Geographical Sacred Sites That Will Be Affected by the Proposed Palen Solar Power Project in Eastern Riverside County
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Hierarchy in the Representation of Death in Pre- and Post-Conquest Aztec Codices
1 Multilingual Discourses Vol. 1.2 Spring 2014 Tanya Ball The Power of Death: Hierarchy in the Representation of Death in Pre- and Post-Conquest Aztec Codices hrough an examination of Aztec death iconography in pre- and post-Conquest codices of the central valley of Mexico T (Borgia, Mendoza, Florentine, and Telleriano-Remensis), this paper will explore how attitudes towards the Aztec afterlife were linked to questions of hierarchical structure, ritual performance and the preservation of Aztec cosmovision. Particular attention will be paid to the representation of mummy bundles, sacrificial debt- payment and god-impersonator (ixiptla) sacrificial rituals. The scholarship of Alfredo López-Austin on Aztec world preservation through sacrifice will serve as a framework in this analysis of Aztec iconography on death. The transformation of pre-Hispanic traditions of representing death will be traced from these pre- to post-Conquest Mexican codices, in light of processes of guided syncretism as defined by Hugo G. Nutini and Diana Taylor’s work on the performative role that codices play in re-activating the past. These practices will help to reflect on the creation of the modern-day Mexican holiday of Día de los Muertos. Introduction An exploration of the representation of death in Mexica (popularly known as Aztec) pre- and post-Conquest Central Mexican codices is fascinating because it may reveal to us the persistence and transformation of Aztec attitudes towards death and the after-life, which in some cases still persist today in the Mexican holiday Día de Tanya Ball 2 los Muertos, or Day of the Dead. This tradition, which hails back to pre-Columbian times, occurs every November 1st and 2nd to coincide with All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ day in the Christian calendar, and honours the spirits of the deceased. -
Dia De Los Muertos
Día de (los) Muertos A Tradition Through the Ages Overview . Welcome and Introductions . The celebration's origins . Catholic influence after the conquest . How it is celebrated today . Efforts to keep it alive . Questions and experiences of Día de los Muertos How familiar are you with Día de los Muertos? Día de (los) Muertos . Celebrated on Nov. 1 and 2 . Nov. 2nd is a National Holiday in Mexico when deceased family members, friends, co-workers and even celebrities are honored. A great staple of this holiday is the elaborate altars (los altares de muerto) that are displayed during the celebration. The Origins . The celebration has its roots in prehispanic traditions thousands of years old . Prehispanic cultures, such as the Aztecs, had very different beliefs regarding death . Instead of going to a heaven or hell depending on how you lived your life, it was believed that the final resting place depended on how you died. Tlaloc’s (God of Rain) paradise If a death was somehow related to water, or lightning, or disease, the deceased would go to Tlaloc’s paradise. A place of peace and abundance. Omeyocan ( Sun’s Paradise) If you died during battle, as a captive of war, or, for women, during childbirth, you would go Omeyocan. Ruled by Huitzilopochtli, the God of War. A place of constant celebration, dances and sun worshiping. Mictlan It was believed that this is where most people when after dying. This dark place was ruled by Mictecacihuatl, or the “Lady of the Dead,” and her husband Miclantecuhtli, the ruler of the underworld. A Torturous Road to Mictlan . -
The Barroque Paradise of Santa María Tonantzintla (Part II1)
14 ETHNOLOGIA ACTUALIS Vol. 16, No. 2/2016 JULIO GLOCKNER The Barroque Paradise of Santa María Tonantzitla II The Barroque Paradise of Santa María Tonantzintla (Part II1) JULIO GLOCKNER Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla [email protected] ABSTRACT The baroque church of Santa María Tonantzintla is located in the Valley of Cholula in the Central Mexican Plateau and it was built during 16th-19th century. Its interior decoration shows an interesting symbolic fusion of Christian elements with Mesoamerican religious aspects of Nahua origin. Scholars of Mexican colonial art interpreted the Catholic iconography of Santa María Tonantzintla church