DOCSLIB.ORG

Gc/Ms Batch Number: S50106

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gc/Ms Batch Number: S50106 GC/MS BATCH NUMBER: S50106 ESSENTIAL OIL: SPRUCE HEMLOCK BOTANICAL NAME: TSUGA CANADENSIS ORIGIN: CANADA KEY CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN THIS BATCH OF % SPRUCE HEMLOCK OIL ISOBORNYL ACETATE 37.2 α-PINENE 17.0 β-PINENE 13.2 CAMPHENE 7.0 LIMONENE 5.5 CAMPHOR 3.9 Δ3-CARENE 3.3 MYRCENE 2.9 β-PHELLANDRENE 1.2 Comments from Robert Tisserand: Fresh, green, coniferous odor quality. Constituents are in expected amounts. 510 2nd St S. Twin Falls, ID 83301 * 800-917-6577 * planttherapy.com facebook.com/PlantTherapy * planttherapy.com/blog Date : August 23, 2017 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION Internal code : 17H18-PTH2-1-DM Customer identification : Spruce - Canada - S5010669R Type : Essential oil Source : Tsuga canadensis Customer : Plant Therapy ANALYSIS Method : PC-PA-001-15E06, "Analysis of the composition of a liquid essential oil by GC-FID" (in French). Identifications double-checked by GC-MS Analyst : Sylvain Mercier, M. Sc., chimiste Analysis date : 2017-08-23 Checked and approved by : Alexis St-Gelais, M. Sc., chimiste 2013-174 Note: This report may not be published, including online, without the written consent from Laboratoire PhytoChemia. This report is digitally signed, it is only considered valid if the digital signature is intact. Page 1 of 2 Essential oil, Tsuga canadensis Customer Identification: Report prepared for Internal Code: 17H18-PTH2-1-DM Spruce - Canada - S5010669R Plant Therapy IDENTIFIED COMPOUNDS Column: BP5 Column: WAX Identification Molecular Class R.T. R.I. % % R.I. R.T. cis -Hex-3-en-1-ol 2.49 864 0.09 0.09 1326 5.67 Aliphatic alcohol Santene 2.63 875 0.86 0.83 887 0.98 Normonoterpene Hexanol 2.72 882 0.04 0.04 1301 5.28 Aliphatic alcohol Tricyclene 3.23 916 0.67 0.65 921 1.12 Monoterpene α-Thujene 3.32 921 0.08 16.75 951 1.24* Monoterpene α-Pinene 3.46 929 16.99 [16.75] 951 1.24* Monoterpene Camphene 3.73* 945 7.12 6.97 996 1.54 Monoterpene α-Fenchene 3.73* 945 [7.12] 0.06 987 1.47 Monoterpene Thuja-2,4(10)-diene 3.81 950 0.02 0.34 1058 2.06* Monoterpene Sabinene 4.15 970 0.13 [0.34] 1058 2.06* Monoterpene β-Pinene 4.24 975 13.19 12.65 1044 1.93 Monoterpene Myrcene 4.50 990 2.89 2.99 1116 2.69* Monoterpene Δ3-Carene 4.78* 1006 3.58 3.30 1094 2.41 Monoterpene α-Phellandrene 4.78* 1006 [3.58] 0.16 1109 2.59 Monoterpene α-Terpinene 4.95 1015 0.10 [2.99] 1116 2.69* Monoterpene para-Cymene 5.16 1027 0.16 0.23 1212 3.94* Monoterpene Limonene 5.20 1029 5.46 5.17 1143 3.03 Monoterpene β-Phellandrene 5.22 1030 1.24 1.71 1147 3.09* Monoterpene 1,8-Cineole 5.25 1031 0.34 [1.71] 1147 3.09* Monoterp. ether cis -β-Ocimene 5.36 1038 0.01 0.14 1194 3.66* Monoterpene trans -β-Ocimene 5.54 1047 0.01 [0.23] 1212 3.94* Monoterpene γ-Terpinene 5.73 1058 0.14 [0.14] 1194 3.66* Monoterpene Isoterpinolene 6.13 1079 0.01 [0.23] 1212 3.94* Monoterpene Terpinolene 6.21 1084 0.51 0.48 1227 4.17 Monoterpene Fenchone 6.36 1092 0.07 0.05 1322 5.61 Monoterp. ketone para-Cymenene 6.42 1096 0.07 0.11 1370 6.36 Monoterpene γ-Campholenal 6.47 1098 0.03 Monoterp. aldehyde Linalool 6.70 1106 0.10 0.12 1499 9.35 Monoterp. alcohol Nonanal 6.75 1108 0.14 0.12 1347 6.00 Aliphatic aldehyde endo-Fenchol 7.16 1123 0.05 0.05 1517 9.97 Monoterp. alcohol α-Campholenal 7.27 1127 0.02 Monoterp. aldehyde trans -Pinocarveol 7.63 1140 0.11 0.14 1569 11.95 