be low, partly because it must conduct the anode current. A gallium alloy has been found to be a success- (8) J. P. Reinhoudt, On the stability of rotor-and-bearing systems ful lubricant. In the new Philips MRC 200 diagnostic X-ray tube and on the calculation of sliding bearings, Thesis, Eindhoven with spiral-groove bearings more than three times as much energy 1972. can be handled during a complete cine investigation as in the (9) E. A. Muijderman, Algebraic formulas for the threshold and SRM 100 tube of the previous generation. This means that an in- mode of instability and the first critical speed of a simple vestigation of this type takes only half as long with the new tube, so flexibly supported (overhung) rotor-bearing system, Proc. that there are economic advantages as well as reduced patient Conf. on Rotordynamics, Tokyo 1986, 201-210. stress. 364 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12, Nov. 1989

Scientific publications

These publications are contributed by staff from the laboratories and other establishments that form part of or are associated with the Philips group of companies. Many of the articles originate from the research laboratories named below. The publications are listed alphabetically by journal title.

Philips GmbH Forschungslaboratorium Aachen, A WeiBhausstraBe, 5100 Aachen, Germany Philips Research Laboratory, Brussels, B 2 avenue Van Becelaere, 1170 Brussels, Belgium Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium, E Postbus 80000, 5600 JA Eindhoven, The Netherlands Philips GmbH Forschungslaboratorium Hamburg, H Vogt-Kölln-StraBe 30, 2000 Hamburg 54, Germany Laboratoires d'Electronique Philips, L 3 avenue Descartes, 94450 Limeil-Brévannes, France Philips Laboratories, N.A.P.C., N 345 Scarborough Road, Briarcliff Manor, N.Y. 10510, U.S.A. Philips Research Laboratories, R Cross Oak Lane, RedhilI, Surrey RHI 5HA, England Philips Research Laboratories Sunnyvale S P.O. Box 9052, Sunnyvale, CA 94086, U.S.A.

A. H. van Ommen, J. J. M. Otten- Synthesis of heteroepitaxial Si/CoSh ISi structures Appl. Phys. Lett. 53 669-671 1988 heim, A. M. L. Theunissen & A. G. by Co implantation into Si Mouwen E A. P. M. Kentgens, A. H. Carim & Transmission electron microscopy of thin J. Cryst, Growth 91 355-362 1988 B. Dam E YBa2Cua07-x films on (001) SrTiOa prepared by de triode sputtering

A. H. Boonstra & T. N. M. Bernards The dependence of the gelation time on the hydrol- J. Non-Cryst. Solids 207-213 1988 E ysis time in a two-step Si02 sol-gel process 105 A. J. E. M. Janssen E On exponentially weighted Toeplitz matrices and Linear circuits, sys- 207-216 1988 their use in the analysis of a frequency-domain, tems and signal pro- power-compensated adaptive filter cessing: theory and application, C.l. Byrnes et al. (eds), Elsevier Science, Am- sterdam

B. J. van Wees·, L. P. Kouwen- Quantized conductance of magnetoelectric sub- Phys. Rev. B 38 3625-3627 1988 hoven" , H. van Houten, C. W. J. bands in ballistic point contacts Beenakker, J. E. Mooij" (·Univ. of Technol., Delft), C. T. Foxon & J. J. Harris E,R

J. C. M. Henning & 1. P. M. Ansems Photoionization threshold of the deep donor in ibid. 5772-5775 1988 E Si-doped AlxGal_xAs L. W. Molenkamp, G. E. W. Bauer, Exciton binding energy in (Al,Ga)As quantum wells: ibid. 6147-6150 1988 R. Eppenga & C. T. Foxon E,R effects of crystal orientation and envelope-function symmetry

A. H. Carim, A. F. de Jong & D. M. Ordering phenomena in the tetragonal supercon- ibid. 7009-7012 1988 de Leeuw E ductor CaBaLaCua07_6 A. K. Niessen, A. R. Miedema, F. R. Enthalpies of formation of liquid and solid binary Physica B 151 401-432 1988 de Boer (Univ. Amsterdam) & alloys based on 3d metals. IV. Alloys of cobalt R. Boom (Res. Labs, Hoogovens- Groep, IJmuiden) E G. Keesman E Motion estimation based on a motion model in- Signal pfocessing IV: 31-34 1988 corporating translation, rotation and zoom theories and applications, J.L. Lacoume et al. (eds), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam

R. N. J. Veldhuis E Adaptive restoration of unknown pixels in digital Signal processing IV: 1469-1472 1988 images theories and applications, J.L. Lacoume et al. (eds), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No.ll!12, 365-373, Nov. 1989 365

Subject index, Volumes 36-44

Figures in bold type indicate the volume number, figures in ordinary type indicate the page number. Subjects dealt with in volumes 1-35 are listed in the indexes included with volumes 10, IS, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40. The asterisk * indicates that the entry refers to a photograph and caption.

Absorber plates, black coating of, Amplitude and phase images, sirnul- ASKA (Automatic System for Kine- for solar collectors . 43,244 taneous, in STEM . . 37, I matic Analysis) used in stress cal- Abstraction in programming. . 40,225 Amplitude modulation (AM) . . 36,309 culations for TV tubes . 37, 56 Accordion imager, new solid-state Analog-to-digital conversion: ASP, signal processor for digital image sensor . 43, quantization and coding of ana- audio . . 42,201 Acoustics: log signals . . 36,337 Aspherics: vibration patterns and radiation delta modulation to PCM con- machining bi-aspheric lenses behaviour of loudspeaker cones 36, I verter . 37,313 with COLATH .39,229 acoustic surface-wave filters. . 36, 29 sigma-delta modulation. . 38,186 preface . 41,285 non-rectangular reverberation digitization of speech. . 41,201 optomechanics for . 41,286 chamber . 37,176 of hi-fi audio signals, filter for 42,230 design and optical advantages of increasing reverberation time by Anniversary Issue: subjects with a aspheric surfaces . . 41,289 multiple-channel amplification 41, 12 history and a future: fabrication, testing and applica- noise control in electrical ap- special issue . { 42,293 tion of aspheric optical elements 41,296 pliances, theory and practice . 44,123 -373 Assembly robot, experimental . 40, 33 sound radiation from a vibrating introduetion . 42,293 Astronomy, window for ultrasoft membrane . . 44,190 marginal notes for an anniver- X-rays from space . . 40, 12 Actuator for anti-lock braking sys- sary . . 42,295 Audio: tem .36, 74 television technology from 1936 annoyance due to modulation Aircraft, measurement of ozone in . 38,131 to 1986 . . 42,297 noise and drop-outs. . 37, 29 Air pollution, see Environmental history of the Philishave . . 42,312 SPI in FM broadcasting. . 39,216 science glass - outline of a development 42,316 manipulation of speech sounds 40,134 Alkali-antimonide films for photo- welding lead-through wires * . . 42,325 Compact Disc Digital Audio . 40,149 cathodes . . 40, 19 from transistor to IC . . 42,326 digital signal processing, com- Alkali-germanosilicate glass, manu- miniaturization of capacitors * . 42,335 puter simulation and listening facture of fibres from. . 36,182 electric motors in small domestic tests . . 41, 99 Alloys: appliances . . 42,336 ASP, integrated signal processor intermetaIIic compounds . 36,136 progress in fluorescent lamps . 42,342 for digital audio . . 42,201 heat of formation . . 36,217 medical systems in the last half filter for analog-to-digital con- NiFe, for read-out of magnetic century . . 42,352 version of hi-fi audio . 42,230 tape . . 37, 42 half a century of 'electronifica- see also Acoustics amalgams for fluorescent lamps 38, 83 tion' in telephony systems. . 42,361 AUROS, system for speaker recog- tellurium, digital optical record- Anniversary Issue: 75 years of nition by computer . 37,207 ing with. . 41,313 Philips Research: Automation: see also Amorphous alloys special issue . { 44,237 flexible { 38,329 Alumina, sintered, light transmission -320 40,237 of . .36, 47 preface . 44,237 system that learns to recognize Aluminate host lattices for phosphors 37,221 molecular beam epitaxy * . 44,238 two-dimensional shapes . 38,356 Aluminium: from lamps to ICs . . 44,239 self-organizing systems . 38,364 electrodeposition of . . 39, 87 manufacturing optical fibres by experimental assembly robot . 40, 33 optically smooth, machined on PCVD . . 44,241 weighing and sorting machine 42,173 high-precision lathe * . 39,183 phase-change optical recording 44,250 automatic segmentation of speech single-crystal, spark-machined to magnetic fields in medical diag- into diphones . . 43,233 form test spheres . . 40,202 nostics, MR and SQUID . 44,259 Automotive technology: Aluminium-gallium arsenide: semiconductor superiattices in actuator for anti-lock braking laser for information read-out 39, 37 short-wavelength lasers . . 44,268 system . 36, 74 laser, CQL10, microscope photo- the eight Laboratories *. . 44,274 CARIN, car navigation and in- graph of* . . 39,324 prediction of properties of formation system . 43,317 bistability in quantum-well lasers 44, 76 materials . 44,276 Avalanche photodiode . . 36,205 theory of GaAs! AlG aAs quan- sound basis for generation of ex- Avalanche Triggered Transit diode tum well . 44,137 planations in expert systems . 44,287 in TRAPATT oscillator . . 40, 99 superiattices in short-wavelength advanced HS3 process for fabri- lasers . 44,268 cation of bipolar ICs . 44,296 see also Layered semiconductor research on GaAs MESFET cir- structures cuits at LEP . 44,302 Amalgams for fluorescent lamps. . 38, 83 power integrated circuits . 44,310 Balance, piezoelectric micro- . . 41,304 Amorphous alloys: Anti-lock braking system, fast ac- Barium titanate, PTC effect. . 38, 73 for magneto-optical recording 42, 37 tuator for . 36, 74 Battery, rechargeable, new type . 43, 22 research on . .42,48 Arsenic oxides, action in glass fining 40,310 Beam manipulation with optical magnetic domains in . 44,101 Artificial languages in PHLIQA 1 38,269 fibres in laser welding . . 42,262 366 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No.1l/12

Bearings: CCD, see Charge-Transfer Device Computer applications: spiral-groove, grease-lubricated 39,184 CD-I, see Compact Disc Interactive designing a loudspeaker cone . 36, 14 air, tapered, in metrology . 40,338 Ceramic technology: designing workpieces . . 36,162 measuring radial error of pre- sintered alumina for sodium simulation of control system for cision air bearings . 41,334 lamps . 36, 47 water supply . . 36,273 magnetic . . 41,348 manufacture of Ferroxdure. . 37,157 optical inspection of connecting- magnetic, application in Stirling sintered hydroxylapatite as bio- lead patterns for ICs . 37, 77 cryogenerators . 42, ceramic . . 37,234 speaker recognition . 37,207 diagnostic X-ray tube with spi- grinding brittle materials . 38,105 designing LSI circuits . 37,278 ral-groove bearings . . 44,357 ceramic multilayer capacitors . 41, 89 designing TV deflection coils . 39,154 Bi-aspheric lenses, made on COLATH 39,243 ceramic boundary-layer capac- document handling with Mega- Bioceramic of sintered hydroxyl- itors . . 41,338 doe system . . 39,329 apatite . 37,234 dielectric resonators for micro- control of experimental assembly Bipolar IC technology, advanced wave integrated oscillators. . 43, 35 robot . 40, 41 HS3 process . . 44,296 ceramic differential-pressure simulation of digital audio signal Bismuth-silicon-oxide crystals, large, transducer . . 43, 86 processing . . 41, 99 pulling from the melt . . 37,250 Channel multipliers: from powder diagram to struc- Bistability in quantum-welliasers . 44, 76 image intensifier for hard X-rays 37,124 ture model on the computer . 41,239 'Bitter water', making tracks in video microchannel-plate photomulti- automatic segmentation of speech tape visible with . 40,129 pliers with subnanosecond char- into diphones . '. 43,233 Black-cobalt coatings for solar col- acteristics . . 38,240 expert system for evaluation of lectors. . . 43,244 Charge-coupled device, see Charge- infrared spectra . . 44, 44 Bloch walls in garnet films for fast Transfer Device sound radiation from a vibrating bubbles . 38,211 Charge-Transfer Device: membrane . . 44,190 BOL, nuclear measurement system at solid-state image sensor. . . 37,303 see also Image processing and IKO .39,302 p2CCD in storage oscilloscope 40, 55 Software Bonding: accordion imager . . 43, 1 Computers splicing glass fibres for optical Chemical analysis, see Chromatog- modelling and simulation in communication . 38,158 raphy and Inorganic chemical design of . 39,134 thermocompression, with IC analysis '(4,2)-concept' fault-tolerant bonding bit . 40,200 Chemical modification in surfaces 44, 81 computer . 41, 1 of leadless components to printed Chemical Vapour Deposition: Consumer electronics, applied re- boards . . 40,342 in the manufacture of silica-glass search, the source of innovation in 44,180 Boundary-layer capacitors, ceramic 41,338 fibres . 36,185 Control, see Measurement and control Bourdon gauge for hot and corrosive in the manufacture of products Correction plates for projection TV 39, 15 gases . . 39,344 of pyrolytic graphite. . 37,189 CQL10: Braking system, anti-lock, actuator in applying wear-resistant coat- information read-out with . . 39, 37 for. . 36, 74 ings to tool steel . . 40,204 microscope photograph * . 39,324 Bridgman anvils for very high pres- growth of silicon films . 41, 60 Cryopurnps in industrial vacuum sures . 36,251 Chromatography: technology . 39,246 Brittle materials, grinding. . 38,105 for determination of organo- Crystal defects: Broadband circulators for VHF and chlorine residues in milk . 36,284 influence on luminescence of GaP 38, 41 UHF . . .36,255 combination of MIP with gas 'selecting quartz for resonators 43,214 Bubbles, see Magnetic bubbles chromatograph . 39, 65 Crystals: Bucket-brigade memory, see Charge- chromatofocusing for separation liquid, for numerical displays . 37,131 Transfer Device of proteins. . 39,125 bismuth-silicon-oxide, pulling Buildings for submicron IC tech- liquid, electrochemiluminescence from the melt . . 37,250 nology: cells for . . 40, 69 AIGaAs, for laser . . 39, 37 architectural features * . 42,172 Circulators, broadband, for VHF DKDP, for TITUS tube . 39, 50 technical aspects .42,266 and UHF . . 36,255 TTC-cut, for quartz-crystal re- Clean rooms for LSI * . { 37,266 sonators . 40, I 37,272 CTD, see Charge-Transfer Device Clock radio with LSI * . . 37,302 Curvature of reflecting surfaces, CMOS technology, submicron . 42,266 measurement of . 40,338 COLATH, numerically controlled CVD, see Chemical Vapour Deposi- CAD, see Computer-Aided Design . precision lathe . . 39,229 tion Camera tubes, TV, new concept for 39,201 Cold cathodes, silicon . . 43, 49 Capacitors: Colour television, see Television ceramic multilayer . . 41, 89 Communication satellites, modula- switched, in integrated filter for tion in . . 36,359 viewdata . 41,105 Compact Disc Digital Audio: ceramic boundary-layer . 41,338 special issue. { 40,149 miniaturization of* . 42,335 -180 Database: Carbon foam . . 36, 93 preface . 40,149 computer program for data- {38,229 Carbon potentiometers, suspension general . 40,151 base consultation in English 38,269 technology for manufacture of. . 36,264 system aspects and modulation 40,157 management for CAD and CAM 40,245 CARIN, car information and naviga- error correction and concealment 40,166 expert system for evaluation of tion system . . 43,317 conversion from digital to ana- infrared spectra . . 44, 44 CAROT, digital method of increasing log . 40,174 Data modem, 'Sernatrans' 102* . 36,356 the robustness of TV signals . . 42,217 Compact Disc Interactive: Data transmission: Cars, see Automotive technology in CARIN car-navigation sys- modulation systems for. . 36,349 Cathode-ray tubes for projection tem . . 43,317 automatic equalizer for data television: general .44,326 links. . 37, 10 interference filters in . 44,201 Compton-scatter radiation, X-ray digital modulation stage for . 37,291 phosphor screens in . 44,335 imaging with .41, 46 baseband, echo canceller for . 39,102 electron guns in .. 44,348 Computer-Aided Design: error control in mobile-radio Cavity resonator: with interactive display . 36,162 data communication. . 39,172 for MIP for emission spectros- design of LSI circuits. . 37,278 experimental optical-fibre com- copy. . 39, 65 database management for . 40,245 munications network . 41,253 for microwave measurement of in light optics and electron D.C. motors, linear, with permanent moisture content . . 40,116 optics . 42, 69 magnets . . 40,329 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 367

