THE EXPLORER JOURNAL OF USC STUDENT RESEARCH vol. 5

2012 Recipient of the Meskin Journalism Award research day - february 20, 2013 USC | SRG USC | SRG

2013 The Explorer

All views are the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the student body at the Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC nor of the editors of the Explorer Journal, unless such statements have been officially adopted by the University. The Ex- plorer Journal editorial board reserves the right to reduce, revise or reject any material submitted for publication. Articles and photos published in the Explorer Journal are the property of the Explorer Journal and may be reproduced or reprinted only after written permission has been granted. The edi- tors and founder reserve the right to accept, reject, discontinue or edit any article, letter, or abstract submitted for publication.

The Explorer Journal is published annually by members of the student body of the Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC.

USC | SRG

Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC Student Research Group 925 West 34th Street Los Angeles, CA 90089 dentistry.usc.edu THE EXPLORER 2 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc

THE EXPLORER

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Dean's Address

Dear Students and Colleagues, This research powers the progression of the dentistry field, but it also has another important effect. When Our annual Research Day is always a very exciting dental students, dental hygiene students, and specialty time. Every year, as students and faculty share their residents participate in research, it enriches their edu- scientific work, enjoy eye-opening keynote speakers, cation in a way no other experience can. Conducting and honor the year’s top projects, I find myself think- research can encourage students to better appreciate ing about how bright the future of dentistry is. the role that science plays in their clinical practice and commit to remaining informed about new dental de- Since the Ostrow School of Dentistry’s founding in velopments after they graduate, which in turns means 1897, we have been on the forefront of dental and cra- that their future patients receive the best in evidence- niofacial scientific inquiry, from uncovering the mys- based care. teries of the developing face to creating the technical innovations that become dentistry standards . Each A strong research environment makes for stronger year, our faculty members continue to publish more graduates, no matter what their professional goals are. high-impact, groundbreaking work than ever before, Seeing the wide scope of Ostrow students’ involve- ensuring that our legacy as a scientific powerhouse ment in research assures me that today’s Ostrow stu- continues. The graduate students and postdoctoral dents will go on to lead this profession on both clini- researchers who work with our faculty are provided cal and academic fronts, just as their fellow alumni with the mentorship and opportunities that help them have done for more than a century. become the next generation of great dental and cra- niofacial scientists. Fight On!

Avishai Sadan, DMD Dean G. Donald and Marian James Montgomery Professor of Dentistry Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC

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p.05dean's address Avishai Sadan, DMD in this issue: this in 08 welcome! Yang Chai, DDS, PhD

16 20esthetics in dentistry and early caries prevention Cynthia Young lingual orthodontics Ronald Chung, Joseph Park 22 faculty spotlight: anesthesia in17 dentistry dr. tae kim Andrew Young Shawn Ebrahimpour, Aileen Ngan 18 the importance of 23 dental biomaterials oral healthcare: filling in the gaps Sam Saab, Kenny Smith Isaac Sun, Catherine Tan

26 a message from the chair James Gordon, EdD speaker biographies28 & awards Christopher Fox DMD, DMSc & Dr. Cheryl Mattingly, PhD research day schedule 29February 20, 2013 30 usc | srg Student Research Group The Explorer Journal

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12distraction osteogenesis and the acceleratory phenomenon faculty spotlight: Brian Goo, Soo Kyung Lee, and Claire Leewing 14dr. piedad suarez durall Eugenia Chan, Kristine Hong, and Stephanie Ting 13

features benzophenones: novel agents 10 against hiv and candida battling the challenges Robert Berger, Christopher Patuwo, and Nichole Tomblin of periodontology Tiffany Lee, Payal Patel

24 bacterial flora of periradicular lesions Sophia Kang

25div. of occupational science & occupational therapy

Spotlight Florence Clark, PhD

52 Occ. Science & Occ. Therapy Student 53 31poster abstracts Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy Student Faculty 59 36 DDS Student - Basic Sciences Advanced Specialty Program Resident 61 41 DDS Student - Clinical Sciences Dental Hygiene 62 42 Other Graduate Post-Doctoral Trainee 51 THE EXPLORER 7 Graduate Pre-Doctoral Candidate USC | SRG

Welcome!