Monoterp. alcohol Camphor 7.79 1146 3.87 3.93 1425 7.48* Monoterp. ketone Camphene hydrate 8.04 1155 0.23 0.43 1520 10.10* Monoterp. alcohol Borneol 8.64 1177 0.93 1.07 1618 14.10* Monoterp. alcohol Terpinen-4-ol 8.81 1183 0.23 0.31 1527 10.37* Monoterp. alcohol Myrtenal 9.34 1200 0.04 [0.31] 1527 10.37* Monoterp. aldehyde α-Terpineol 9.49 1204 0.62 0.66 1621 14.26* Monoterp. alcohol Verbenone 9.88* 1212 0.12 0.02 1605 13.38 Monoterp. ketone endo-Fenchyl acetate 9.88* 1212 [0.12] 0.10 1405 7.02 Monoterp. ester Thymol methyl ether 10.63 1229 0.03 [0.31] 1527 10.37* Monoterp. ether Page 2 of 2 Essential oil, Tsuga canadensis Customer Identification: Report prepared for Internal Code: 17H18-PTH2-1-DM Spruce - Canada - S5010669R Plant Therapy Citronellol 10.93 1235 0.11 0.17 1707 18.93* Monoterp. alcohol Piperitone 11.82 1255 0.18 [1.07] 1618 14.10* Monoterp. ketone Isobornyl acetate 13.17 1285 37.16 38.75 1513 9.84 Monoterp. ester trans -Pinocarvyl acetate 13.57 1293 0.03 0.02 1537 10.73 Monoterp. ester α-Ylangene 17.26 1351 0.05 [3.93] 1425 7.48* Sesquiterpene α-Copaene 17.72 1357 0.01 [3.93] 1425 7.48* Sesquiterpene β-Elemene 18.95 1376 0.05 [0.43] 1520 10.10* Sesquiterpene Geranyl acetate 19.36 1382 0.05 0.10 1693 18.05 Monoterp. ester Longifolene 19.69 1387 0.15 0.16 1493 9.14 Sesquiterpene β-Caryophyllene 20.61 1400 0.14 [0.43] 1520 10.10* Sesquiterpene α-Humulene 23.42 1434 0.09 0.09 1583 12.47 Sesquiterpene γ-Muurolene 25.49 1459 0.05 0.07 1610 13.69 Sesquiterpene Germacrene D 25.63 1460 0.02 [1.07] 1618 14.10* Sesquiterpene β-Selinene 26.26 1468 0.04 [0.66] 1621 14.26* Sesquiterpene α-Muurolene 27.68 1485 0.11 0.11 1644 15.49 Sesquiterpene γ-Cadinene 28.72 1497 0.15 0.13 1668 16.74 Sesquiterpene δ-Cadinene 29.38 1506 0.40 0.41 1674 17.10 Sesquiterpene α-Cadinene 30.87 1527 0.03 [0.17] 1707 18.93* Sesquiterpene τ-Cadinol 37.54 1638 0.03 0.04 2069 39.33 Sesquiterp. alcohol τ-Muurolol 37.65 1641 0.03 0.03 2083 39.79 Sesquiterp. alcohol α-Cadinol 38.09 1651 0.06 0.05 2122 40.93 Sesquiterp. alcohol Total identified 99.24% 99.80% *: Two or more compounds are coeluting on this column [xx]: Duplicate percentage due to coelutions, not taken account in the identified total Note: no correction factor was applied OTHER DATA Physical aspect : Clear liquid Refractive index : 1.4680 ± 0.0003 (20 °C) CONCLUSION No adulterant, contaminant or diluent were detected using this method. Page 3 of 3 Essential oil, Tsuga canadensis Customer Identification: Report prepared for Internal Code: 17H18-PTH2-1-DM Spruce - Canada - S5010669R Plant Therapy Page 4 of 4 Essential oil, Tsuga canadensis Customer Identification: Report prepared for Internal Code: 17H18-PTH2-1-DM Spruce - Canada - S5010669R Plant Therapy Page 5 of 5 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Survey of the Taxonomic and Tissue Distribution of Microsomal Binding
    Survey of the Taxonomic and Tissue Distribution of Microsomal Binding Sites for the Non-Host Selective Fungal Phytotoxin, Fusicoccin Christiane Meyer3, Kerstin Waldkötter3, Annegret Sprenger3, Uwe G. Schlösset, Markus Luther0, and Elmar W. Weiler3 a Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität, D-44780 Bochum, Bundesrepublik Deutschland b Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut (SAG) der Universität, D-37073 Göttingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland c KFA Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Z. Naturforsch. 