Deflection, electro-optic, of laser DIVAC, experimental optical-fibre Electron resists for VLSI . . 39,346 beam . . 36,117 communication network . . 41,253 Electrophoretic cathode coating . 36,264 Deflection coils for 30AX colour {39,154 DKDP crystals for TITUS tube . 39, 50 Electroradiography, medical. . 39, 19 system ...... 39,277 Document handling with Megadoc Electrostatic printing . 36, 57 Delta modulation { 36,339 system . 39,329 Electrostriction, transducers based on 40,358 37,313 DOD (Droplet On Demand) principle Emission speetrometry by micro wave- Diagnostics, see Medical technology in ink-jet printing . . 40,192 induced plasma for ABS. .. 39, 65 Diamond, spark machining of . 40,202 Domains: Energy production by photoelectro- Diamond die, model of " . . 40,133 observation, in ferroelectrics and chemical processes. . . 38,160 Differentlal-pressure transducer, ferromagnetics, with SEM. . 36, 18 Engineering technology at IKO . . 39,315 ceramic . 43, 86 optical switching with bismuth- Environmental science: Differential pulse-code modulation substituted iron garnets. . 41, 33 control of water-purification (DPCM) . . 36,338 magnetic, in amorphous alloys plant . . 36,273 Diffractometer, single-crystal X-ray, for tape-recorder heads. . 44,101 measurement of ozone in an air- PW 1100 . . 38,246 see also Magnetic bubbles craft. . . . . 38,131 Digital circuits in video telephone . 36,233 Doping by ion implantation . 39, Equalizer, fast automatic, for data Digital optical recording: DOR, see Digital optical recording links . . 37, 10 in Megadoc modular system . · 39,329 Double-crucible method for making Erasable magneto-optical recording 42, 37 Compact Disc Digital Audio · 40,149 alkali-gerrnanosilicate glass fibres . 36,182 Ergonomic lathe= . . 36,160 with tellurium alloys . · 41,313 Double-sideband modulation (DSB) 36,311 Error correction: Digital signal processing: Dye films, organic, for optical in mobile-radio data communi- digital modulation stage for data recording . . 41,325 cation . .39,172 transmission . 37,291 and concealment in Compact delta-modulation to PCM con- Disc system . . . 40,166 verter . 37,313 Etching: of audio signals: simulation with experimental etching equipment 38, 51 computer and listening tests . 41, 99 Echo compensator: wet-chemical, galvanic effects in 38,149 special issue on background {42,101 for data transmission. . 39,102 plasma, in IC technology . . 38,200 -144 for Teletext . . 40,319 electrochemical micromachining 42, 22 preface . 42,101 Echography, medical, transducer for 38,195 wet-chemical etching of Ill-V growth of a technology . 42,103 EDDY, computer program for design semiconductors . . 44, 61 theoretical background . 42,111 of electromechanical devices . 39, 78 Europe, future industrial develop- Electric motors: ment .43, 77 special issue on applications {42~~~~ linear d.c. motor with permanent Evacuated solar collector with heat preface . 42,181 magnets . 40,329 pipe . . 40,181 in television receivers . . 42,183 linear, in Stirling cryogenerators 42, 1 Expert systems: integrated signal processor for in small domestic appliances . 42,336 for evaluating infrared spectra 44, 44 digital audio . 42,201 Electrochemistry: sound basis for generation of method of increasing robustness galvanic effects in wet-chemical explanations in . . 44,287 of analog TV signal . . 42,217 etching . . 38,149 filter for analog-to-digital con- energy production by photoelec- version of hi-fi audio . 42,230 trochemical processes . 38,160 with PCB 5010 signal processor 44, 1 electrodeposition of aluminium 39, 87 silicon compiler for designing electrochemiluminescence in Fault-tolerant computer, '(4,2) con- complex ICs for . . 44,218 electrolyte-free solutions . 40, 69 cept' for . . . . . 41, see also Image processing electrochemical micromachining 42, 22 Ferrimagnetic materials: Digital signals: new type of rechargeable battery 43, 22 garnets for magneto-optic mem- transmission of . . 36,343 Electrodeposition of aluminium . . 39, 87 ories. . . . 37,197 error control in mobile radio . 39,172 Electromechanical devices, design of, optical switching with bismuth- station and programme identifi- by computer. . 39, 78 substituted iron garnets. . 41, 33 cation in FM sound broadcast- Electromechanical transducers . 40,358 alloys for erasable magneto- ing . 39,216 Electron accelerator, linear, at IKO 39,325 optic recording . . 42, 37 representation of documents by, Electron guns: Ferroelectrics: with Megadoc . . 39,329 in new concept for television domains in, observation with Digital systems: camera tubes . . 39,201 SEM. . . .36, 18 automatic equalizer for data for projection television . 44,348 ceramic, for analog memory . 37, 51 links. . 37, 10 Electronic components: lithium niobate, for holographic echo canceller for data trans- thermal behaviour of, during information storage . .. 37,109 mission 39,102 soldering . 38,135 PTC effectof barium titanate . 38, 73 equalizer for echo reduction in leadless, attachment to printed DKDP crystals for TITUS tube 39, 50 Teletext. . 40,319 boards . . 40,342 for electromechanical trans- DIVAC, experimental optical- Electronification, half a centuryof, ducers with no hysteresis . . 40,358 fibre communications network 41,253 in telephony systems . . 42,361 Ferromagnetic materials, domains see also Digital signal processing Electron lithography for LSI . . 37,334 in, observation with SEM . 36, 18 Digital-to-analog conversion in Com- Electron microprobe: . Ferroxdure . . 37,157 pact Disc. . 40,174 analysis of glass ûbres> . . 40,349 Fibre optics, see Optical fibres Digitization of speech . . 41,201 analysis of thin films . .42,162 Field-effect transistors: Dilution refrigerators for continuous Electron microscope: GaAs, microwave . . . 39,269 cooling in the millikelvin range. . 36,104 observation of domains in ferro- monolithic GaAs MESFET cir- Dip soldering electronic components 38,135 electrics and ferromagnetics . 36, 18 cuits. . . . . 44,302 Diphones, automatic segmentation scanning-transmission . . . 37, 1 see also Layered semiconductor of speech into . 43,233 CMI2/STEM scanning-trans- structures Dispenser, sodium-vapour . 36, 16 mission . . 43,273 Filters: Dispersion measurements on optical Electron multipliers, see Channel based on acoustic surface waves 36, 29 fibres for communication . 36,211 multipliers integrated switched-capacitor Displacement meter based on the Electron optics: filter for viewdata . . 41,105 laser-Doppler principle . 43,180 pattern generator for LSI . 37,334 thin-film reflection filters. . . 41,225 Distributed computer systems: distortion due to spherical aber- for analog-to-digital conversion software aspects . 40,262 ration of an electron lens . . 42, 20 of hi-fi audio . . 42,230 computations on arrays of pro- CAD in light optics and electron interference, in projection tele- cessors . . 40,270 optics . 42, 69 vision tubes . . 44,201 368 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12

Fining of glass . 40,310 Heat pipe: Infrared: Finite-element method, in calculating in evacuated solar collector . 40,181 thermography . 37,241 stress in TV tubes . . . 37, 56 in refrigerator-freezer . 40,350 thin-film reflection filters . 41,225 Fluorescent lamps: HElS for determining implantation expert system for evaluation of suspension technology for apply- profiles . . 39, infrared spectra . . 44, 44 ing fluorescent coating. . 36,264 High pressures, apparatus for re- Injection logic: behaviour of aluminate phos- search at . . . . 36,245 CAD systemfor 12 L circuits. . 37,290 phors for . 37,221 High-pressure sodium lamps. . 39,211 12 L circuitfor digital modulation amalgams for . 38, 83 Historical: stage. . 37,291 progress in . . 42,342 20 years of research on inter- Injection-moulding process, analysis 44,212 laser diagnostics for low-pressure metallic compounds . .. 36,136 Ink-jet printing . . 40,192 mercury discharges . . 43, 62 IKO, the Institute for Nuclear Inorganic chemical analysis: FM: Physics Research. . . 39,286 measurement of ozone in an sound broadcasting, station and Holst, Gilles, pioneer of indus- aircraft . . 38,131 programme identification in . 39,216 trial research in the' Nether- emission speetrometry with MIP 39, 65 receivers for mono and stereo on lands. . . . . 40,121 high-resolution X-ray diffrac- single chip. . . . 41,169 see also: tometer . . 41,183 Fracture faces of optical glass {37, 89 Anniversary Issues electron-probe microanalysis of fibres . 39,245 Philips Technical Review thin films . 42,162 Frequency dividers for UHF . . 38, 54 50 years ago Institute for Nuclear Physics Research Frequency-division multiplex (FDM) 36,316 Then and now (IKO): Frequency modulation, see FM Holography: special issue . { 39,285 Frequency stabilization with TIC-cut holographic display of vibration -328 crystals . 40, patterns . . 36, preface . 39,285 lithium niobate for holographic historical . . 39,286 information storage . .. 37,109 cyclotron . . 39,290 Holst, Gilles, pioneer of industrial radioisotopes . 39,294 research in the Netherlands . 40,121 Geiger-Müller counters . 39,296 Hydrogen: semiconductor detectors . 39,298 Gallium arsenide: storage in LaNi5 • 36,136 BOL . . 39,30~ laser for optical communication 36,190 absorption in intermetallic com- electronics for nuclear physics 39,312 microwave field-effect transistor 39,269 pounds . . . 36,217 engineering technology. . 39,315 bistability in quantum-welliasers 44, 76 absorption in rechargeable bat- ion-beam technology . . 39,320 theory of the GaAs/AIOaAs tery . . . .43, 22 linear electron accelerators. . 39,325 quantum well. . . 44,137 Hydroxylapatite, sintered, as bio- Integrated circuits: superlattices in short-wavelength ceramic . 37,234 pnpn elements for telephone lasers . 44,268 switching . 36,291 in MESFET ICs . 44,302 optical inspection of connecting- see also Layered semiconductor lead patterns . . 37, 77 structures in PM 2517 digital multimeter . 38,181 Gallium arsenophosphide, zinc-diffu- plasma etching in IC technology 38,200 sion profiles in . . . . 37,121 echo canceller for data transmis- Gallium nitride, light-emitting diodes IC, see Integrated circuits sion . . 39,102 based on . . 37,237 12L, see Injection logic equalizer for echo reduction in Gallium phosphide: Image intensifier: Teletext. . 40,319 zinc-diffusion profiles in . 37,121 for hard X-rays . . 37,124 integrated switched-capacitor fil- influence of crystal defects on X-ray, with large input format . 41,137 ter for viewdata . . 41,105 luminescence . . . 38, 41 Image processing: FM receivers on single chip . . 41,169 and GaAs, molecular beam camera for, with edge-enhance- digitization of speech.. . 41,201 epitaxy of silicon on . 43,154 ment. . 37,180 expansion of IC activities at Galvanic effects in wet-chemical special issue . {38,289 Philips Research Laboratories " 42,172 etching . 38,149 -371 signal processor for digital audio 42,201 Garnets: preface . 38,289 filter for analog-to-digital con- ferrimagnetic, for magneto-optic a challenge . . 38,291 version of hi-fi audio . 42,230 memories . 37,197 digital image enhancement . 38,298 from transistor to IC.. . 42,326 garnet films for fast magnetic Dot Scan CCTV for, in real time 38,310 dielectric resonators for micro- bubbles . . 38,211 digital, universal instrument for 38,326 wave oscillators . 43, 35 optical switching with bismuth- experiment in flexible automa- digital signal processors . . 44, 1 substituted iron garnets . 41, 33 tion . . . . 38,329 complex, design of for digital Gas discharge, striations in . 44, 89 flashing tomosynthesis .. 38,338 signal processing . . 44,218 Gas-phase epitaxy, see Metal-organic computerized mammogram pro- advanced HS3 bipolar-IC tech- gas-phase epitaxy cessing . . . . 38,347 nology . . 44,296 Geiger-Müller counters from IKO . 39,296 system that learns to recognize GaAs MESFET ICs. . 44,302 Getters, Th-Ce-AI system . . 36,136 two-dimensional shapes . 38,356 power integrated circuits . 44,310 Glass: self-organizing systems . 38,364 see also: transparent single-point turning 39, 92 dual-energy X-ray diagnostics . 42,274 LSI fining . . 40,310 interactive MR image synthesis . 43, 95 Submicron IC technology mechanism of corrosion by water 42, 59 Image projector, electron, for LSI .37,347 VLSI continuous skull-melting . 42, 93 Image sensors: Interactive display in computer- outline of a development . 42,316 solid-state, with resistive elec- aided design. . 36,162 research on television glass . 43,253 trodes . . 37,303 Interconnection patterns for ICs, Graphite, pyrolytic, products of . 37,189 accordion imager . . . 43, 1 optical inspection of . . 37, 77 Greases for spiral-groove bearings . 39,184 mobile system for image bulk Interfaces, looking at . 43,220 Grinding brittle materials . . 38,105 storage . . . 43,260 Interference filters in projection- Implantation, see Ion implantation television tubes . . 44,201 INDA, software for flexible automa- Intermetallic compounds: tion . . 40,237 20 years of research . 36,136 Indentation measurements on thin computer calculation of crystal HO-MAC, step forward in evolution films . 42, 85 structure from powder diagram 41,239 of television technology . . 43,197 Index profiling of optical fibres . . 36,211 Ion-beam mixing. . 44, 24 Heat of formation of alloys . 36,217 Industrial development of Europe 43, 77 Ion-beam system at FOM· . 39,319 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 369