as the Assumption of the Virgin Mary up to the celestial kingdom and her coronation by the holy Trinity. One of those scholars, Francisco de la Maza, proposed the idea that apart from that, the ornaments of the church evoke Tlalocan, paradise of the ancient deity of rain known as Tlaloc. Following this interpretation this study explores the relation between the Virgin Mary and the ancient Nahua deity of Earth and fertility called Tonatzin in order to show the profound syncretic bonds which exist between Christian and Mesoamerican traditions. KEY WORDS: syncretism, altepetl, Tlalocan, Tamoanchan, Ometeotl, Nahua culture, Tonantzintla 1 This text is a continuation of the article published in previous volume. In. Ethnologia actualis. Vol. 16, No. 1/2016, pp. 8-29. DOI: 10.1515/eas-2017-0002 © University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. All rights reserved. 15 ETHNOLOGIA ACTUALIS Vol. 16, No. 2/2016 JULIO GLOCKNER The Barroque Paradise of Santa María Tonantzitla II The myth of the origin of corn From the rest of the plants cultivated traditionally in the area, corn stands out, a plant divinized during the pre-Hispanic era with the name Centeotl. -
Encounter with the Plumed Serpent
Maarten Jansen and Gabina Aurora Pérez Jiménez ENCOUNTENCOUNTEERR withwith thethe Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica Preface Encounter WITH THE plumed serpent i Mesoamerican Worlds From the Olmecs to the Danzantes GENERAL EDITORS: DAVÍD CARRASCO AND EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Apotheosis of Janaab’ Pakal: Science, History, and Religion at Classic Maya Palenque, GERARDO ALDANA Commoner Ritual and Ideology in Ancient Mesoamerica, NANCY GONLIN AND JON C. LOHSE, EDITORS Eating Landscape: Aztec and European Occupation of Tlalocan, PHILIP P. ARNOLD Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures, Revised Edition, ANTHONY AVENI Encounter with the Plumed Serpent: Drama and Power in the Heart of Mesoamerica, MAARTEN JANSEN AND GABINA AURORA PÉREZ JIMÉNEZ In the Realm of Nachan Kan: Postclassic Maya Archaeology at Laguna de On, Belize, MARILYN A. MASSON Life and Death in the Templo Mayor, EDUARDO MATOS MOCTEZUMA The Madrid Codex: New Approaches to Understanding an Ancient Maya Manuscript, GABRIELLE VAIL AND ANTHONY AVENI, EDITORS Mesoamerican Ritual Economy: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, E. CHRISTIAN WELLS AND KARLA L. DAVIS-SALAZAR, EDITORS Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, DAVÍD CARRASCO, LINDSAY JONES, AND SCOTT SESSIONS Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror,” GUILHEM OLIVIER, TRANSLATED BY MICHEL BESSON Rabinal Achi: A Fifteenth-Century Maya Dynastic Drama, ALAIN BRETON, EDITOR; TRANSLATED BY TERESA LAVENDER FAGAN AND ROBERT SCHNEIDER Representing Aztec Ritual: Performance, Text, and Image in the Work of Sahagún, ELOISE QUIÑONES KEBER, EDITOR The Social Experience of Childhood in Mesoamerica, TRACI ARDREN AND SCOTT R. HUTSON, EDITORS Stone Houses and Earth Lords: Maya Religion in the Cave Context, KEITH M. -
157. Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (Modern Mexico City, Mexico)
157. Templo Mayor (main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 C.E. Stone (temple); volcanic stone (The Coyolxauhqui Stone); jadeite (Olmec-style mask); basalt (Calendar Stone). (4 images) dedicated simultaneously to two gods, Huitzilopochtli, god of war, and Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture, each of which had a shrine at the top of the pyramid with separate staircases 328 by 262 ft) at its base, dominated the Sacred Precinct rebuilt six times After the destruction of Tenochtitlan, the Templo Mayor, like most of the rest of the city, was taken apart and then covered over by the new Spanish colonial city After earlier small attempts to excavate - the push to fully excavate the site did not come until late in the 20th century. On 25 February 1978, workers for the electric company were digging at a place in the city then popularly known as the "island of the dogs." It was named such because it was slightly elevated over the rest of the neighborhood and when there was flooding, street dogs would congregate there. At just over two meters down they struck a pre-Hispanic monolith. This stone turned out to be a huge disk of over 3.25 meters (10.7 feet) in diameter, 30 centimeters (11.8 inches) thick and weighing 8.5 metric tons (8.4 long tons; 9.4 short tons). The relief on the stone was later determined to be Coyolxauhqui, the moon goddess, dating to the end of the 15th century o From 1978 to 1982, specialists directed by archeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma worked on the project to excavate the Temple.[5] Initial excavations found that many of the artifacts were in good enough condition to study.[7] Efforts coalesced into the Templo Mayor Project, which was authorized by presidential decree.[8] o To excavate, thirteen buildings in this area had to be demolished. -