Dear Students and Colleagues, niofacial health and well-being. Our Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy as well as Occupational Sci- Welcome to Research Day 2013! This annual event ence and Occupational Therapy programs continue provides an exciting opportunity for all of us to cel- to be national leaders in education and research. We ebrate the research discoveries of our innovative stu- provide students with a strong biomedical foundation dents, staff and faculty. that gives them the tools to tackle important prob- lems affecting oral, dental, craniofacial, and general We at the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry are systemic health. Furthermore, we strive to translate proud to be part of the University of Southern Cali- our basic discoveries from scientific insights into fornia, an elite institution that places great value on practical health care. Looking towards the future, we excellence in research endeavors and on preparing will continue our quest to provide the best possible students to become leaders in fields such as science research opportunities for our students, and to equip and health care. We are particularly thrilled that the them with the critical thinking skills, clinical training, Ostrow School Student Research Group has been rec- and cutting-edge research experience necessary to ad- ognized for their enthusiastic dedication to this mis- vance the forefront of scientific knowledge and shape sion as well. Their publication, The Explorer, has won the future of health care. two richly-deserved accolades, the 2012 American Association of Dental Editors Lawrence H. Meskin Please join me in congratulating our students and post Student Journalism Award and the 2011 American doctoral fellows on their successes as you explore the Association for Dental Research National Student many excellent research projects being showcased Research Group Best Student Journal Award. during our Research Day.

The faculty, staff, and students of the Ostrow School Fight on! are dedicated to the mission of advancing education, scholarship, and patient services in dental and cra-

Yang Chai, DDS, PhD Professor George and MaryLou Boone Chair in Craniofacial Molecular Biology Associate Dean of Research Director, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California

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THE EXPLORER 9 USC | SRG Battling the Challenges of Periodontology

words by tiffany lee and payal patel

Alveolar bone regeneration has been a topic also in multiple countries. Figure 1 demon- Dr. Homayoun Zadeh Homayoun Dr. of interest in periodontal research for many strates through micro-CT analysis that the col- years, and there have been multiple forms lagen sponges implanted with BMP-2 specific of treatment developed. Bone grafts have antibody clones did result in de novo bone generally been used in the past, but patients formation. At USC, AMOR has been success- consider them unfavorable because of their fully tested on the cranial bone and tibia of rats invasive nature and long recovery time. The and rabbits. In Asia, it has been tested on non- “Era of Biologics” has introduced the use of human primates and the jaws of dogs. These growth factors (GFs) to regenerate alveolar models have shown efficacy and no contrain- bone. A therapeutic growth factor, approved dications up to this point. However, further an- by the FDA for oral maxillofacial application imal studies are required to ensure the safety in 2007, is recombinant human bone morpho- and efficacy before moving to clinical trials. genic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). While rhBMP-2 has been therapeutically applied, there are The second branch of his research attempts to Dr. Homayoun Zadeh, who just celebrated his 25 many disadvantages, including the high cost understand how oral biofilms, whether from year reunion with the USC School of Dentistry, which ranges from $3,000-$5,000 per dose. In teeth or implants, cause infection. In collabora- is currently the director of the postdoctoral peri- addition, exogenous GF treatment also con- tion with Dr. Casey Chen, Dr. Zadeh is study- odontology program, the Laboratory for Immu- flicts with the natural biology of wound heal- ing the virulence factors and genes of biofilm, noregulation and Tissue Engineering (LITE) ing by creating an influx of growth factors as as well as the host’s specific immune response. and also maintains a part-time private peri- opposed to the steady increase of the normal Bacteria grow in two different states: plank- odontology practice. Dr. Zadeh has always been healing mechanism. tonic and biofilm. Planktonic bacteria are interested in periodontology because of its strong single-cells, whereas biofilms are organized biological basis, room for inquiry, and ability to Instead of using these exogenous GFs, Dr. communities of bacteria. Most infections are provide long term comprehensive care. His re- Zadeh developed the idea in 2006 to use an- caused by bacteria in biofilm. However, the search incorporates the two major challenges faced tibodies to capture endogenous GFs to stimu- majority of research has tested bacteria in the in periodontology: 1. bone regeneration and 2. the late the regeneration of atrophic bone. The planktonic state. Many biofilm bacteria sub- pathophysiology of biofilm induced infection and use of antibodies for treatment purposes has vert the immune response, allowing them to the immune response. been on the rise due to its safety, specificity, persist in the host and are difficult to eliminate and diverse nature, but his lab is the first to clinically. Since infectious microbes tend to utilize antibodies for the purpose of bone re- be in the biofilm form, their research relies on generation. This concept is called Antibody analyzing the pathophysiology of this specific Mediated Osseous Regeneration (AMOR). state. Initially, his lab, along with many other It involves binding GF-specific antibodies to research groups, inoculated animals with the a matrix scaffold, such as collagen, and then bacteria in vivo but found that the host im- implanting this scaffold into the area of alveo- mune system would prevent the formation of a lar bone loss. His theory behind AMOR is that biofilm. In response, they designed a specific antibodies will capture and concentrate GFs model in which biofilms were developed on to amplify the body’s intrinsic bone healing titanium implants before placing them into the mechanism. The traditional bone graft acts as animal models. Figure 2 shows a successful an osteoconducter, directing bone to grow on establishment of A. actinomycetemcomitans top of it, but when antibodies capture GFs, an biofilm on titanium implants. The National osteoinductive mechanism is initiated. This Institute of Health has awarded Dr. Chen and induces healing and bone formation. In vitro Zadeh a five-year grant to characterize the and in vivo studies have helped demonstrate bacterial and host components involved in this efficacy of this technique not only at USC, but biofim mediated osteolytic infection model. 10THE EXPLORER Ostrow school of dentistry of usc