Ion-beam technology at IKO. . 39,320 Light guides in process control . 43, 58 magnetic domains in amorphous Ion implantation: Light modulation in optical-fibre alloys for tape-recorder heads 44,101 in semiconductors . . 39, 1 transmission system . 36,201 manufacture of magnetic heads an open 800-kV machine . 43,169 Light optics and electron optics, on laboratory scale . . 44,151 Ionography, with compressed gas, CAD in . 42, 69 multi-track magnetic heads in system for medical electroradiog- Light transmission of sintered thin-film technology. . 44,169 raphy . . 39, 19 alumina . 36, 47 Magnetic resonance: Iridescence in technology andnature * 41,149 Liquid crystals for numerical displays 37,131 proton NMR tomography . 41, 73 Iron garnets, bismuth-substituted, Listening room for appraisal of digital interactive image synthesis . 43, 95 optical switching with . 41, 33 audio signal processing . 41, 99 magnetic fields in medical diag- Isotopes for determining zinc-diffu- Lithium niobate for holographic nostics . . 44,259 sion profiles in GaP and GaAsP . 37,121 information storage . 37,109 Magnetic tape: Lithography: production of . 36,268 methods for IC production . 37,270 mercury porosimetry of . 41,260 Silicon Repeater for LSI. . 37,330 Magneto-optic storage wafer MOPS 37,197 electron-beam pattern generator 37,334 Magneto-optical recording .. 42, 37 Lacquers: electron-image projector. . 37,347 Magnetoresistance effect, read-out of photopolymerizable, for Laser- X-ray, for VLSI . 41,150 magnetic tape by . . 37, 42 Vision discs . 40,298 optics of Silicon Repeater . 41,268 Mammograms, computerized proces- X-ray resists for VLSI . 41,150 polymer chemistry of lacquers sing of . . 38,347 for photolithography, polymer for photolithography . 42,149 Manometers, see Pressure measure- chemistry of . . 42,149 Local-area network, PHILAN, based ments LAN, Local-Area Network . 43, 10 on fibre-optic ring . . 43, 10 Masks for integrated circuits: Langmuir trough for building mono- Logic analyser, PM 3543 * . . 40,286 for fabrication of digital mod- molecular layers . 36, 44 Logic circuits, see Injection logic ulation stage . . . 37,300 Large-screen projector with laser beam 36,117 Loudspeaker cones, vibration pat- electron-beam pattern generator Lasers: terns and radiation behaviour of . 36, for LSI . . . 37,334 electro-optic deflection of laser LSI: removal of, by plasma etching 38,200 beam . 36,117 special issue . (37,265 checking computer design of* 38,290 beam manipulation with optical -356 X-ray lithography for VLSI. . 41,150 fibres in laser welding . 42,262 preface . 37,265 Materials testing: laser diagnostics for low-pressure revolution in electronics . 37,267 metal/ceramic X-ray tubes for . 41, 24 mercury discharges . . 43, 62 abbreviations and acronyms . 37,277 X-ray imaging for, with Comp- laser-Doppler displacement meter 43,180 design by CAD . 37,278 ton-scatter radiation .. 41, 46 module for 4-Gbit/s optical digital modulation stage for data determining Von Mises stress communications . . 44,162 transmission . 37,291 from neck of a test specimen . 42, 11 see also Semiconductor lasers image sensor with resistive elec- quantitative measurements by LaserVision: trodes . 37,303 the Schlieren method . 43,184 scanner for player * . 37, 90 delta modulation/PCM con- selecting quartz for resonators 43,214 disc manufacture . . 40,287 verter . 37,313 predicting the properties of mat- photopolymerizable lacquers for Silicon Repeater . 37,330 erials . . 44,276 discs . 40,298 electron-beam pattern generator 37,334 MCR, increasing reverberation time Lathe: electron-image projector. . 37,347 by multiple-channel amplification 41, 12 ergonomic * . 36,160 Luminescence: Measurement and control: high-precision, COLA TH . 39,229 of GaP, influence of crystal de- control of water-purification fabrication of aspheric optical fects on . . 38, 41 plant . . 36,273 elements with COLA TH . 41,296 electrochemi-, in electrolyte-free control of experimental robot . 40, 41 Layered semiconductor structures: solutions . 40, 69 process control with light special issue. (43,109 see also Phosphors guides . 43, 58 -165 ceramic differential-pressure preface . 43,109 transducer . . 43, 86 research on . 43.111 Mechanization, see Automation metal-organic vapour-phase epi- Medical technology: taxy (MO-VPE) of Ill-V semi- transducer for medical echo- conductors . . 43,118 Machine-print characters, image pro- graphy . . . 38,195 MO-VPE with novel reactor and cessing of, with OCR camera . 37,180 digital enhancement of X-ray characterization . . 43,133 Machining, spark . 40,199 pictures . . 38,298 molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) Machining, transparent, of glass . 39, 92 flashing tomosynthesis of X-ray of GaAs and AlGaAs . 43,143 Magnetic bubbles pictures . . 38,338 MBE of Si on GaP and GaAs . 43.154 single-mask bubble memory with mammogram processing . . 38,347 Leaching of glass, mechanism for . 42, 59 rotating field control . 36,149 electroradiography . 39, 19 Lead-through wires, welding of* . 42,325 generation and manipulation by TOMOSCAN 310* .40,253 Lectures: microwaves . 37, 38 X-ray imaging with Compton- H.B.G. Casimir · 40,121 fast, garnet films for . . 38,211 scatter radiation . . . 41, 46 W. Dekker . .43,77 Magnetic domains, see Domains proton NMR tomography . . 41, 73 J.F. Dijksman · 44,212 Magnetic fields of TV deflection coils, metal/ceramic diagnostic X-ray Bernard Dixon · 38, 17 measurement of . 39,277 tube . . . 41,126 S. van Houten · 44,180 Magnetic heads: X-ray image intensifier with large G. Lorenz · 44, 16 manufacture on laboratory scale 44,151 input format . . . 41,137 W. Martienssen '.38, 25 multi-track, in thin-film techno- dual-energy X-ray diagnostics 42,274 F. Meijer .43,220 logy . . 44,169 medical systems in the last half- A. E. Pannenborg . .38, 33 Magnetic properties of microscopie century . . 42,352 G. E. Thomas . · 44, 51 particle, measurement of . . 39, 48 interactive MR image synthesis 43, 95 LED, see Light-emitting diodes Magnetic recording: magnetic fields in medical diag- ' Lens surfaces, inspecting shape of * 41,224 of video signals . 36,326 nostics: MR and SQUID . . 44,259 Levitation in magnetic bearings . . 41,348 annoyance due to modulation diagnostic X-ray tube with spiral- Light beam, deflection of, with Kerr noise and drop-outs in sound groove bearings . . . 44,357 cells . 36,117 recording . 37, 29 Megadoc, modular system for elec- Light-emitting diodes: read-out of magnetic tape by tronie document handling .. 39,329 for optical communication · 36,190 magnetoresistance effect . 37, 42 Membrane, vibrating, sound radia- ofGaN . · 37,237 making video tracks visible. . 40,129 tion from . . 44,190 370 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12

Memories: in telecommunication . 36,353 transmission in the 1.55-Jlm single-mask bubble memory with in data transmission . . 37, 13 window in single-mode fibre." 42,286 rotating-field control . 36,149 digital modulation stage for data PHILAN, local-area network analog, ferroelectric . . 37, 51 transmission ...... 37,291 based on fibre-optic ring . . 43, 10 lithium niobate, for holographic delta modulation/PCM conver- up to 4-Gbit/s, laser module for 44,162 information storage. . 37,109 ter with LSI . 37,313 Optical feedback, noise due to, in magneto-optic, of discrete-bit in Compact Disc . . 40,157 semiconductor lasers . . 43,292 type . . 37,197 Modulation noise in magnetic sound Optical fibres: DOR disc in Megadoc modular recording. . . . . 37, 29 obtaining smooth fracture faces 37, 89 system ...... 39,329 Moisture content of process mat- machine for hot splicing. . . 38,158 storage oscilloscopewith p2 CCD 40, 55 erials, measured with microwaves 40,112 precision fracture of " . 39,245 DOR with tellurium alloys . 41,313 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) analysis of, with electron micro- submicron IC technology for de- of rnultilayer structures with probe." . . 40,349 velopment of I-Mbit SRAM 42,266 GaAs and AlGaAs .. 43,143 device for stripping protective 256-kbit SRAM . 44, 33 of silicon on GaP and GaAs. . 43,154 coatings from . . 41,124 Mercury discharges, low-pressure, silicon-MBE equipment • . 44,238 polymer chemistry of protective laser diagnostics for . . 43, 62 Monomolecular layers, Langmuir coatings . 42,149 Mercury lamps, see Fluorescent trough for . . 36, 44 beam manipulation in laser lamps MOPS, magneto-optic storage wafer 37,197 welding . . 42,262 Mercury porosimetry of magnetic MOS devices, behaviour of oxide film 43,330 application of light guides in tape . 41,260 MR, see Magnetic resonance process control . 43, 58 MESFET circuits, GaAs, research on MRH (Magneto-Resistive Head) for manufacture by PCVD process 44,241 at LEP . . . . 44,302 read-out of magnetic tape .. 37, 42 see also Optical communication Metal/ceramic X-ray tubes: Multimeter, PM2517 automatic via glass fibres for non-destructive testing . 41, 24 digital. . 38,181 Optical inspection of connecting- for medical diagnostics. . 41,126 Multiplexers and demultiplexers in lead patterns for ICs . . 37, 77 Metallurgical quantities, values of . 38,257 optical communication systems. . 43,344 Optical integrating sphere for meas- Metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy: Multi-track magnetic heads . 44,169 uring losses in optical fibres " . 41,347 of multilayer structures with Optical recording: III-V semiconductors . 43,118 manufacture of LaserVision discs 40,287 with novel reactor and character- lacquers for LaserVision discs 40,298 ization of multilayer structures 43,133 organic-dye films for optical re- Metals: cording . . 41,325 20 years of research on inter- magneto-optical, erasable . 42, 37 metallic compounds . . 36,136 Navigation and information system future trends . . 44, 51 heat of formation of alloys. . 36,217 for cars, CARIN . 43,317 by crystalline/amorphous phase interconnection in ICs . 37,267 Network structure of polyepoxides 44,110 change . . 44,250 atom as building block. . 38,257 Nickel-hydride cell, new type of see also Digital optical recording from powder diagram to struc- rechargeable battery . . 43, 22 Optical switching with bismuth-sub- ture model on the computer . 41,239 NMR, see Magnetic resonance stituted iron garnets . 41, 33 research on amorphous alloys . 42, 48 Noise: Optical technology: Metastable phases . 43,304 annoyance due to modulation turning glass for aspheric lenses 39, 92 Microbalance, piezoelectric . 41,304 noise in magnetic sound record- making bi-aspheric lenses with Microchannel plate in subnanosecond ~g .n,~ COLATH . . 39,243 photomultiplier tubes . . 38,240 due to optical feedback in semi- for fabrication of aspheric op- Microcomputer Development System conductor lasers . . 43,292 tical elements . . 41,286 PM 4421 • . 40,269 Nuclear-physics electronics at IKO 39,312 Organic-dye films for optical record- Microcomputer for intercom system> 37,275 Nucleation and growth of silicon ing. . . 41,325 Micromachining, electrochemical . 42, 22 films by CVD . 41, 60 Orthogonal transformation of TV Microwaves: Numerical display with liquid crystals 37,131 pictures in real time . 38,119 circulators, broadband . 36,255 Oscillators, integrated microwave, modulation in microwave links 36,357 dielectric resonators for . . 43, 35 generation and manipulation of Oscilloscope, digital storage, with magnetic domains . 37, 38 P2CCD . 40, 55 microwave-induced plasma for Oxide film in MOS devices . 43,330 emission spectrometry. . 39, 65 O-BUS, system for flexible public Ozone, measurement of, in an air- GaAs microwave FET . 39,269 transport by on-call buses . 40,231 craft . 38,131 TRAPATT oscillator. . 40, 99 OCR (Optical Character Recogni- measurement of moisture con- tion), edge-enhancing double-focus tent in process materials . 40,112 camera . 37,180 dielectric resonators for inte- Optical communication via glass grated microwave oscillators . 43, 35 fibres: 40,254 Milk, determination of organo- special issue . (36,177 Parallel computer programs . ( chlorine residues in . 36,284 -216 40,278 MIP (Microwave-Induced Plasma) preface . 36,177 Passivation layers, measurement of for emission speetrometry . 39, 65 general . 36,178 stress in . . 39,130 Mobile image-storage system . . 43,260 manufacture of glass optical Pattern generator, electron-beam, Mobile-radio data communication, fibres . 36,182 for LSI ...... 37,334 error control in. . . . 39,172 semiconductor lasers for . 36,190 P2CCD, in storage oscilloscope . . 40, 55 Modulation: light modulation and injection 36,201 PCVD for manufacture of optical light, in optical-fibre transmis- avalanche photodiode as detector 36,205 fibres . . . 44,241 sion systems . 36,201 testing optical fibres by disper- Perception: measurement of visual conspicuity 36, 71 special issue . (36,305 sion measurements . 36,211 -362 components for glass optical- OCR camera with edge-enhance- preface . 36,305 fibre circuits . . 40, 46 ment for image processing . 37,180 introduetion . 36,307 DIVAC experimental network 41,253 speaker recognition by computer 37,207 of sinusoidal carrier . 36,309 integrating sphere for measuring manipulation of speech sounds 40,134 of pulse trains . . . 36,329 losses " . . . 41,347 Permanent magnets: quantization and coding of system with. wavelength-d!v!- { 42 245 intermetallic compounds for .36,136 analog signals. . . 36,337 sl(;m ~ultIP.lex and rmrn- 43'344 Ferroxdure for . . 37,157 transmission of digital signals 36,343 mized msernon loss . ' linear d.c. motor with . 40,329 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 371