48c, 595-602(1993); received June 4/July 13, 1993 Vicia faba L., Fusicoccin-Binding Sites. Taxonomie Distribution, Tissue Distribution, Guard Cell Protoplasts The recent identification of the fusicoccin-binding protein (FCBP) in plasma membranes from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous angiosperms has opened the basis for an elucida­ tion of the toxin’s mechanism(s) of action and indicated a widespread occurrence of the FCBP in plants. Results of a detailed taxonomic survey of fusicoccin-binding sites are reported. Bind­ ing sites were not found in prokaryotes, animal tissues, fungi and algae including the most direct extant ancestors of the land plants (Coleochaete). From the Psilotales (Psilophytatae) to the monocotyledonous angiosperms, all taxa analyzed possessed high-affinity microsomal fusicoccin-binding sites. A heterogeneous picture emerged for the Bryophvta. Anthoceros cri- spulus (Anthocerotae), the only hornwort available to study, lacked fusicoccin binding. Within the Hepaticae as well as the Musci, species lacking and species exhibiting toxin binding were found. The binding site thus seems to have emerged very early in the evolution of the land plants. The tissue distribution of fusicoccin-binding sites was studied in Vicia faba L. shoots. All tissues analyzed showed fusicoccin binding, although not to the same extent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution and Habitat Selection of Introduced Eastern Grey Squirrels, Sciurus Carolinensis, in British Columbia
    03_03045_Squirrels.qxd 11/7/06 4:25 PM Page 343 The Distribution and Habitat Selection of Introduced Eastern Grey Squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, in British Columbia EMILY K. GONZALES Centre for Applied Conservation Research, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 3004-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada Gonzales, Emily K. 2005. The distribution and habitat selection of introduced Eastern Grey Squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis,in British Columbia. Canadian Field-Naturalist 119(3): 343-350. Eastern Grey Squirrels were first introduced to Vancouver in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia in 1909. A separate introduction to Metchosin in the Victoria region occurred in 1966. I surveyed the distribution and habitat selection of East- ern Grey Squirrels in both locales. Eastern Grey Squirrels spread throughout both regions over a period of 30 years and were found predominantly in residential land types. Some natural features and habitats, such as mountains, large bodies of water, and coniferous forests, have acted as barriers to expansion for Eastern Grey Squirrels. Given that urbanization is replacing conifer forests throughout southern British Columbia, it is predicted that Eastern Grey Squirrels will continue to spread as habitat barriers are removed. Key Words: Eastern Grey Squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, distribution, habitat selection, invasive, British Columbia. The vast majority of introduced species do not suc- such as backyards, parks, and cemeteries (Pasitschniak- cessfully establish populations in novel environments Arts and Bendell 1990). EGS co-occur with North (Williamson 1996). Many successful non-native species American Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) are human comensals which thrive in human-modified throughout much of their range where habitat special- environments (Williamson and Fitter 1996; Sax and ization and not competition determines the differences Brown 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • November 27,2014 Available Description Potsize 4 Abies Alba