Even though his research targets periodontol- ogy, it has the potential to be applied to other aspects of healthcare. The use of AMOR in al- veolar bone regeneration may have future ap- plications to different types of bones in other parts of the body. A better understanding of the mechanism of infection caused by biofilm can also contribute to future studies on biofilms of other systemic etiologies. Although a rec- ognized researcher, he attributes many of his ideas to his clinical experience and hopes to translate the results of his studies to patient care. He identifies with the values of being a clinician scientist because his first hand ex- periences with patients have allowed him to address major issues through his research and believes that there is a greater need for such clinician scientists in order to better improve the quality of care.

References: 1. Freire, Marcelo O., Huyng-Keun You, Joong-Ki Kook, Jeong-Ho Choi, and Homay- oun H. Zadeh. "Antibody-Mediated Osseous Regeneration: A Novel Strategy for Bioengi- neering Bone by Immobilized Anti–Bone Mor- phogenetic Protein-2 Antibodies." Tissue En- gineering Part A (2011): 110908091822005.

2. Freire, Marcelo O., Parish P. Sedghizadeh, Christoph Schaudinn, Amita Gorur, Jennifer S. Downey, Jeong-Ho Choi, Weizhen Chen, Joong-Ki Kook, Casey Chen, Steven D. Good- man, and Homayoun H. Zadeh. "Development of an Animal Model for Aggregatibacter Ac- tinomycetemcomitans Biofilm-Mediated Oral Osteolytic Infection: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Periodontology (2011): 1-14.

3. Freire MO, Kim HK, Kook JK, Nguyen A, Zadeh HH. Antibody-Mediated Osseous Regeneration: The Early Events in the Heal- ing Response. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 23190409.

THE EXPLORER 11 USC | SRG Distraction Osteogensis and the Acceleratory Phenomenon