Personal computer, P2000·. .40,261 Porosimeter measurements on mag- Recognition: Pesticides, milk monitor for. . 36,284 netic tape . 41,260 of speakers by computer .. 37,207 Phase and amplitude contrast, sirnul- Powder diagram, calculating crystal of two-dimensional shapes, by taneous, in STEM . . 37, 1 structure by computer from . . 41,239 learning system . . 38,356 Phase modulation . 36,318 Power ICs . 44,310 picture, with self-organizing sys- Phases, metastable, and thermo- Pressure measurements: tems . . 38,364 dynamic equilibrium . . 43,304 fast gauge for hot and corrosive expert system for evaluation of Phenol synthesis and photomorpho- gases . 39,344 infrared spectra . . . 44, 44 genesis . 38, 89 ceramic differentlal-pressure Reflection filters, thin-film .. 41,225 PHIDAS, database management sys- transducer . . 43, 86 Reflection reduction on television tem for CAD/CAM . 40,245 Pressure vessels for solid-state phys- screens * . . . 42, 58 PHIDIAS, software aspects of . . 40,262 ics research . 36,245 Refrigeration technology: PHILAN, a fibre-optic local-area Printing: continuous cooling in the milli- network . . 43, 10 electrostatic .36, 57 kelvin range . 36,104 Philips Technical Review ceases ink-jet . 40,192 critical review . . 37, 91 publication . . 44,325 Process control with light guides .43, 58 refrigerator-freezer with heat Philips Technical Review 50 years Projection television: pipe . . . 40,350 ago: correction plates for . . 39, 15 Stirling cryogeneraters with lin- introduetion . 42,160 interference filters in projection ear drive . 42, experimental television trans- tubes . 44,201 Repeater projector, see Silicon Re- mitter and receiver· . 42,161 phosphor screens in projection peater loudspeaker and sound-amplify- tubes . 44,335 Resistive electrodes for image sensor 37,303 ing installation on 'Norman- electron guns in projection Resists, electron, for VLSI .. 39,346 die' • . 42,161 tubes. . 44,348 Resonators: optical models for studying Protective coatings for optical fibres: with TIC-cut quartz crystals . 40, 1 acoustics of theatres" . 42,265 removal . . 41,124 dielectric, for integrated micro- practical applications of .X- {42 265 polymer chemistry . 42,149 wave oscillators . . 43, 35 rays for the exammanon 43' 9 Proteins, separation of, by chrom- selecting quartz for . 43,214 of materials • . . . .. ' atofocusing . . 39,125 Reverberation chamber, non-rectan- demonstration of superhetero- Proton NMR tomography . 41, 73 gular . .37,176 dyne reception " . . 43, 9 PSD (Picture Store and Display) Reverberation time, increased by Philishave, history of . . 42,312 instrument for digital image pro- multiple-channel amplification . . 41, 12 PHLIQA 1: cessing . 38,326 Robot, experimental, for assembly 40, 33 organization and performance . 38,229 PTC effect of barium titanate . 38, 73 Rotating-field control, single-mask artificial languages and trans- Pulse-amplitude modulation (P AM) 36,330 bubble memory with . . 36,149 lation operations . . 38,269 Roughness measurements by Schlieren Pulse-code modulation (PCM) { 36,337 Phosphors: 37,313 method . 43,184 aluminate, for fluorescent lamps 37,221 Pulse-frequency and pulse-duration pigmentation of, for colour TV 40, 48 modulation (PFM and PDM) . 36,332 for projection television . . 44,335 Purification plant for water, control Photocathodes: of . . . 36,273 caesium iodide, for electron- PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) of image projector . 37,348 low-friction wear-resistant films . 41,186 alkali-antimonide films for . . 40, 19 PW 1100, single-crystal X-ray dif- SAMEN/SAMO . . 39,134 X-ray image intensifier with large fractometer . . 38,246 Satellite television, 12-GHz receivers input format . . 41,137 Pyrolytic graphite, products of . 37,189 for. . . 39,257 Photodiodes, avalanche . 36,205 Scandium for X-ray tube anode * 41,267 Photoelectrochemical energy produc- Scanning-transmission electron micro- tion . 38,160 scope: Photoemission of alkali-antimonide simultaneous phase and ampli- films . 40, 19 tude images in . 37, I Photomasks, see Masks for integrated CMI2/STEM . 43,292 circuits Quantum well: Schlieren method, quantitative meas- Photomorphogenesis .38, 89 lasers, bistability in . 44, 76 urements with . . 43,184 Photomultipliers, ultra-fast, with GaAs/AlGaAs, theory of . 44,137 Sematrans 102· . . . 36,356 microchannel plate. .38,240 see also Layered semiconductor Semiconductor lasers: Photopolymerization: structures for optical communication . 36,190 in manufacture of LaserVision Quartz, selection of, for resonators 43,214 coupling to optical fibre . . 36,201 discs . 40,287 Quartz-crystal resonators with TTC- for information read-out . 39, 37 photopolymerizable lacquers for cut crystals . 40, I microscope photograph of LaserVision discs . 40,298 Quartz glass optical fibre, manufac- CQLlO· . . 39,324 Picture processing, see Image pro- ture . 36,182 noise due to optical feedback in cessing Question-answering system for {38,229 semiconductor lasers . 43,292 Picture tubes, see Television database consultation in English 38,269 for visible light * .'. . 44, 23 Piezoelectric microbalance . 41,304 quantum-well, bistability in. . 44, 76 Piezoelectric weighing and sorting of short-wavelength, superlattices in 44,268 small spherical particles . . 42,173 see also: Pigmentation of TV phosphors . . 40, 48 LaserVision Plants, phenol synthesis and photo- . Layered semiconductor struc- morphogenesis in . . 38, 89 tures Plasma: Radar, 'Signaal' Automatic Radar Optical recording plasma method for making glass Processing system * . 40,218 Seventy-five years of Philips Re- optical fibres . . 36,182 Radial error of precision air bearings, search, see Anniversary Issue plasma etching in IC technology 38,200 measurement of . 41,334 Shape inspection of lens surfaces" 41,224 microwave-induced, foremission Radio: Shape memories of NiTe . . 36,136 speetrometry . . 39, 65 station and programme ldentifi- Shavers, history of the Philishave . 42,312 PCVD process for manufacture cation in FM sound broad- Signal processors: of optical fibres . 44,241 casting . . 39,216 ASP, for digital audio . 42,201 Polyepoxides . . 44,110 FM receivers for mono and stereo digital, PCB 5010 . .44, 1 Polymer chemistry in the electrical on single chip . . 41,169 Silica-glass optical fibre, manufac- industry . . 42,149 Radioisotopes from IKO . . 39,294 ture .36,185 372 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12

Silicon: by microwave-induced plasma Teletext: avalanche photodiode of, for for atomic emission. . . . 39, 65 LSI decoder for reception of" ·37,312 optical communication . . 36,205 Raman, for investigating glass automatic equalizer for echo in TRAPATT oscillator . . 40, 99 fining . . 40,310 reduction . 40,319 films, nucleation and growth of, scandium for X-ray tube anode Television: by CVD . . 41, 60 for X-ray fluorescence " . . 41,267 stress calculations for picture cold cathodes . 43, 49 Speech: tubes . 37, 56 molecular beam epitaxy of, on manipulation of speech sounds 40,134 solid-state image sensor . 37,303 GaP and GaAs . 43,154 digitization of . . . . 41,201 real-time orthogonal transfor- see also Integrated circuits automatic segmentation of, into mation of colour-TV pictures 38,119 Silicon compiler for design of com- diphones . . . 43,233 Dot Scan CCTV for real-time plex ICs . . 44,218 Spherical aberration of an electron image processing.. . 38,310 Silicon Repeater: lens, distortion due to . . 42, 20 deflection coils of 30AX colour- for LSI . 37,330 Spherical particles, weighing and picture system . 39,154 optical aspects of . 41,268 sorting . . 42,173 new concept for camera tubes 39,201 SIMS for determinlng doping pro- SPI in FM sound broadcasting . . 39,216 12-GHz receivers for satellite files .... . 39, 1 Splicing, see Bonding TV .39,257 Single-mask bubble memory with SQUID (Superconducting QUantum measuring magnetic fields of TV rotating-field control . . 36,149 Interference Device) . . . 44,259 deflection coils . 39,277 Single-mode optical fibre, transmis- SRAM, Static Random-Access games with computer " • 40,230 sion in the 1.55-!1mwindow" . 42,286 Memory: reduction of screen reflections" 42, 58 Single-sideband modulation (SSB) . 36,313 256-kbit SRAM . . . 44, 33 receivers, digital signal proces- Sintering, see Ceramic technology in submicron IC technology " . 44,150 sing in . . 42,183 Skull-melting, method for continuous Station and programme identification digital method for obtaining ro- melting of glass. . . . 42, 93 in FM sound broadcasting . . . 39,216 bust television signals . 42,217 Sodium lamps, high-pressure . 39,211 STEM, see Scanning-transmission technology, from 1936 to 1986 42,297 Sodium-vapour dispenser . . 36, 16 electron microscope accordion imager . .. . 43, 1 Software: Strain gauges, thin-film ... 39, 94 test decor" . . 43,192 ASKA, for stress calculations on Striations in a gas discharge . . . 44, 89 HD-MAC . 43,197 TV tubes . 37, 56 Strontium titanate in ceramic bound- research on television glass . 43,253 for database consultation in !38,229 ary-layer capacitors . 41,338 see also Projection television English...... 38,269 Submicron IC technology: Tellurium alloys for digital optical EDDY, for design of electro- new centre for . .42,266 recording. . 41,313 magnetic devices . . 39, 78 the 256-kbit SRAM, important Tensile test, determining Von Mises SAMEN/SAMO, for simulating step on the way to .44, 33 stress from neck of specimen . 42, 11 computer systems . 39,134 SRAM in " . . 44,150 Then and now (1937-1987): for simulating telephone cables 40, 85 Superconductivity: lighting the Eiffel tower> .43,61 in intermetallic compounds . 36,136 high-pressure mercury lamps • .43,94 special issue . 40,217 ! -286 and superfluidity . 37, 91 measuring instrurnents " . · 43,183 preface . 40,217 Superlattices in short-wavelength television projection tubes • · 43,213 general . 40,219 semiconductor lasers. ... 44,268 transmitting valves· . · 43,243 abstraction . 40,225 Surfaces: permanent magnets· . · 43,303 O-BUS, system for public trans- aluminium, optically smooth " 39,183 high-voltage rectifiers " · 43,343 port with on-call buses . . 40,231 reflecting, curvature of . . . 40,338 Then and now (1938-1988): INDA, software tool for pro- aspheric, design and optical ad- television cameras " . 44, 15 duction engineer . . 40,237 vantages of . . . 41,289 plastics in vacuum cleaners" . 44, 43 database management system mechanism of the corrosion of lamps for phototherapy" . 44, 75 for CAD and CAM . 40,245 glass by water . . . . 42, 59 antennas" . 44,122 parallel programs . . 40,254 quantitative measurements by assembly of thermionic devices" 44,161 software aspects of PHIDIAS the Schlieren method . 43,184 car radios" . . 44,179 system . . 40,262 looking at interfaces . . 43,220 Then and now (1939-1989): PM4421, aid in microcomputer chemical modification in . 44, 81 Philishave " . .44,211 development • . 40,269 Surface tension of metals . . 38,257 television receivers· . · 44,334 distributed computations on Surface waves, acoustic, in filters . 36, 29 Theoretical physics: arrays of processors . . 40,270 Suspension technology . . 36,264 GaAs/AIGaAs quantum well . 44,137 transformation methods for im- 39,291 prediction of properties of Synchrocyclotron at IKO . 39,308 proving parallel programs. . 40,278 ! materials . 44,276 for calculating crystal structure Thermodynamic equilibrium and from powder diagram. . 41,239 metastable phases . . 43,304 expert system for evaluation of Thermography, macro- and micro- 37,241 infrared spectra . . 44, 44 Thin films and coatings: Solar cells, regenerative . 38,166 strain gauges . 39, 94 Solar collectors: Telecommunication: CVD for applying wear-resistant evacuated, with heat pipe .40,181 broadband circulators for VHF coatings to tool steel . 40,204 black-cobalt coatings for . 43,244 and UHF . . . . 36,255 nucleation and growth of silicon Soldering: modulation in . . 36,353 films by eVD . . 41, 60 thermal behaviour of electronic advanced, technological aspects 44, 16 applying low-friction wear-re- components during soldering 38,135 see also Data transmission and sistant films by PVD . 41,186 of leadless components to printed Telephony thin-film reflection filters . 41,225 boards . 40,342 Telephony: tellurium alloys for digital opti- SON lamps (high-pressure sodium switching telephone signals. . 36,291 cal recording . . 41,313 lamps) . 39,211 delta modulation/PCM conver- organic-dye films for optical Sound, see Acoustics and Audio ter with LSI . . 37,313 recording . 41,325 Space-division multiplex (SDM) sys- computer-aided research on indentation measurements on . 42, 85 tem for telephone switching . 36,294 multiwire cables . 40, 85 electron-microprobe analysis of 42,162 Spark machining . 40,199 digital exchange" ... 40,224 oxide film in MOS devices . . 43,330 SPARX system, speech studies with 40,134 half a century of 'electronifica- improved adhesion of lubricat- Speaker recognition by computer . 37,207 tion' in telephony systems. . 42,361 ing films with ion-beam mixing 44, 24 Spectrometry: see also Optical communication multi-track magnetic heads. . 44,169 HElS and SIMS for determining via glass fibres and Video see also Layered semiconductor doping profiles . 39, telephony structures Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No.1I/12 SUBJECT INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 373