    November 27,2014 Available Description Potsize 4 Abies alba Barabit's Spreader- std 24"hd #3 8 Abies alba Pendula #2 4 Abies alba Pendula #3 2 Abies alba Pendula #5 13 Abies alba Pyramidalis #3 213 Abies balsamea Nana #1 8 Abies balsamea Prostrata- std 18"hd #3 5 Abies balsamea Prostrata- std 2' #3 10 Abies cephalonica Meyer's Dwarf- std 18"hd #3 2 Abies concolor Blue Cloak #3 15 Abies concolor Candicans #3 8 Abies delavayi Herford #5 2 Abies forestii var. Forestii #5 20 Abies fraseri Klein's Nest- std 18"hd #3 28 Abies homolepis Tomomi- std 18"hd #3 11 Abies John's Pool #5 5 Abies koreana Gelbunt #1 7 Abies koreana Green Carpet #5 2 Abies koreana Oberon -std #3 2 Abies lasiocarpa Green Globe- 12" std #3 24 Abies lasiocarpa Green Globe #3 3 Abies nordmanniana Munsterland- std 18"hd #3 3 Abies nordmanniana Trautmann #5 2 Abies pinsapo Glauca #1 6 Abies pinsapo Glauca Nana #3 2 Abies procera Blaue Hexe- std 8"hd #3 4 Abies procera Prostrata #3 5 Abies procera Sherwoodii #3 5 Abies procera Sherwoodii #5 8 Abies veitchii Olivaceae #3 3 Abies veitchii var. Olivaceae #5 6 Acer griseum #3 1 Acer griseum #7 47 Acer griseum- 6'tall #5 14 Albizzia julibrissin #3 1 Albizzia julibrissin Summer Chocolate #3 5 Buxus microphylla John Baldwin #3 840 Buxus microphylla John Baldwin #1 20 Buxus sempervirens Faulkner #3 1 Buxus sempervirens Green Velvet #3 10 Buxus sempervirens Raket #3 263 Buxus sempervirens Suffruticosa #1 100 Buxus sempervirens Vardar Valley #1 185 Buxus sinica var.
    [Show full text]
  • Susceptibility of Larch, Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, and Douglas-Fir to Phytophthora Ramorum1
    Proceedings of the Sudden Oak Death Fifth Science Symposium Susceptibility of Larch, Hemlock, Sitka Spruce, and 1 Douglas-fir to Phytophthora ramorum Gary Chastagner,2 Kathy Riley,2 and Marianne Elliott2 Introduction The recent determination that Phytophthora ramorum is causing bleeding stem cankers on Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lam.) Carrière) in the United Kingdom (Forestry Commission 2012, Webber et al. 2010), and that inoculum from this host appears to have resulted in disease and canker development on other conifers, including western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), potentially has profound implications for the timber industry and forests in the United States Pacific Northwest (PNW). A clearer understanding of the susceptibility of these conifers to P. ramorum is needed to assess the risk of this occurring in the PNW. Methods An experiment was conducted to examine the susceptibility of new growth on European (L. decidua Mill.), Japanese, eastern (L. laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), and western larch (L. occidentalis Nutt.); western and eastern hemlock (T. canadensis (L.) Carrière); Sitka spruce; and a coastal seed source of Douglas-fir to three genotypes (NA1, NA2, and EU1) of P. ramorum in 2011. In 2012, a similar experiment was conducted using only the four larch species. Container-grown seedlings or saplings were used in all experiments. Five trees or branches of each species were inoculated with a single isolate of the three genotypes by spraying the foliage with a suspension of zoospores (105/ml).