Lacandon Paths to the Underworld Milan Kováč
POLISH ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY – INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY CONTRIBUTIONS IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 10 Into the Underworld: Landscapes of Creation and Conceptions of the Afterlife in Mesoamerica Special Issue Proceedings of the 4rd Cracow Maya Conference ‘Into the Underworld: Archaeological and anthropological perspectives on caves, death and the afterlife in the Pre-Columbian Americas’ February 19-22, 2015, Cracow Edited by Jarosław Źrałka and Christophe Helmke Assistant editor: Monika Banach Kraków 2016 CONTENTS 7 From the editors 11 Through the valley of the shadow of death: Death as a typical domain requiring non-literal treatment Agnieszka Hamann 25 Xo’l vitz y xe’ naloj: el paisaje sagrado de los mayas ixiles de Guatemala Monika Banach 43 Lacandon paths to the Underworld Milan Kováč 55 Caves and New Fire ceremonies in the Central Mexican Highlands: The case of the Cerro de la Estrella, Iztapalapa, Mexico Christophe Helmke and Ismael Arturo Montero García 101 The cave and the butterfly: Thoughts on death and rebirth in ancient Mesoamerica Jesper Nielsen 113 Uk’ay ajbuj: Otherworldly owls in the mundo maya Harri Kettunen 149 Places of beginning, modes of belonging: Steambaths and caves in Mesoamerica John S. Henderson and Kathryn M. Hudson 183 The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Maya king: A study of Pusilha Ruler G Andrew D. Somerville and Geoffrey E. Braswell 207 Burials, offerings, flints and the cult of ancestors: The case of Nakum Structure X, Peten, Guatemala Jarosław Źrałka, Wiesław Koszkul, Varinia Matute, Bogumił Pilarski, Bernard Hermes, Juan Luis Velásquez 251 Excavating data: Harmonization of burial data from Uaxactun, Guatemala Lenka Horáková 287 Out of the Underworld: The resurrection of the Maize God and its architectural context Jan Szymański Contributions in New World Archaeology 10: 43-54 LACANDON PATHS TO THE UNDERWORLD Milan Kováč Department of Comparative Religion, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia. -
SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: FOCUS (Tenochtitlán)
SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: FOCUS (Tenochtitlán) ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: http://www.sacred- destinations.com/mexic o/mexico-city-templo- mayor TITLE or DESIGNATION: Templo Mayor CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1500 C.E. LOCATION: Tenochtitlán (present- day Mexico City) TITLE or DESIGNATION: Aztec Calendar Stone CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1500 C.E. MEDIUM: basalt TITLE or DESIGNATION: Coatlicue from Tenochtitlán CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1487-1520 C.E. MEDIUM: volcanic stone ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacademy. org/humanities/art-africa- oceania- americas/mesoamerica/azte c-mexica/a/mexica-templo- mayor-at-tenochtitlan-the- coyolxauhqui-stone-and-an- olmec-style-mask TITLE or DESIGNATION: Coyolxauhqui (She of the Bells) CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: late 15th century C.E. MEDIUM: volcanic stone ONLINE ASSIGNMENT: https://www.khanacade my.org/humanities/art- africa-oceania- americas/mesoamerica/o lmec/v/olmec-mask TITLE or DESIGNATION: Olmec-style mask from Tenochtitlán CULTURE or ART HISTORICAL PERIOD: Mexica (Aztec) DATE: c. 1200-400 B.C.E.; buried c. 1470 C.E. MEDIUM: jadeite SACRED SPACES and RITUALS: AZTEC ART and ARCHITECTURE: SELECTED TEXT (Tenochtitlán) Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlán, c. 1500 According to Aztec sources, Templo Mayor was built on this spot because an eagle was seen perched on a cactus devouring a snake, in fulfillment of a prophecy. Construction on the temple began sometime after 1325 and was enlarged over the next two centuries. At the time of the 1521 Spanish Conquest, the site was the center of religious life for the city of 300,000. -