words by brian goo, soo kyung lee, and claire leewing

surgeries to loosen the maxilla. Once mobi- that it is possible to achieve a 40-50% reduc- lized, the maxilla can be advanced with head- tion in orthodontic treatment time using light gear and elastics. “It doesn’t work all the time, stimulated therapy. To address the basic sci- but in a cooperative patient it is 70-80% suc- ence behind this phenomenon, Dr. Yen wanted cessful, and if it doesn’t work, the patient can to know whether light causes a change in gene still have surgery,” says Dr. Yen. His research, expression in the target cells. He used mi- in collaboration with other major children’s croarray and protein analyses on human bone hospitals including Seattle Children’s Hos- marrow cells to see whether light can stimu- pital, examines cephalometric images, study late bone cells to change their gene expression Dr. Stephen Yen Stephen Dr. models, and patients’ quality of life before and and cause bone remodeling. The research team after procedures. “Both surgical and non-sur- found that when applying two different wave- “All these projects are derived from my patients’ gical protraction cases have risks for relapse,” lengths of infrared light on to the cells, specific needs. The research is part of the problem-solving says Dr. Yen, “ so studying the mechanisms genes, such as interleukins and matrix metal- process. When you work with patients with facial behind relapse is also important.” loproteinases, are activated and that different birth defects, their problems are quite extreme pathways are activated as the wavelength and and challenging. We face a lot of problems that Another research project that Dr. Yen and his energy levels changed. Through this research, are hard to solve... and a lot of times the conven- colleagues are conducting developed from his Dr. Yen hopes to address conflicting results in tional ways of doing things don’t always work.” earlier studies on distraction osteogenesis. the literature that were conducted under dif- Distraction osteogenesis is a surgical tech- ferent conditions, and thus, to provide a model After completing his DMD at Harvard, Dr. nique that exploits the fracture healing process for bone remodeling and regional acceleratory Stephen Yen came to USC for his residency to lengthen bone. Currently, surgeons and phenomenon without surgery. in Orthodontics and PhD in Craniofacial Biol- orthodontists have used distraction osteogen- ogy. Now one of the most influential and re- esis with complete cuts in the alveolar bone Treatment of a wide range of craniofacial pa- nowned clinicians and researchers in treating to lengthen bone and to reposition bone seg- tients requires integration of dental and medi- craniofacial birth defects, his focus on trans- ments in the face. But when a corticotomy, cal specialties to form a team that finds solu- lational and clinical research is driven and in- or partial cut, is made, the bone response is tions unique to each patient’s needs. Though spired by the fresh challenges brought to him different. Alveolar bone initiates a rapid bone his work is truly innovative, it is his humble with each patient. remodeling response that has been exploited nature and love of collaboration in the clinic to accelerate tooth movement. When bone and in research that shines through. “Profes- One of Dr. Yen’s current main projects hopes initially demineralizes, teeth can move rap- sionally, I live at the border of surgery and to improve the treatment and outcomes of idly through the demineralized bone before orthodontics. I don’t treat patients by myself. children with cleft lip and palate. A com- the bone remineralizes. This rapid metabolic The Dental Department is on the same floor mon surgical approach to treating the severe period during bone healing, known as the re- as Plastic Surgery and Oral Maxilliofacial Sur- underbite seen with cleft lip and palate is a gional acceleratory phenomenon, is the focus gery so we can flow back and forth because combination of orthodontics and orthognathic of Dr. Yen at the Center for Craniofacial Mo- we share the same patients,” says Dr. Yen. surgery to properly align the occlusion and lecular Biology. “The people at CHLA really like being with improve facial aesthetics. Because this proce- kids and treating them. A lot of people could dure is highly invasive, requires six to eight Although regional acceleratory phenomenon have gone on to different paths but what really weeks of recovery time, does not take place has shown success in significantly shortening keeps them there for a very long time is real until after adolescent growth is complete, and orthodontic treatment times, it still requires a enjoyment of working with kids and a love for can relapse even when done correctly, Dr. Yen surgical incision. What if the bone reaction solving problems together.” The ability to col- wondered, “What’s the best way to treat these could be produced without surgery? Dr. Yen laborate is also the root of the USC specialty patients? Are there alternative treatments that is therefore currently investigating whether programs’ strength. The great volume and va- are available to the patient? Can maxillary there is an alternative method for producing riety of cases that are seen between the dif- lengthening be done without surgery or with the same rapid bone response and tooth move- ferent USC-affiliated centers encompass the smaller surgeries?” ment without relying on surgery. The strategy full range of practice for orthodontics and oral Dr. Yen and colleagues are examining uses surgery, allowing for a very collegial learning As a non-surgical alternative to orthognathic infrared light to penetrate the mucosa and environment. “Oral surgery is not in compe- surgery, Dr. Yen is hoping to increase the mo- stimulate a regional acceleratory phenomenon tition with plastic surgery or ENT but works bility of the maxilla by utilizing a palatal ex- in alveolar bone, comparable to the bone re- together with other surgical disciplines. That pander to alternate expansion and contraction sponse following corticotomies. In random- doesn’t always happen at a lot of centers. forces on the maxillary sutures or use small ized clinical trials, Dr. Yen’s colleagues found We’re just happy to have help from everyone.”

THETHE EXPLOREREXPLORER 1212 OOstrstroow scschhool of dentidentistrystry of usc Pharmacognosy: A Search for Natural Compounds to Combat Disease words by robert berger, christopher patuwo, and nichole tomblin

one, the compound showed significant dose- dependent inhibition of GTF and F-ATPase activity. More general culture assays with the compound demonstrated the effects of this enzyme inhibition by showing an overall de- crease in dry weight biofilm production and a significantly less dramatic drop in pH.