    [Show full text]
  • Western Larch, Which Is the Largest of the American Larches, Occurs Throughout the Forests of West- Ern Montana, Northern Idaho, and East- Ern Washington and Oregon
    Forest An American Wood Service Western United States Department of Agriculture Larch FS-243 The spectacular western larch, which is the largest of the American larches, occurs throughout the forests of west- ern Montana, northern Idaho, and east- ern Washington and Oregon. Western larch wood ranks among the strongest of the softwoods. It is especially suited for construction purposes and is exten- sively used in the manufacture of lumber and plywood. The species has also been used for poles. Water-soluble gums, readily extracted from the wood chips, are used in the printing and pharmaceutical industries. F–522053 An American Wood Western Larch (Lark occidentalis Nutt.) David P. Lowery1 Distribution Western larch grows in the upper Co- lumbia River Basin of southeastern British Columbia, northeastern Wash- ington, northwest Montana, and north- ern and west-central Idaho. It also grows on the east slopes of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and north- central Oregon and in the Blue and Wallowa Mountains of southeast Wash- ington and northeast Oregon (fig. 1). Western larch grows best in the cool climates of mountain slopes and valleys on deep porous soils that may be grav- elly, sandy, or loamy in texture. The largest trees grow in western Montana and northern Idaho. Western larch characteristically occu- pies northerly exposures, valley bot- toms, benches, and rolling topography. It occurs at elevations of from 2,000 to 5,500 feet in the northern part of its range and up to 7,000 feet in the south- ern part of its range. The species some- times grows in nearly pure stands, but is most often found in association with other northern Rocky Mountain con- ifers.
    [Show full text]
  • Current U.S. Forest Data and Maps
    CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA AND MAPS Forest age FIA MapMaker CURRENT U.S. Forest ownership TPO Data FOREST DATA Timber harvest AND MAPS Urban influence Forest covertypes Top 10 species Return to FIA Home Return to FIA Home NEXT Productive unreserved forest area CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA (timberland) in the U.S. by region and AND MAPS stand age class, 2002 Return 120 Forests in the 100 South, where timber production West is highest, have 80 s the lowest average age. 60 Northern forests, predominantly Million acreMillion South hardwoods, are 40 of slightly older in average age and 20 Western forests have the largest North concentration of 0 older stands. 1-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 100- 120- 140- 160- 200- 240- 280- 320- 400+ 119 139 159 199 240 279 319 399 Stand-age Class (years) Return to FIA Home Source: National Report on Forest Resources NEXT CURRENT U.S. FOREST DATA Forest ownership AND MAPS Return Eastern forests are predominantly private and western forests are predominantly public. Industrial forests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. Source: National Report on Forest Resources Return to FIA Home NEXT CURRENT U.S. Timber harvest by county FOREST DATA AND MAPS Return Timber harvests are concentrated in Maine, the Lake States, the lower South and Pacific Northwest regions. The South is the largest timber producing region in the country accounting for nearly 62% of all U.S. timber harvest. Source: National Report on Forest Resources Return to FIA Home NEXT CURRENT U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Biogeography of Tsuga (Pinaceae)
    Systematic Botany (2008), 33(3): pp. 478–489 © Copyright 2008 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Biogeography of Tsuga (Pinaceae) Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data Nathan P. Havill1,6, Christopher S. Campbell2, Thomas F. Vining2,5, Ben LePage3, Randall J. Bayer4, and Michael J. Donoghue1 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106 U.S.A 2School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469-5735 U.S.A. 3The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 U.S.A. 4CSIRO – Division of Plant Industry, Center for Plant Biodiversity Research, GPO 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia; present address: Department of Biology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennesee 38152 U.S.A. 5Present address: Delta Institute of Natural History, 219 Dead River Road, Bowdoin, Maine 04287 U.S.A. 6Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Matt Lavin Abstract—Hemlock, Tsuga (Pinaceae), has a disjunct distribution in North America and Asia. To examine the biogeographic history of Tsuga, phylogenetic relationships among multiple accessions of all nine species were inferred using chloroplast DNA sequences and multiple cloned sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. Analysis of chloroplast and ITS sequences resolve a clade that includes the two western North American species, T. heterophylla and T. mertensiana, and a clade of Asian species within which one of the eastern North American species, T. caroliniana, is nested. The other eastern North American species, T. canadensis, is sister to the Asian clade. Tsuga chinensis from Taiwan did not group with T.