BMU Myths & Their Transformations Student Edition 2009
"MYTHS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS, THE MYTHOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF RUDOLFO ANAYA'S THE LEGEND OF LA LLORONA” MARK BARTHOLIO, VALLEY HIGH SCHOOL, SANTA ANA MYTH IS A PAST WITH A FUTURE, EXERCISING ITSELF IN THE PRESENT. CARLOS FUENTES RUDOLFO ANAYA CONTENTS OF UNIT q STUDENT OBJECTIVES q NARRATIVE q DISCUSSION OF THE MYTHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS q DISCUSSION OF THE POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL ELEMENTS q CONCLUSION q GLOSSARY q OPTIONAL ACTIVITY q BIBLIOGRAPHY q STUDENT READING LIST (OPTIONAL) STUDENT OBJECTIVES q TO BECOME FAMILIAR WITH KEY FIGURES IN THE MESOAMERICAN MYTHOLOGICAL PANTHEON. q TO EXPLORE CROSS-TRADITIONAL MYTHOLOGICAL THEMES. q TO GAIN A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF THE HISTORICAL DRAMA OF THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF MEXICO. q TO UNDERSTAND THE TRANSFORMATION OF MYTHS FROM SEVERAL PERSPECTIVES, INCLUDING THE CULTURAL, POLITICAL, AND LITERARY DOMAINS. KEY QUESTIONS q HOW HAVE CERTAIN TRENDS , ETHICS , & PERSPECTIVES CONTRIBUTED TO THEMES IN CHICANO LITERATURE? q WHAT SYMBOLS, MOTIFS, AND ARCHETYPES ARE PREVALENT IN CHICANO LITERATURE, SPECIFICALLY IN RUDOLFO ANAYA’S BLESS ME ULTIMA? "MYTHS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS" 2 NARRATIVE The Legend of La Llorona is unique among the literary works in the SAUSD language arts curriculum in that it is the only work set in both the mythological and historical worlds of the Aztecs (Mexico, Nahua) at the time of the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. An investigation of its several themes demands an exploration of the mythological context of the novelette, as well as interpretation of the historical and political transformations of the mythological elements. Anyone familiar with Southwest and Mexican folklore will immediately recognize the mythic element of LOL in its very title. -
AZTEC ARCHITECTURE by MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D
AZTEC ARCHITECTURE by MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D. PHOTOGRAPHY: FERNANDO GONZÁLEZ Y GONZÁLEZ AND MANUEL AGUILAR-MORENO, Ph.D. DRAWINGS: LLUVIA ARRAS, FONDA PORTALES, ANNELYS PÉREZ, RICHARD PERRY AND MARIA RAMOS. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Symbolism TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE General Construction of Pyramid-Temples Temples Types of pyramids Round Pyramids Twin Stair Pyramids Shrines (Adoratorios ) Early Capital Cities City-State Capitals Ballcourts Aqueducts and Dams Markets Gardens BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES THE PRECINCT OF TENOCHTITLAN Introduction Urbanism Ceremonial Plaza (Interior of the Sacred Precinct) The Great Temple Myths Symbolized in the Great Temple Construction Stages Found in the Archaeological Excavations of the Great Temple Construction Phase I Construction Phase II Construction Phase III Construction Phase IV Construction Phase V Construction Phase VI Construction Phase VII Emperor’s Palaces Homes of the Inhabitants Chinampas Ballcourts Temple outside the Sacred Precinct OTHER CITIES Tenayuca The Pyramid Wall of Serpents Tomb-Altar Sta. Cecilia Acatitlan The Pyramid Teopanzolco Tlatelolco The Temple of the Calendar Temple of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl Sacred Well Priests’ Residency The Marketplace Tetzcotzinco Civic Monuments Shrines Huexotla The Wall La Comunidad (The Community) La Estancia (The Hacienda) Santa Maria Group San Marcos Santiago The Ehecatl- Quetzalcoatl Building Tepoztlan The Pyramid-Temple of Tepoztlan Calixtlahuaca Temple of Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl The Tlaloc Cluster The Calmecac Group Ballcourt Coatetelco Malinalco Temple I (Cuauhcalli) – Temple of the Eagle and Jaguar Knights Temple II Temple III Temple IV Temple V Temple VI Figures Bibliography INTRODUCTION Aztec architecture reflects the values and civilization of an empire, and studying Aztec architecture is instrumental in understanding the history of the Aztecs, including their migration across Mexico and their re-enactment of religious rituals. -
Aztec Mythology