Time-division multiplex (TDM) with Visual conspicuity, measurement of 36, 71 computerized mammogram pro- pulse-amplitude modulation . 36,330 VLP, see LaserVision cessing . . . 38,347 Titanium carbide and nitride, wear- VLSI: electroradiography for medical resistant coatings on tool steel. . 40,204 negative electron resists. . 39,346 X-ray diagnosis . 39, 19 TITUS tube, DKDP crystals for . 39, 50 for Compact Disc* .40,173 window for ultrasoft X-rays Tomography, NMR . 41, 73 X-ray lithography for . 41,150 from space. . 40, 12 Tomosynthesis, flashing . 38,338 optical aspects of Silicon Re- TOMOSCAN 310* .40,253 Tool steel, application of wear-repeater . 41,268 metal/ceramic tubes for non- sistant coatings to . . 40,204 Von Mises stress, determination from destructive testing . . 41, 24 Transducers: neck of test specimen. .. . 42, 11 imaging with Compton-scatter for medical echography . 38,195 Vulcanization of silicon rubbers, radiation. ... . 41, 46 with thin-film strain gauges. . 39, 94 polymer chemistry of . . 42,149 metal/ceramic diagnostic tube . 41,126 electromechanical, with no hys- image intensifier with large input teresis . 40,358 format . . 41,137 Transformation methods for improv- lithography for VLSI . .. 41,150 ing parallel computer programs . 40,278 diffractometer, high-resolution 41,183 Transistor technology . . 42,326 scandium for tube anode * . . 41,267 Transition metals, alloying behaviour Water cycle, transport oftungsten by 36,133 diagnostics, dual-energy . . 42,274 of . . 36,217 Water supply, control of treatment medical systems in the last half- Translation operations in PHLIQA 1 38,269 plant for . . 36,273 century . . . 42,352 Transmitting-valve grids of pyrolytic Wavelength-division multiplex, {42,245 diagnostic tube with spiral- graphite . . 37,189 optical communicationsystem with 43,344 groove bearings . 44,357 Transport, flexible public, O-BUS Wave soldering electronic com- {38,135 system with on-call buses . 40,231 ponents ...... 40,342 Transport reactions, chemical, in in- WDM (wavelength-division multi- candescent lamps . . 36,133 plex), optical communication sys- TRAPATI oscillator . 40, 99 tem with . . 42,245 Travelling-wave divider for UHF . 38, 54 Wear-resistant coatings: Young Scientists and Inventors: TIC (Therm al-Transient Compen- deposition on tool steel by CVD 40,204 special issue . {38, 1 sated) cut for quartz crystals . 40, 1 low-friction, application byPVD 41,186 -39 Tungsten transport by water cycle . 36,133 Weighing and sorting machine . 42,173 preface . 38, 1 Welding: inquiry . 38, ..2 laser, beam manipulation with pollution of the Shannon in optical fibres . . 42,262 Limerick . 38, 6 of lead-through wires * .42,325 lichens . 38, 8 Undercutting in wet-chemical etching 38,149 Window for ultrasoft X-rays from hovercraft sprayer . . 38, 11 space . . 40, 12 local functional equations . 38, 13 instrument for measuring cave cross-section . . 38, 14 lecture 'Science and Education' 38, 17 Vacuum technology, cryopumps in 39,246 lecture 'Science and Society' . 38, 25 Video disc, see LaserVision lecture 'Science and World Video tape, making tracks visible . 40,129 X-rays: Problems' . . 38, 33 Video telephony: hard, channel-plate image inten- experimental system . . 36, 85 sifier for . 37,124 digital circuits in video telephone 36,233 crystal structure research at high signal switching . 36,291 pressures with PW 1100 . 38,246 Viewdata filter, integrated, with digital image enhancement . 38,298 Zinc-diffusion profiles in GaP and switched capacitors . 41,105 flashing tomosynthesis . 38,338 GaAsP . 37,121 374 PhiIips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12, 374-380, Nov. 1989

Author index, Volumes 36-44

Figures in bold type indicate the volume number, and those in ordinary type the page number. Articles published in volumes 1-35are given in the author indexes at the end of volumes 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40.

Aagaard, E. A., P. M. van den Avoort and F. W. de Vrijer Belouet, C. An experimental video-telephone system ...... 36, 85 DKDP crystals for use in the TITUS tube . 39, 50 Acket, G. A., J. J. Daniele, W. Nijman, R. P. Tijburg and Berg, J. F. M. van de, T. E. G. Daenen, G. Krijl and R. E. P. J. de Waard van de Leest Semiconductor lasersfor optical communication . . . 36,190 The electrodeposition of aluminium . . 39, 87 Admiraal, D. J. H., B. 1.Cardozo, G. Domburg and J. J. M. Berkhout. P. J., see Eggermont, 1. D. J. Neelen Bethe, K. and D. Schön Annoyance due to modulation noise and drop-outs in mag- Thin-film strain-gauge transducers...... 39, 94 netic sound recording . 37, 29 Binet, M., see Baudet, P. Akkerman, H. J. Blaffert, T. Engineering technology (35 years of IKO) . 39,315 EXPERTISE: an expert system for infrared spectrum Aldefeld, B. evaluation ...... 44, 44 Calculation and designof electro-mechanical devices . . 39, 78 Bleeker, J. A. M., W. H. Diemer, A. P. Huben and H. Alphen, M. P. van, R. E. J. van de Grift, J. M. Pieper and Huizenga R. J. van de Plassche Camera window for ultrasoft X-rays from celestial sources 40, 12 The PM 2517 automatic digital multimeter . 38,181 Bloem, H., J. C. de Grijs and R. 1. C. de Vaan Alphen, W. M. van, see Spanjer, T. G. An evacuated tubular solar collector incorporating a heat Amato, M., G. Bruning, S. Mukherjee and 1. T. Wacyk pipe. . .. 40,181 Power integrated circuits ...... 44,310 Bloem, J. and W. A. P. Claassen André, J. P., see Frijlink, P. M. Nucleation and growth of silicon films by chemical vapour .Annegam, M. J. J. C., J. P. Arragon, G. de Haan, J. H. C. deposition ...... 41, 60 van Heuven and R. N. Jackson -, A. Bouwknegt and G. A. Wesselink HD-MAC: a step forward in the evolution of television Amalgams for fluorescent lamps . . . . 38, 83 technology ...... 43,197 Blood, P., C. T. Foxon and E. D. Fletcher -, A. H. H. J. Nillesenand J. G. Raven The application of semiconductor superlattices to short- Digital signal processingin television receivers . 42,183 wavelength lasers...... 44,268 Arragon, J. P., see Annegam, M. J. J. C. -, see Kucharska, A. 1. Asjes, R. J., C. S. Caspers and C. H. F. Velzel Blume, P. A laser-Doppler displacement meter . . . . 43,180 Computer-aided design ...... 36,162 Ass, H. M. J. M. van, P. Geittner, R. G. Gossink, D. Küp- Boccon-Gibod, D., see Baudet, P. pers and P. J. W. Severin Boef, A. J. den, see Verbeek, B. H. The manufacture of glass fibres for optical communi- Bollen, L. J. M., J. J. Goedbloed and E. T. J. M. Smeets cation ...... 36,182 The avalanche photodiode . . . 36,205 Asselman, G. A. A. and A. J. van Mensfoort Bosrna, H. and W. G. Gelling A refrigerator-freezer with heat pipe . 40,350 LSI - a revolution in electronics . 37,267 Auphan, M. and G. Dale Botden, P. J. M., see Kramer, C. A transducerfor medical echography . . . . 38,195 Boudewijns, H. P. J., E. C. Dijkmans, P. W. Millenaar, Avoort, P. M. van den, see Aagaard, E. A. N. A. M. Verhoeckx and C. H. J. Vos Bacchi, H. and A. Moreau Digital circuits in the video telephone . . 36,233 Real-time orthogonal transformation of colour-television Boulou, M., M. Furtado and G. Jacob pictures ...... 38,119 Light-emitting diodes based on GaN . . 37,237 Baig, W. G. Boumans, P. W. J. M., see Beenakker, C. 1. M. . An edge-enhancing double-focus camera for image pro- Boutot, J. P. and J. C. Delmotte cessing ...... 37,180 Two microchannel-plate photomultipliers with subnano- Bakker, P. second characteristics ...... 38,240 Linear electron accelerators (35 years of IKO) . 39,325 Bouwer, A. G., G. Bouwhuis, H. F. van Heek and S. Witte- Bartels, W. J. koek High-resolution X-ray diffractometer. . . . 41,1.83 The Silicon Repeater...... 37,330 Barth, P. J., see Voorman, J. O. Bouwhuis, G., see Bouwer, A. G. Bastiaens, J. J. J. and W. C. H. Gubbels Bouwknegt, A., see Bloem, J. 256-kbit SRAM: an important step on the way to sub- Brast, J. J. M. micron IC technology...... 44, 33 Aspherics, Il. Aspheric surfaces: design and optical Baudet, P., M. Binet and D. Boccon-Gibod advantages ...... 41,289 Low-noise microwave GaAs field-effect transistor . 39,269 -, see Hartmann, M. Beasley, J. P. and D. G. Squire Brandsma, J. R. Electron-beam pattern generator . . . . . 37,334 PHILAN, a local-area network based on a fibre-optic ring 43, 10 Beek, L. K. H. van Breed, D. J., F. H. de Leeuw, W. T. Stacy and A. B. Voer- Polymer chemistry in the electrical industry . . 42,149 mans Beenakker, C. I. M., P. W. J. M. Boumans and P. J. Garnet films for fast magnetic bubbles . . . . 38,211 Rommers Brehm, R., K. van Dun, J. Haisma and J. C. G. Teunissen A microwave-induced plasma as an excitation source for Transparent single-point turning of glass .... 39, 92 atomic emission spectrometry...... 39, 65 Brice, J. C., M. J. Hight, O. F. Hill and P. A. C. Whiflin Behr, J.-P., P. Pernards, B. Schendel and J. Schwandt Pulling large bismuth-silicon-oxide crystals . 37,250 Modelling and simulation as an aid in designing a com- - and W. Koelewijn puter...... 39,134 Selecting quartz for resonators. . . . 43,214 Beirens, L. C. M. and A. A. van Gorkum - and W. S. Metcalf Distortion due to spherical aberration . . . 42, 20 Quartz-crystal resonators using an unconventional cut . 40, Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 AUTHOR INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 375