    [Show full text]
  • E H Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr
    E H Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. astern hemlock is found in scat- Etered stands in nearly every part of the state. Best growth is attained on moist, cool sites. It generally attains a height of 60–70 feet, and a diameter of 2–3 feet. The terminal shoot droops and bends away from the prevailing winds, quite often toward the east. The trunk usually tapers rapidly from the base. This species can withstand con- siderable shading. The bark is divided into narrow, rounded ridges covered with thick scales, and varies in color from cinna- The wood of the mon-red to gray. Inner bark exposed by Eastern hemlock is used for cuts or bruises shows a purplish tinge. framing, sheathing, roof boards, The leaves are flat, tapering, generally rounded at the apex, from timbers, bark mulch and pulp. ⅓–⅔ inch long, with a distinct short petiole and so arranged that the twig appears flat. Leaves become progres- sively shorter towards the tip of the twig. They are dark yellow-green with a lustrous upper surface, and a whitish undersurface. 48 EASTERN HEMLOCK K The cones are about inch long, ¾ C oblong, light brown, pendant and sus- O pended on short, slender stalks. Cones L mature during the first autumn and M generally remain on the branches until E the next spring. Seeds are winged and H fall during the winter. The twigs are very fine, limber and are not pitchy. The wood is coarse, brittle when very dry, light, strong and difficult to work as it is likely to separate at one or more of the annual growth rings.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Spruce–Fraser Fir Forest (Low Rhododendron Subtype)
    RED SPRUCE–FRASER FIR FOREST (LOW RHODODENDRON SUBTYPE) Concept: The Low Rhododendron Subtype covers the lowest elevation examples of Red Spruce—Fraser Forest Forests, in moist, topographically sheltered sites. This subtype is transitional from spruce-fir forest to Acidic Cove Forest. Picea rubens dominates or codominates with other mesophytic trees and there is an evergreen shrub layer. Distinguishing Features: The Low Rhododendron Subtype is distinguished from other lower elevation Red Spruce—Fraser Fir Forests subtypes by the combination of sheltered concave topography with a dense shrub layer of Rhododendron maximum. The Birch Transition Shrub Subtype and Rhododendron Subtype may have abundant Rhododendron maximum but occur on convex topography such as ridges and have associated species of drier sites. Tsuga canadensis may be codominant in the canopy, and is more often present than in any other subtype. Synonyms: Picea rubens - (Tsuga canadensis) / Rhododendron maximum Forest (CEGL006152). Red Spruce Forest (Protected Slope Subtype) (NVC). Ecological Systems: Central and Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest (CES202.028). Sites: Sheltered slopes, valley heads, and ravines, at relatively low elevations. The elevational range is not well known, but examples are known down to near 4000 feet. Some examples occurs as downward extensions of spruce from extensive spruce-fir forests into upper valleys, while a few are anomalous occurrences in high valleys distant from other spruce-fir forests. Cold air drainage may be important for their occurrence at these low elevations. Soils: Soils are not well known for this subtype. Hydrology: Conditions are mesic due to topographic sheltering, but this subtype occurs below the elevation of frequent fog and high rainfall, and its water input may be much lower than higher elevation subtypes.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Plant Responses to Sawdust 125 PLANT RESPONSES TO SAWDUST Delzie Demaree, Stanford University, California Sprouting seeds in sawdust has been a common practice in botanical laboratories for many years. A failure to get good root development in Vicia faba L. in sawdust of unknown source initiated the following pre- liminary experiment: a number of seeds were planted in fresh sawdust from Qiierciis alba L. and Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. In Quercus the roots were brown and did not penetrate the sawdust more than two centimeters, while in the Fagus sawdust the roots were well developed, white and contained hairs. The above experiment indicates that root development may depend on the kind of sawdust used. An experiment was performed with sawdust from