Curriculum Units by Fellows of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute 1994 Volume III: Understanding the Ancient Americas: Foundation, Flourishing, and Survival Aztec Mythology Curriculum Unit 94.03.03 by Lorna Dils This unit is written for fourth and fifth grade students in the Talented and Gifted Program. These are students who have been identified through a multi-criteria screening process to be in the top five percent of their grade. They come to me once a week for a full day. Included within that day is what is referred to as the “core curriculum.” The “core” for fourth and fifth graders was originally the study of the Middle Ages and was traditional in its European-centeredness. In 1992, I used my participation in the Yale Teachers Institute to broaden this curriculum by writing a unit that looked at West Africa, the Aztec culture, and Medieval Europe The major focus of that unit was to allow students, through research and class room activities, to compare and contrast the three cultures. This unit will build upon the previous unit by exploring the mythology of the Aztecs. All students in the Talented and Gifted Program, in either the fourth or fifth grade, also study Greek Mythology. Thus, this unit will build upon and enhance that year’s core curriculum. Wherever possible, I will provide opportunities for students to compare and contrast not just the Aztec culture with African and European, but with their previous knowledge of Greek mythology as well. Part I—The Aztec Religion In order for teachers to present the mythology of the Aztecs to students, they need an understanding of the basics of the Aztec religion. -
Santa Muerte
BRM OUD EJR NA A L T E R N A T I V E F A I T H S & S P I R I T U A L I T I E S O F L A T I N A M E R I C A B Y J Y N A R R O D E D I C A T I O N F O R M Y A N C E S T O R S & M I F A M I L I A . “Al fin del día, podemos soportar mucho más de lo que creemos que podemos.” “At the end of the day, we can endure much more than we think we can.” ― Frida Kahlo 1 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S P a g e 0 3 C O A T L I C U E P a g e 0 5 S A N T A M U E R T E P a g e 0 7 X O L O I T Z C U I N T L I P a g e 0 9 M A Í Z P a g e 1 1 L A L L O R O N A P a g e 1 3 C A T E M A C O P a g e 1 5 L A B R U J A P a g e 1 7 L A O F R E N D A P a g e 1 9 P U L Q U E P a g e 2 0 C E M P A S Ú C H I L 2 3 CARD 1 C O A T L I C U E SOVEREIGNTY power | dignity | authority Aztec Goddess Coatlicue, Mother of the Earth and the Gods, was both creator and destroyer. -
I PASS BY, I WALK and DANCE GUIDED by HARMONIOUS COUNTING Mathematical Theory of the Universe Origin and the Order of the C
I PASS BY, I WALK AND DANCE GUIDED BY HARMONIOUS COUNTING Mathematical theory of the Universe origin and the order of the corn account, within the Dance of the Anahuac Nation. Everardo Lara González FOREWORD This work continues the first research initiated in 1987 and published in 1993, under the name Mathematics and Symbolism in the Native dance of Mexico. I consider that, since that year, I was involved in the very first intuition of math within the traditional dance of the Anahuac. This mathematical intuition arose through the teachings generously transmitted by two persons, outstanding in their own specific areas of study: Engineer David Esparza Hidalgo, with regard to the mathematical knowledge of the Nepohualtzintzin, who devoted himself for more than thirty years of his life to the research of the Mesoamerican calculating system, as well as the contribution of the general captain of the Mesoamerican Dance, Ignacio Cortés, founder of the Tenoch group and one of the sponsors of the process for getting away from syncretism within this discipline and who, within his rehearsals of the traditional dance, suggested the presence of numbers within the rhythmic process. Afterwards, Master Cruz Hernández Ibarra, captain of the traditional dance belonging to the Mesa del Santo Niño de Atocha, kindly accepted to give information by means of interviews which were videotaped; in those interviews he teaches us about the symbolisms of certain steps within the different dances. Hernández Ibarra learned directly from Captains Gabriel Osorio and Carmelo Morales, from the zone of Guanajuato. Master Cruz’ trajectory in the traditional dance dates back to 1946 and he considers that nobody is the exclusive owner of knowledge; therefore, this must be spread towards childhood and youth as well.