Brlnkman, G. A. Dikholf, J. A. M., see Carl, K. Radioisotopes (35years of IKO) . 39,294 Dimigen, H. and H. Hübsch Broek, C. A. M. van den and A. L. Stuijts Applying low-friction wear-resistant thin solid films by Ferroxdure . . 37,157 physical vapour deposition . 41,186 Broek, J. J. van den and A. G. Dirks -, see Kobs, K. Metastable fases and thermodynamic equilibrium . 43,304 Dirks, A. G., see Broek, J. J. van den Broese van Groenou, A. and J. D. B. Veldkamp Dixon, Bernard Grinding brittle materials . 38,105 Science and Education . 38, 17 Brouha, M. and A. G. Rijnbeek Dolizy, P. Apparatus for solid-state research at very high pressures 36,245 Growth of alkali-antimonide films for photocathodes. . 40, 19 Brouwer, J. F. Dollekamp, H., L. J. M. Esser and H. de Jong Half a century of 'electronification' in telephony systems 42,361 p2CCD in 60MHz oscilloscope with digital image stor- Brulfaerts, A., E. Henin and A. Pirotte age . . 40, 55 A sound basis for the generation of explanations in Dolphin, R. J., L. P. J. Hoogeveen and F. W. Willmott Expert Systems . . 44,287 An experimental system for the automatic determination Bruning, G., see Amato, M. of organochlorine residues in milk . 36,284 Bulle-Lieuwma, C. W. T., see Zalm, P. C. Domburg, G., see Admiraal, D. J. H. Bulthuis, K. Doorn, R. A. van and N. A. M. Verhoeckx A farewell message . 44,325 An 12L digital modulation stage for data transmission . 37,291 Bunge, E. Döring, M. Speaker recognition by computer . 37,207 Ink-jet printing . 40,192 Burnett, D. J. Dössel, 0., M. H. Kuhn and H. Weiss INDA, a software tool for the production engineer. . 40,237 Magnetic fields in medical diagnostics: MR and SQUID 44,259 Buschow, K. H. J. Dötsch, H. Research on amorphous alloys . . 42, 48 The microwave generation and manipulation of magnetic Carasso, M. G., J. B. H. Peek and J. P. Sinjou domains . 37, 38 The Compact Disc Digital Audio System. . 40,151 Druyvesteyn, W. F., F. A. Kuijpers, A. G. H. Verhuist and Cardozo, B. L., see Admiraal, D. J. H. C. H. M. Witmer Carl, K., J. A. M. Dikhoff and W. Eckenbach Single-mask bubble memory with rotating field-control 36,149 The pigmentation of phosphors for colour television . . 40, 18 Dun, K. van, see Brehm, R. Casimir, H. B. G. Eckenbach, W., see Carl, K. Gilles Holst, pioneer of industrial research in the Nether- Eggermont, L. D. J. and P. J. Berkhout lands. . 40,121 Digital audio circuits: computer simulations and listening Marginal notes for an anniversary . . . 42,295 tests . . 41, 99 Caspers, C. S., see Asjes, R. J. -, M. H. H. Höfelt and R. H. W. Salters Chalmeton, V. A delta-modulation to PCM converter . 37,313 A channel-plate image intensifier for hard X-rays .. 37,124 Eijk, B. van der and W. Kühl Christiaens, M., see Jager, F. de An X-ray image intensifier with large input format. . 41,137 Claassen, W. A. P., see Bloem, J. Eist, J. H. R. M. and D. K. Wielenga Clarke, J. A., see Vriens, L. The finite-element method and the ASKA program, ap- Coehoorn, R., see Schuurmans, M. F. H. plied in stress calculations for television picture tubes 37, 56 Coenders, J. W. Enden, A. W. M. van den and N. A. M. Verhoeckx Switching telephone and video-telephone signals . 36,291 Digital signal processing: theoretical background. . 42,110 Conner, G. and R. H. Lane Engel, F. L. HS3: an advanced bipolar-IC technology. . 44,296 The measurement ofvisual conspicuity . 36, 71 Coppelmans, P. M. C., see Roermund, A. H. M. van Engelen, G. A. J. van, J. L. M. Hagen and W. A. L. Coumans, J. J. H. Heijnemans Dual-energy X-ray diagnostics . . 42,274 An equipment for measuring the magnetic fields of televi- Cremers, R. M. M., see Weijer, P. van de sion deflection coils. . . • 39,277 Crucq, J. Engelsen, D. den, J. H. Th. Hengst and E. P. Honig Theory and practice of acoustic noise control in electrical An automated Langmuir trough for building mono- appliances . . 44,123 molecular layers . . 36, 44 Daenen, T. E. G., see Berg, J. F. M. van de Engelsma, G. Dale, G., see Auphan, M. Phenol synthesis and photomorphogenesis . 38, 89 Daniele, J. J., see Acket, G. A. Eppenga, R. and M. F. H. Schuurmans Daniels, J., K. H. Härdtl and R. Wernicke Theory of the GaAs/ AlGaAs quantum well . 44,137 The PTC effect of barium titanate . 38, 73 -, see Schuurmans, M. F. H. Dantzig, R. van Erman, M., see,Frijlink, P. M. BOL (35years of [KO) . 39,302 Esser, L. J. M.~ see Dollekamp, H. Davies, R., B. H. Newton and J. G. Summers Finek, J. C. J., H. J. M. van der Laak and J. T. Schrama The TRAP ATT oscillator . 40, 99 A semiconductor laser for information read-out . 39, 37 Davis, G. L. Fischer, W. E. Transport of tungsten by the water cycle . . 36,133 A data-base management system for CAD and CAM . 40,245 De Man, H., see Meerbergen, J. L. van Fletcher, E. D., see Blood, P. Dekker, W. -, see Kucharska, A. I. Bright spots and bottlenecks in Europe' s future indus- Foederer, A. F., J. L. M. Hagen and A. G. van Nie trial development. . . 43, 77 An instrument for measuring the curvature of reflecting Dekkers, N. H. and H. de Lang surfaces. . 40,338 A detection method for producing phase and amplitude Foxon, C. T., see Blood, P. images simultaneously in a scanning transmission elec- -, see-Joyce, B. A. tron microscope . . . 37, Frank, G., see Köstlin, H. Delmotte, J. C., see Boutot, J. P. Franken, A. J. J., G. D. Khoe, J. Renkens and C. J. G. Denner, W. and Heinz Schulz Verwer Apparatus based on Philips PW 1100 diffractometer for Experimental semi-automatic machine for hot splicing crystal-structure research at high pressures . . 38,246 glass fibres for optical communication . 38,158 Diemer, W. H., see Bleeker, J. A. M. -, see Wierenga, P. E. Dijken, R. H. Frankfort, F. J. M. Electric motors in small domestic appliances . .·42,336 Vibration patterns and radiation behaviour of loud- Dijkmans, E. C., see Boudewijns, H. P. J. speaker cones . . 36, Dijksman, J. F. Fransen, J. J. B. and J. H. N. van Vucht Analysis of the injection-moulding process . . 44,212 An easily controlled alkali-vapour dispenser. . 36, 16 376 AUTHOR INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12

French, R. C, and P. J. Mabey Harrop, P., P. Lesarte and T. H. A. M. Vlek Error control in mobile-radio data communication . 39,172 Low-noise 12GHz front-end designs for direct satellite Frens, G., H. F. Huisman, J. K. Vondeling and K. M. van television reception . . 39,257 der Waarde Hart, J. 't, S. G. Nooteboom, 1. 1. M. Vogten and L. F. Suspension technology . 36,264 Willems Frijlink, P. M., J. P. André and M. Erman Manipulation of speech sounds . · 40,134 Metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy of multilayer struc- Hartl, W., D. Peter and K. Reiber tures with III-V semiconductors . . 43,118 Metal/ceramic X-ray tubes for non-destructive testing . 41, 24 Furtado, M., see Boulou, M. A metal! ceramic diagnostic X-ray tube . 41,126 Galenkamp, H. and H. van Wijngaarden Hartmann, M., B. A. J. Jacobs and J. J. M. Braat Determining the Von Mises stress from the neck of a Erasable magneto-optical recording . 42, 37 tensile-test specimen. ' . 42, 11 Haverkorn van Rijsewijk, H. C., P. E. J. Legierse and Geittner, P. and H. Lydtin G. E. Thomas Manufacturing optical fibres by the PCVD process . 44,241 Manufacture of LaserVision video discs by a photopoly- -, see Ass, H. M. J. M. van merization process . . 40,287 Gelling, W. G. and F. Valster Hazan, J. P. and L. Jacomme The new centre for submicron IC technology . 42,266 Characterizing optical fibres; a test bench for pulse dis- -, see Bosrna, H. persion . . 36,211 Gerwen, P. J. van, W. A. M. Snijders and N. A. M. Heek, H. F. van, see Bouwer, A. G. Verhoeckx Heemskerk, J. P. J. and K. A. Schouhamer Immink An integrated echo canceller for base band data trans- Compact Disc: system aspects and modulation . · 40,ls7 mission . . 39,102 Heijden, J. van der Gestel, W. J. van, F. W. Gorter and K. E. Kuijk DIVAC - an experimental optical-fibre communications Read-out of a magnetic tape by the magnetoresistance network. . 41,253 effect. . 37, 42 Heijman, M. G. J., J. H. W. Kuntzei and G. H. J. Gielis, G. C. M., J. B. H. Peek and J. M. Schmidt Somers Station and programme identification in FM sound Multi-track magnetic heads in thin-film technology . 44,169 broadcasting . . 39,216 Heijnemans, W. A. L., J. A. M. Nieuwendijk and N. G. Gijsbers, T. G. Vink COLATH, a numerically controlled lathe for very high The deflection coils of the 30AX colour-picture system 39,154 precision . 39,229 -, see Engelen, G. A. J. van -, see Haisma, J. Heitmann, H., B. Hill, L-P. Krumme and K. Witter Goedbloed, J. J., see Bollen, 1. J. M. MOPS, a magneto-optic storage wafer of the discrete-bit Goedhart, D., R. J. van de Plassche and E. F. Stikvoort type . . 37,197 Digital-to-analog conversion in playing a Compact Hemert, J. P. van Disc . . 40,174 Automatic segmentation of speach into diphones · 43,233 Gorkom, G. G. P. van and A. M. E. Hoeberechts Hengst, J. H. Th., see Engelsen, D. den Silicon cold cathodes . . 43, 49 Henin, E., see Bruffaerts, A. Gorkum, A. A. van, see Beirens, L. C. M. Hennings, D., see Hagemann, H.-J. -, see Sparijer T. G. -, see Lütteke, G. Gorter, F. W., see Gestel, W. J. van Heusen, S. van and 1. G. J. Mans Gossink, R. G., see Ass, H. M. J. M. van Measurement of ozone in an aircraft · 38,131 Graeger, V., R. Kobs and M. Liehr Heuvel, F. C. van den A ceramic differential-pressure tranducer . . 43, 86 Striations in a gas discharge . .44, 89 Gravesteijn, D. J. and J. van der Veen Heuven, J. H. C. van, see Annegarn, M. J. J. C. Organic-dye films for optical recording . 41,325 Heyns, H., H. L. Peek and J. G. van Santen -, C. J. van der Poel, P. M. L. O. Scholte and C. M. J. Image sensor with resistive electrodes . · 37,303 van Uijen Hight, M. J., see Brice, J. C. Phase-change optical recording . 44,250 Hill, B., see Hansen, P. Grift, R. E. J. van de, see Alphen, M. P. van -, see Heitmann, H. Grijs, J. C. de, see Bloem, H. Hill, O. F., see Brice, J. C. Groh, G. Hily, C., J. J. Hunzinger, M. Jatteau and J. Ott The challenge of picture processing . 38,291 ,Real-time macro- and microthermography . .37,241 Gross, U., F. J. M. Mescher and J. C. Tiemeijer Hoeberechts, A. M. K, see Gorkom, G. G. P. van The microprocessor-controlled CMI2/STEM scanning- Hoeve, H., J. Timmermans and L. B. Vries transmission electron microscope . 43,273 Error correction and concealment in the Compact Disc Gubbels, W. C. H., see Bastiaens, J. J. J. system . 40,166 Guildford, L. H. Höfelt, M. H. H., zie Eggermont, 1. D. J. The Dot Scan CCTV, a flexible system for real-time im- Hofker, W. K. age-processing experiment. . 38,310 Geiger-Müller counters (35years of IKO) · 39,296 - and B. D. Young Semiconductor detectors (35 years of IKO) .39,298 A mobile system for image bulk storage . . 43,260 Electronics for nuclear physics (35 years of IKO) · 39,312 Haan, G. de, see Annegarn, M. J. J. C. Ion-beam technology (35years of IKO) . .39,320 Hagemann, H.-J., D. Hennings and R. Wernicke - and J. Politiek Ceramic multilayer capacitors . . 41, 89 Ion implantation in semiconductors .39, Hagen, J. L. M., see Engelen, G. A. J. van Holster, P. L., J. A. H. M. Jacobs and B. Sastra -, see Foederer, A. F. Measuring the radial error of precision air bearings · 41,334 Haisma, J. and T. G. Gijsbers Honds, L. and K. H. Meyer Aspherics, I. Optomechanics, an ultra-high-precision A linear d.c. motor with permanent magnets · 40,329 machining technique. . 41,285 Honig, E. P., see Engelsen, D. den '-, W. Mesman, J. M. Oomen and J. C. Wijn Hooft, G. W. 't, see Leys, M. R. Aspherics, Ill. Fabrication, testing and application of Hoogeveen, L. P. J., see Dolphin, R. J. highly accurate aspheric optical elements . . 41,296 Hoppe, W. J. J. van, G. D. Khoe, G. Kuyt and H. F. G. -, see Brehrn, R. Smulders Hanenberg, J. G. van den and J. Vredenbregt Very smooth fracture faces for optical glass fibres . .37, 89 An experimental assembly robot . 40, 33 Houten, S. van Hansen, P., B. Hill and W. Tolksdorf Applied research - the source of innovation in consumer Optical switching with bismuth-substituted iron garnets 41, 33 electronics . . 44,180 Harding, G., H. Strecker and R. Tischler Howden, H. X-ray imaging with Compton-scatter radiation . . 41, 46 Production of optical correction plates for projection Härdtl, K. H. see Daniels, J. television . 39, 15 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No.llfl2 AUTHOR INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 377