thirty-two species of Indiana woody plants, in Sivietenia niaJiogoni Jacq., Tsnga heter- ophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lam.) Britton. With the exception of the last three species, the sawdust was made from specimens between fifteen and twenty centimeters in diameter. The same saw was used in order to have the sawdust of the same texture. Eight of the following plants were grown in each kind of sawdust: Zea mays L. Helianthus annuus L. Ipomoea puTpurea Roth Lycopersicum esculentmn Mill Cucurbita pepo L. Pisum sativum L. (early Alaskan variety) Triiicum aestivnin L. Pliaseolus multifi.orus Willd. All plants were grown in containers of the same size, in a green- house where the temperature was about 70° F. These plants, sixty-four in each kind ,of sawdust, were grown for three weeks from the time they emerged. The tops were measured in centimeters, the average for the sixty-four being shown in column one of the following table.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Forests of the Hocking Hills Prior to Hemlock Woolly
    Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) Forests of the Hocking Hills Prior to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) Infestation _______________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University _______________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from the Honors Tutorial College with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Environmental Studies _______________________________ by Jordan K. Knisley April 2021 1 This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and the Department of Environmental Studies Dr. James Dyer Professor, Geography Thesis Adviser _____________________________ Dr. Stephen Scanlan Director of Studies, Environmental Studies _____________________________ Dr. Donal Skinner Dean, Honors Tutorial College 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my parents, Keith and Tara Knisley, my grandparents, Sandra Jones- Gordley and Phil Gordley, and the love of my life, Sarah Smith. Each of them has been a constant source of support. Finishing my undergraduate studies and writing this thesis during the COVID-19 pandemic has been difficult, and I am certain I am not alone in this sentiment, but their emotional support has definitely made this process easier. Additionally, thank you to Scott Smith, captain of the “S.S. Airbag,” the boat without which I could not have reached some of my study plots. I would also like to express my thanks to my thesis advisor, Dr. James Dyer. Without his assistance throughout this process, from field work to editing, this thesis would not have been possible. Finally, I would like to thank my Director or Studies, Dr. Stephen Scanlan, for his guidance, and the Honors Tutorial College in general for the opportunities that they have given me.
    [Show full text]
  • Short-Term Fate of Rehabilitated Orphan Black Bears Released in New Hampshire
    Human–Wildlife Interactions 10(2): 258–267, Fall 2016 Short-term fate of rehabilitated orphan black bears released in New Hampshire Wˎ˜˕ˎˢ E. S˖˒˝ˑ1, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA [email protected] Pˎ˝ˎ˛ J. Pˎ˔˒˗˜, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA A˗ˍ˛ˎˠ A. T˒˖˖˒˗˜, New Hampshire Fish and Game Department, 629B Main Street, Lancaster, NH 03584, USA Bˎ˗˓ˊ˖˒˗ K˒˕ˑˊ˖, P.O. Box 37, Lyme, NH 03768, USA Abstract: We evaluated the release of rehabilitated, orphan black bears (Ursus americanus) in northern New Hampshire. Eleven bears (9 males, 2 females; 40–45 kg) were outfi tted with GPS radio-collars and released during May and June of 2011 and 2012. Bears released in 2011 had higher apparent survival and were not observed or reported in any nuisance behavior, whereas no bears released in 2012 survived, and all were involved in minor nuisance behavior. Analysis of GPS locations indicated that bears in 2011 had access to and used abundant natural forages or habitat. Conversely, abundance of soft and hard mast was lower in 2012, suggesting that nuisance behavior, and consequently survival, was inversely related to availability of natural forage. Dispersal from the release site ranged from 3.4–73 km across both years, and no bear returned to the rehabilitation facility (117 km distance). Rehabilitation appears to be a valid method for addressing certain orphan bear issues in New Hampshire.
    [Show full text]