Hoyer, A. and M. Schlindwein Knippenberg, W. F. and B. Lersmacher Digital image enhancement . . 38,298 Carbon foam . 36, 93 - and W. Spiesberger -, B. Lersmacher and H. Lydtin Computerized mammogram processing . 38,347 Products of pyrolytic graphite . . 37,189 Huben, A. P., see Bleeker, J. A. M. KnowIes, J. E. Hübsch, H., see Dimigen, H. Measuring the magnetic properties of a microscopie -, see Kobs, K. particle. . . . 39, 48 Huisman, H. F. and C. J. F. M. Rasenberg Kobs, K., H. Dimigen, H. Hiibsch and H. J. Tolle Porosimeter measurements on magnetic tape . 41,260 Improved adhesion of solid lubricating films with ion- -, see Frens, G. beam mixing . . . . 44, 24 Huizing, A., A. H. T. Sanders and J. F. K. Thijssen Kobs, R., see Graeger, V. Weighing and sorting machine . . 42,173 Koel, G. J., see Kelly, J. J. Huizinga, H., see Bleeker, J. A. M. Koelewijn, W., see Brice, J. C. Hunzinger, J. J., see HiJy, C. Koning, S. H. de Immink, K. A. Schouhamer, see Heemskerk, J. P. J. The MCR system - multiple-channel amplification of Jack, A. G. and Q. H. F. Vrehen reverberation . . 41, 12 Progress in fluorescent lamps . 42,342 Köstlin, H. and G. Frank Jackson, R. N., see Annegarn, M. J. J. C. Thin-film reflection filters . 41,225 Jacob, G., see Boulou, M. -, see Schaper, H. Jacobs, B. A. J., see Hartmann, M. Kramer, C. and P. J. M. Botden -, see Vriens, L. Medical systems in the last half century . 42,352 Jacobs, C. A. J. and J. A. J. M. van Vliet Kramer, P. A new generation of high-pressure sodium lamps . 39,211 75 years of research: from lamps to integrated circuits . 44,239 Jacobs, J. A. H. M., see Holster, P. L. Krijl, G., see Berg, J. F. M. van de Jacomme, L., see Hazan, J. P. Krol, D. M. and R. K. Janssen Jager, F. de and M. Christiaens Research on television glass . . 43,253 A fast automatic equalizerfor data links. . 37, 10 Krol, Th. Jager, K., see Wit, H. J. de The '(4,2) concept' fault-tolerant computer . 41, Jagt, J. C. and P. W. Whipps Krumme, J.-P., see Heitmann, H. Negative electron resists for VLSI . 39,346 Kruseman Aretz, F. E. J. Janssen, .R. K., see Krol, D. M. Abstraction . . 40,225 Jatteau, M., see HiJy, C. Kucharska, A. I., P. Blood and E. D. Fletcher Jeu, W. H. de and J. van der Veen Bistability in quantum-well lasers . 44, 76 Liquid crystals for numerical displays. . 37,131 Kühl, W., see Eijk, B. van der Jong, H. de, see Dollekamp, H. Kuhn, M. H. and W. Menhardt Jonge, A. K. de, see Stolfi, F. Interactive MR image synthesis. . . 43, 95 Joyce, B. A. and C. T. Foxon -, see Dössel, O. Molecular beam epitaxy of multilayer structures with Kuijk, K. E., see Gestel, W. J. van GaAs and AlxGal_xAs . . 43,143 Kuijpers, F. A., see Druyvesteyn, W. F. Kalter, H. and E. P. G. T. van de Ven KuntzeI, J. H. W., see Heijman, M. G. J. Plasma etching in IC technology . 38,200 Küppers, D., see Ass, H. M. J. M. van Kam, J. J. van der Kurz, H. A digital 'decimating' filter for analog-to-digital con- Lithium niobate as a material for holographic informa- version of hi-fi audio signals . 42,230 tion storage . 37, 109 Kamerbeek, E. M. H. Kuyt, G., see Hoppe, W. J. J. van Magnetic bearings . . 41,348 Laak, H. J. M. van der, see Finck, J. C. J. Kanters. J. T., see Peters, J. H. Lane, R. H., see Conner, G. Kasperkovitz, W. D. Lang, H. de, see Dekkers, N. H. Frequency-dividers for ultra-high frequencies . 38, 54 Leest, R. E. van de, see Berg, J. F. M. van de Kasperkovitz, W. G. Leeuw, F. H. de, see Breed, D. J. FM receivers for mono and stereo on a single chip . 41,169 Legierse, P. E. J., see Haverkorn van Rijsewijk, H. C. Kats, A. Lens, G. A., see Zaengel, T. Glass - outline of a development . . 42,316 Lenstra, D., see Verbeek, B. H. Kelly, J. J. and G. J. Koel Lersmacher, B., see Knippenberg, W. F. Galvanic effects in the wet-chemical etching of metal films 38,149 Lesarte, P., see Harrop, P. -, P. H. L. Notten, J. E. A. M. van den Meerakker and Leys, M. R., M. P. A. Viegers and G. W. 't Hooft R. P. Tijburg Metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy with a novel reactor Wet-chemical etching of III-V semiconductors . 44, 61 and characterization of multilayer structures . 43,133 Kelly, P. J., see Schuurmans, M. F. H. Liehr, M., see Graeger, V. Kessels, J. L. W. and A. J. Martin -, see Kilian, R. Parallel programs . . 40,254 Ligthart, H. J. and J. Politiek Khoe, G. D. and L. J. Meuleman An open 8oo-kV ion-implantation machine . 43,169 Light modulation and injection in optical-fibre trans- Linde, R., see Klotz, E. mission systems with semiconductor lasers . . 36,201 Lippits, G. J. M., see Kloosterboer, J. G. -, see Franken, A. J. J. Locher, P. R. -, see Hoppe, W. J. J. van Proton NMR tomography . 41, 73 Kilian, R. and M. Liehr Lorentz, G. Experimental etching equipment . 38, 51 Technological aspects of advanced telecommunications 44, 16 Klein Wasslnk, R. J. Luijckx, G. The thermal behaviour of electronic components during The cyclotron (35years of IKO) . 39,290 soldering . 38,135 Lüthje, H. - and H. J. Vledder X-ray lithography for VLSI . . 41,150 The attachment of leadless components to printed boards 40,342 Lütteke, G. and D. Hennings Klinck, M. Dielectric resonators for microwave integrated oscillators 43, 35 Control of the surface-water purification plant for the Luyt, B. A. G. van and L. E. Zegers Amsterdam Water-Supply Authority . 36,273 The Compact Disc Interactive System. . . 44,326 Kloosterboer, J. G., G. J. M. Lippits and H. C. Meinders Lydtin, H., see Geittner, P. Photopolymerizable lacquers for LaserVision video discs 40,298 -, see Knippenberg, W. F. Klotz, E., R. Linde, U. Tiemens and H. Weiss Mabey, P. J., see French, R. C. Flashing tomosynthesis . . . 38,338 Man, H. De, see Meerbergen, J. L. van Kluitmans, J. T. M., see Tjassens, H. Mans, L. G. J., see Heusden, S. van 378 AUTHOR INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12

Marée, P. M. J:, see Zalm, P. C. Nonhof, C. J. and G. J. A. M. Notenboom Martienssen, W. Beam manipulation with optical fibres in laser welding 42,262 Science and Society .38, 25 Nooteboom, S. G., see Hart, J. 't Martin, A. J_ Notenboom, G. J. A. M., see Nonhof, C. J. Distributed computations on arrays of processors . 40,270 Notten, P. H. L., see Kelly, J. J. -, see Kessels, J. L. W. Obertop, D., see Willich, P. Mauczok, R. and R. Wernicke Oomen, J. M., see Haisma, J . Ceramic boundary-layer capacitors . 41,338 Oostrum, K. J. van Meerakker, J. E. A. M. van den, see Kelly, J. J. CAD in light optics and electron optics . 42, 69 Meerbergen, J. L. van Opdorp, C. van, see Werkhoven, C. Developments in integrated digital signal processors, and Osenbruggen, C. van and C. de Regt the PCB 5010 ...... 44, Electrochemical micromachining . 42, 22 - and H. De Man Ott, J., see Hily, C. A true silicon compiler for the design of complex ICs for Pannenborg, A. E. digital signal processing. . 44,218 Science and World Problems . 38, 33 Meerman, W. C. P. M., T. L. van Rooy and M. C. M. Parker, D. W., R. G. Pratt, F. W. Smith and R. Stevens Voss Acoustic surface-wave bandpass filters . 36, 29 Continuous skull-melting of glass . . . .42, 93 Peek, H. L., see Heyns, H. Meijer, E. W. Peek, J. B. H. Polyepoxides; formation and properties of their network Digital signal processing - growth of a technology . 42,103 structure . 44,110 -, see Carasso, M. G. Meijer, F. -, see Gielis, G. C. M. Looking at interfaces .43,220 Peelen, J. G. J. Meinders, H. C., see Kloosterboer, J. G. Light transmission of sintered alumina . 36, 47 Melis, J. H. A. -, B. V. Rejda and J. P. W. Vermeiden O-BUS: a system for flexible public transport by means Sintered hydroxylaparite as a bioceramic . . 37,234 of on-call buses ...... 40,231 Pernards, P., see Behr, J.-P. Memming, R. Persoon, E. H. J. Energy production by photoelectrochemical processes . 38,160 A system that can learn to recognize two-dimensional Menhardt, W., see Kuhn, M. H. shapes . . 38,356 Mensvoort, A. J. van, see Asselman, G. A. A. - and C. J. B. Vandenbulcke Mescher, F. J. M., see Gross, U. Digital audio: examples of the application of the ASP Mesman, W., see Haisma, J. integrated signal processor. . 42,201 Metcalf, W. S., see Brice, J. C. Peschmann, K. R. Meuleman, L. J., see Khoe, G. D. Medical electroradiography - its potential and limita- Meyer, K. H., see Honds, L. tions . . 39, 19 Meyer, W. and W. Schilz Peter, D., see Hartl, W. Microwave measurement of moisture content in process Peters, J. H. and J. T. Kanters materials . 40,112 CAROT: a digital method of increasing the robustness Michel, C. of an analog colour television signal . . 42,217 Observations of domains in ferroelectrics and ferro- Petersen, A., P. Schnabel, H. Schweppe and R. Wernicke magnetics with a scanning electron microscope . 36, 18 A small analog memory based on ferroelectric hysteresis 37, 51 Miedema, A. R. Petterson, A., see Nieuwland, J. M. van The heat of formation of alloys. · 36,217 PHLIQA Project Group The atom as a metallurgical building block .38,257 PHLIQA 1, a question-answering system for data-base Layered semiconductor structures, Editorial · 43,109 consultation in natural English, Millenaar, P. W., see Boudewijns, H. P. J. 1. Organisation and performance . 38,229 Moreau, A., see Bacchi, H. Il. The artificial languages and translation operations 38,269 Mouthaan, K. Pieper, J. M., see Alphen, M. P. van Optical communication systems with glass-fibre cables 36,178 Pirotte, A., see Bruffaerts, A. Muijderman, E. A., G. Remmers and L. P. M. Tielemans Plassche, R. J. van de, see Alphen, M. P. van Grease-lubricated spiral-groove bearings. . 39,184 -, see Goedhart, D. -, C. D. Roelandse, A. Vetter and P. Schreiber Poel, C. J. van der, see Gravesteijn, D. J. A diagnostic X-ray tube with spiral-groove bearings · 44,357 Politiek, J., see Hofker, W. K. Mukherjee, S., see Amato, M. -, see Ligthart, H. J. Mulder, B. J. and R. van der Schee Ponjeé, J. J. and P. N. T. van Velzen A piezoelectric microbalance · 41,304 Chemical modification in surfaces. . 44, 81 Neelen, J. J. M., see Admiraal, D. J. H. Potters, C. J. T., see Nicia, A. J. A. Newton, B. H., see Davis, R. Prast, G. Nicia, A. J. A. Quantitative measurements by the Schlieren method . 43,184 An optical communication system with wavelength- Pratt, R. G., see Parker, D. W. division multiplexing and minimized insertion losses, Rasenberg, C. J. F. M., see Huisman, H. F. 1. System and coupling efficiency. . . . 42,245 Raue, R., A. T. Vink and T. Welker - and C. J. T. Potters Phosphor screens in cathode-ray tubes for projection Components for glass-fibre circuits .40,46 television . 44,335 -, C. J. T. Potters and A. H. L. Tholen Raven, J. G., see Annegarn, M. J. J. C. An optical communication system with wavelength- Regt, C. de, see Osenbruggen, C. van division multiplexing and minimized insertion losses, Reiber, K., see HartI, W. Il. Multiplexing and demultiplexing. . . 43,344 Rejda, B. V., see Peelen, J. G. J. Nie, A. G. van Remmers, G., see Muijderman, E. A. A method of measuring mechanical stresses in passivation Renkens, J., see Franken, A. J. J. layers . 39,130 Rijckaert, A. M. A. -, see Foederer, A. F. Making the tracks on video tape visible with a magnetic Niessen, C. fluid . . 40,129 Computer-aided design of LSI circuits .37,278 Rijnbeek, A. G., see Brouha, M. Nieuwendijk, J. A. M., see Heijnernans, W. A. L. Rocchi, M. Nieuwland, J. M. van, A. Petterson and C. Weber Research on monolithic GaAs MESFET circuits at LEP 44,302 The design and construction of a non-rectangular rever- Roelandse, C. D., see Muijderman, E. A. beration chamber. . 37,176 Roermund, A. H. M. van and P. M. C. Coppelmans Nijman, W., see Acket, G. A. An integrated switched-capacitor filter for viewdata . 41,105 Nillesen, A. H. H. J., see Annegarn, M. J. J. C. Rommers, P. J., see Beenakker, C. 1. M. Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12 AUTHOR INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 379

Roosmalen, J. H. T. van Stevels, A. L. N., see Sommerdijk, J. L. A new concept for television camera tubes · 39,201 Stevens, R., see Parker, D. W. Rooy, T. L. van, see Meerman, W. C. P. M. Stikvoort, E. F., see Goedhart, D. Rothgordt, U. Stolfi, F. and A. K. de Jonge Electrostatic printing . .36, 57 Stirling cryogeneraters with linear drive . . 42, Salters, R. H. W., see Eggermont, L. D. J. Straten, P. J. M. van der and G. Verspui Sanders, A. H. T., see Huizing, A. Chemical vapour deposition of wear-resistant coatings on Santen, J. G. van, see Heyns, H. tool steel . . 40,204 Saraga, P. and J. A. Weaver Strecker, H., see Harding, G. An experiment in flexible automation . · 38,329 Streng, J. H. Sastra, B., see Holster, P. L. Sound radiation from a vibrating membrane . . 44,190 Scha, R. J. H. Stuijts, A. L., see Broek, C. A. M. van den Software. · 40,219 Summers, J. G., see Davies, R. Schaper, H., H. Köstlin and E. Schnedler Swanenburg, T. J. B. Electrochemiluminescence in electrolyte-free solutions 40, 69 Self-organizing systems . . . 38,364 Schee, R. van der, see Mulder, B. J. Teer, K. Scheer, J. J. and J. Visser Looking back at distant vision: television technology Application of cryopumps in industrial vacuum tech- from 1936 to 1986 . . 42,297 nology . . 39,246 Teunissen, J. C. G., see Brehm, R. Schendel, B., see Behr, J.-P. Theuwissen, A. J. P. and C. H. L. Weiitens Schiefer, G. The accordion imager, a new solid-state image sensor. . 43, Broadband circulators for VHF and UHF · 36,255 Thijssen, J. F. K., see Huizing, A. Schilz, W., see Meyer, W. Thissen, F. L. A. M. Schlindwein, M., see Hoyer, A. An equipment for automatic optical inspection of connec- Schmldt, J. M., see Gielis, G. C. M. ting-lead patterns for integrated circuits. . . 37, 77 Schmidt, V. J. Tholen, A. H. L., see Nicia, A. J. A. Electro-optic deflection of a laser beam · 36,117 Thomas, G. E. Schnabel, P., see Petersen, A. Future trends in optical recording . . . 44, 51 Schnedler, E., see Schaper, H. -, see Haverkorn van Rijsewijk, H. C. Schnell, A. Thoone, M. L. G. Electromechanical transducers with no hysteresis · 40,358 CARIN, a car information and navigation system .. 43,317 ScholI, G. J. Tielemans, L. P. M., see Muijderman, E. A. A universal instrument for digital picture processing · 38,326 Tiemeijer, J. C., see Gross, U. Scholte, P. M. L.O., see Gravesteijn, D. J. Tiemens, V., see Klotz, E. Schön, D., see Bethe, K. Tietjens, E. W. Schouhamer Immink, K. A., see Heemskerk, J. P. J. The history of the Philishave . . 42,312 Schrama, J. T., see Finck, J. C. J. Tijburg, R. P., see Acket, G. A. Schreiber, P., see Muijderman, E. A. -, see Kelly, J. J. Schulz, Heinz, see Denner, W. -, see Verplanke, J. C. Schuurmans, M. F. H., R. Coehoorn, R. Eppenga en P. J. Timmermans, J., see Hoeve, H. Kelly Tischler, R., see Harding, G. Predicting the properties of materials: dream or reality? 44,276 Tjassens, H. and J. T. M. Kluitmans -, see Eppenga, R. A laser module for 4-Gbit/s optical communications . . 44,162 Schwandt, J., see Behr, J.-P. Tolksdorf, W., see Hansen, P. Schweppe, H., see Petersen, A. Tolle, H. J., see Kobs, K. Scott, J. P. Vijen, C. M. J. van, see Gravesteijn, D. J. Electron-image projector. .37,347 Vaan, R. L. C. de, see Bloem, H. Severijns, A. P. and P. J. W. Severin Valster, F., see Gelling, W. G. Device for stripping protective coatings from glas fibre 41,124 Vandenbulcke, C. J. B., see Persoon, E. H. J. -, see Severin, P. J. W. Veen, J. van der, see Gravesteijn, D. J. Severin, P. J. W. and A. P. Severijns -, see Jeu, W. H. de Applications of light guides in process control . 43, 58 Veldhuis, J. -, see Ass, H. M. J. M. van Computer-aided research on multiwire telephone cables 40, 85 -, see Severijns, A. P. Veldkamp, J. D. B., see Broese van Groenou, A. Sinjou, J. P., see Carasso, M. G. VeIzeI, C. H. F., see Asjes, R. J. Sintzoff, M. Velzen, P. N. T. van, see Ponjeé, J. J. Transformation methods for improving parallel programs 40,278 Ven, E. P. G. T. van de, zie Kalter, H. Skoyles, D. R. Verbakel, J. M. M. and J. H. N. van Vucht A fast actuator for an anti-lock braking system. . . . 36, 74 From powder diagram to structure model on the computer 41,239 Sluijterman, L. A. AE. Verbeek, B. H., D. Lenstra and A. J. den Boef Chromatofocusing, a new protein-separation method. . 39,125 Noise due to optical feedback in semiconductor lasers 43,292 Sluyter, R. J. Verbunt, J. P. M. Digitization of speech . . 41,201 Laberatory-scale manufacture of magnetic heads . 44,151 Smeets, E. T. J. M., see Bollen, L. 1. M. Verhoeckx, N. A. M., see Boudewijns, H. P. J. Smets, B. M. J. -, see Doorn, R. A. van On the mechanism of the corrosion of glass by water .42, 59 -, see Enden, A. W. M. van den Smith, F. W., see Parker, D. W. -, see Gerwen, P. J. van Smulders, H. F. G., see Hoppe, W. J. J. van VerhuIst, A. G. H., see Druyvesteyn, W. F. Snijder, P. J., see Voorman, J. O. Vermeiden, J. P. W., see Peelen, J. G. J. Snijders, W. A. M., see Gerwen, P. J. van Verplanke, J. C. and R. P. Tijburg Somers, G. H. J., see Heijman, M. G. J. Determination of zinc-diffusion profiles in gallium phos- Sommerdijk, J. L. and A. L. N. Stevels phide and gallium arsenophosphide with -the aid of The behaviour of phosphors with aluminate host lattices 37,221 radioactive isotopes . . 37,121 Spanjer, T. G., A. A. van Gorkum and W. M. van Alphen Verspui, G., see Straten, P. J. M. van der Electron guns for projection television . 44,348 Verweij, H. Spiesberger, W., see Hoyer, A. The fining of glass. . . . . 40,310 Spruit, J. H. M., see Vriens, L. Verwer, C. J. G., see Franken, A. J. J. Squire, D. G., see Beasley, J. P. Vessem, J. C. van Staas, F. A. From transistor to IC: a long road? . 42,326 Continuous cooling in the millikelvin range . 36,104 Vetter, A., see Muijderrnan, E. A. Stacy, W. T., see Breed, D. J. Viegers, M. P. A., see Leys, M. R. 380 AUTHOR INDEX, VOLUMES 36-44 Philips Tech. Rev. 44, No. 11/12

Vink, A. T., see Raue, R. Weaver, J. A., see Saraga, P. -, see Werkhoven, C. Weber, C., see Nieuwland, J. M. van Vink, N. G., see Heijnemans, W. A. L. Weijer, P. van de and R. M. M. Cremers Visser, J., see Scheer, J. J. Laser diagnostics for low-pressure mercury discharges 43, 62 Vitt, B. Weijtens, C. H. L., see Theuwissen, A. J. P. Black-cobalt coating for solar collectors . .43,244 Wei ss, H., see Dössel, O. Vledder, H. J., see Klein Wassink, R. J. -, see Klotz, E. Vlek, T. H. A. M., see Harrop, P. Welker, T., see Raue, R. Vliet, J. A. J. M. van, see Jacobs, C. A. J. Werkhoven, C., C. van Opdorp and A. T. Vink Voermans, A. B., see Breed, D. J. Influence of crystal defects on the luminescence of Vogten, L. L. M., see Hart, J. 't G~. . .~,~ Volger, J. Wernicke, R., see Daniels, J. Cryogenics: a critical review . . .37, 91 -, see Hagemann, H.-J. Vondeling, J. K., see Frens, G. -, see Mauczok, R. Voorman, J. 0., P. J. Snijder, J. S. Vromans and P. J. -, see Petersen, A. Barth Wesselink, G. A., see Bloem, J. An automatic equalizer for echo reduction in Teletext on Whiffin, P. A. C., see Brice, J. C. a single chip . . 40,319 Whipps, P. W., see Jagt, J. C. Vos, C. H. J., see Boudewijns, H. P. J. Wiedenhof, N., see Waalwijk, J. M. Vos, J. A. de Wielenga, D. K., see Eist, J. H. R. M. Megadoc, a modular system for electronic document Wierenga, P. E. and A. J. J. Franken handling ...... 39,329 Indentation measurements on thin films . 42, 85 Voss, M. C. M., see Meerman, W. C. P. M. Wijers, J. L. C. Vredenbregt, J., see Hanenberg, J. G. van den Three special applications of the Philips high-speed Vrehen, Q. H. F., see Jack, A. G. spark-machining equipment . 40,199 Vriens, L. and B. A. J. Jacobs Wijn, J. C., see Haisma, J. Digital optical recording with tellurium alloys · 41,313 Wijngaarden, H. van, see Galenkamp, H. -, J. A. Clarke and J. H. M. Spruit Willems, J. J. G. Interference filters in projection television tubes · 44,201 Investigation of a new type of rechargeable battery, the Vries, L. B., see Hoeve, H. nickel-hydride cell . 43, 22 Vrijer, F. W. de Willems, L. F., see Hart, J. 't Modulation. . . . .36,305 Willich, P. and D. Obertop I. Modulation of a sinusoidal carrier .36,309 Electron-probe microanalysis of thin films . 42,162 Il. Modulation of pulse trains .36,329 Willmott, F. W., see Dolphin, R. J. Ill. Quantization and coding of analog signals · 36,337 Wit, H. J. de and K. Jager IV. Transmission of digital signals . · 36,343 Magnetic domains in amorphous alloys for tape-recorder V. Modulation in telecommunication · 36,353 heads . . . . . 44,101 -, see Aagaard, E. A. Witmer, C. H. M., see Druyvesteyn, W. F. Vromans, J. S., see Voorman, J. O. Wittekoek, S. Vucht, J. H. N. van Optical aspects of the Silicon Repeater . 41,268 Intermetallic compounds; background and results of -, see Bouwer, A. G. twenty years of research. . . 36,136 Witter, K., see Heitrnann, H. -, see Fransen, J. J. B. Wolter, J. -, see Verbakel, J. M. M. Research on layered semiconductor structures . 43, III Waalwijk, J. M. and N. Wiedenhof Wolters, D. R. The Institute for Nuclear Physics Research 'has finished Behaviour of the oxide film in MOS devices . 43,330 its work' (35years of [KO) . . . 39,286 Young, B. D., see Guildford, L. H. Waard, P. J. de, see Acket, G. A. Zaengel, T. and G. A. Lens Waarde, K. M. van der, see Frens, G. Fast pressure gauge for hot and corrosive gases. . 39,344 Wacyk, 1. T., see Arnato, M. Zalm, P. C., C. W. T. Bulle-Lieuwma en P. M. J. Marée Waumans, B. L. A. Silicon molecular beam epitaxy on GaP and GaAs. . 43,154 Software aspects of the PHIDIAS system . .40,262 Zegers, L. E., see Luyt, B. A. G. van

Volume 44, No. 11/12 pages 325-380 Published 30th November 1989 e PHILIPS

B. A. G. van Luyt and L. E. Zegers, The Compact Disc Inter- T. G. Spanjer, A. A. van Gorkum and W. M. van Alphen, active system, Electron guns for projection television, PhilipsTech.Rev.44,No.ll/12,326-333,Nov.1989. PhilipsTech.Rev.44,No.ll/12,348-356,Nov.1989. The standard for the CD-I system (Compact Disc Interactive) for consumer ap- Electron guns of a new design have been made for application in cathode-ray plications is an extension of the standard for CD-ROM (Read-Only Memory) tubes for projection television. These guns contain an impregnated cathode, a for professional applications for computers, which in turn is an extension of selective prefocusing lens and an electromagnetic main lens. The electron spot the standard for CD-DA (Digital Audio). The CD disc contains images, sound, on the phosphor screen can be very small, even at high beam currents (0.185 mm text, and the associated software in digital form. The information is organized at 4 mA), mainly because of selective prefocusing. This means that the bright- in sectors on the disc, each with its own address and a list of contents. There ness and resolution will be sufficient for high-definition projection television. are two levels of error correction, four quality levels for sound and three quality levels for images. This means that quality can be traded against storage capacity and bit rate when the disc is created. The supplier of interactive programs does this by means of an authoring system. The output from the authoring system is the digital information used in manufacturing the 'mother disc'.

R. Raue, A. T. Vink and T. Welker, Phosphor screens in E. A. Muijderman, C. D. Roelandse, A. Vetter and P. Schrei- cathode-ray tubes for projection television, ber, A diagnostic X-ray tube with spiral-groove bearings, PhilipsTech.Rev.44,No.l1/12,335-347,Nov.1989. PhilipsTech.Rev.44,No.l1/12,357-363,Nov.1989. Phosphor screens in tubes for projection television have to meet some critical Spiral-groove bearings can replace the ball bearings in the vacuum of a requirements, since they operate at much higher electron-excitation densities rotating-anode diagnostic X-ray tube. This increases the maximum load the than the screens in conventional direct-view tubes. Their light output should be tube can take and solves a number of other problems, such as limited bearing only slightly sublinear at high excitation densities and should be stable under life, difficulties with anode cooling and noise from the bearings. The spiral- prolonged intense electron bombardment. This affects the selection of the groove bearing has to be lubricated with liquid metal, partly because the va- phosphors and the screen processing. The preparation of screens with the op- pour pressure of the lubricant should be low, partly because it must conduct timum light output and resolution requires a careful evaluation of their optical the anode current. A gallium alloy has been found to be a successful lubricant. properties and degradation behaviour. In the new Philips MRC200 diagnostic X-ray tube with spiral-groove bearings more than three times as much energy can be handled during a complete cine investigation as in the SRM 100 tube of the previous generation. This means that an investigation of this type takes only half as long with the new tube, so that there are economic advantages as well as reduced patient stress.