After, demonstrating these effects in vitro, Dr. Murata showed that these results remained consistent in vivo by emulating these experi- ments with a rodent model. His studies be- gan by feeding the animal specimens a high sucrose diet to prime the teeth for S. mutans. Dr. Murata evaluated the cariogenic effects of S. mutans in animals treated with fluoride (positive control), 7-epiclusianone, fluoride Pictured (left to right): Nichole Tomblin, Dr. Ramiro Murata, Robert Berger, and Christopher Patuwo and 7-epiclusianone, and a vector control with no treatment. Extraction of the rats’ jaws and Finding himself completely transplanted rata’s research has focused on the antimicrobi- analysis for caries assessment showed that miles across the other side of the country, Dr. al activity of natural compounds against cario- treatment with fluoride and 7-epiclusiaone Ramiro Murata spent these past few months genic bacteria, namely Streptococcus mutans. both significantly lowered the development of ensuring that his move from New York Uni- One compound that has showed great promise caries. Furthermore, when the two compounds versity to the Ostrow School of Dentistry is the fruit of Rheedia garneriana. were combined, they prevented caries more would be a smooth one. He worked diligently effectively than either compound individually. to order equipment, recruit lab members, and The bacupari fruit of Rheedia gardneriana is make sure samples from his ongoing projects a native of South America and traditionally Since 2010 Dr. Murata has been working as followed him uncompromised – something used in folk medicine. Previous studies ana- principal investigator in the K99/R00 grant which proved a bit more complicated due to lyzing the chemical constituents of Rheedia from National Institute of Health (NCCAM). the power outages during Super Storm Sandy. have reported that polyprenylated benzophe- This project relates the influence of natural Dr. Murata’s work with Streptococcus mutans nones have antibacterial activity and may compounds on HIV infection and opportunis- showed promising results for the potential use be the compound responsible for Rheedia’s tic infections, such as Candidiasis. Dr. Mu- of natural compounds as anti-caries agents. As pharmacological properties. 7-epiclusianone, rata’s primary research interest is to address a dentist armed with a PhD in pharmacognosy, a benzophenone, was found to be a main com- biomedical therapy utilizing the interrelation- Dr. Murata is setting up his new lab to fur- ponent of the fruit pericarp and was purified ships between pharmacognosy and molecular ther explore the application of various natural by high performance liquid chromatography. biology. compounds to combat pathogens of the oral The activity of 7-epiclusianone was then test- microenvironment. ed against S. mutans.

Pharmacognosy is a branch of pharmacol- S. mutans, a key pathogen implicated in the ogy that focuses on the search for new drugs initiation of dental caries, is able to establish from natural sources. Rather than mixing in- pathogenicity through virulence factors that gredients to synthesize drug compounds in facilitate biofilm formation and acidogenic- a laboratory, researchers in pharmacognosy ity. S. mutans possesses the enzyme glycosyl- navigate the chemical diversity of secondary transferase (GTF), which synthesizes glucans metabolites from plants and microorganisms necessary for binding to the smooth surfaces to explore their candidacy for drug develop- of teeth. The insoluble glucans facilitate colo- ment. This use of natural products to prevent nization of the bacteria and subsequent biofilm and treat infectious diseases dates back several formation. The F-ATPase enzyme is associat- thousand years and its applications in dentistry ed with the acidogenic metabolism of S. mu- represent an important approach to new drug tans. When the activity of these key enzymes development against oral pathogens. Dr. Mu- was individually assayed with 7-epiclusian- THE EXPLORER 13 13 USC | SRG

Faculty Spotlight: Dr. Piedad Suarez Durall

In 2004, Dr. Piedad Suarez Durall came to the Unit- able asset in the predominantly Hispanic Los Angeles ed States from Costa Rica. She was 41 years old with community. Though it was challenging at first, Dr. a private practice and a daughter in Costa Rica, no Suarez quickly picked up English and now commu- research experience, and barely spoke a word of Eng- nicates effectively with the diverse pool of Spanish lish. But a thirst for knowledge prompted her to apply and English-speaking patients. With her age came ex- to the Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine program at perience and wisdom, giving her an edge in teaching the Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC on a whim. skills and clinical ability. She used to teach TMJ Disorders in Costa Rica and she was in charge of the Orofacial Pain Clinic at the Initially, she intended to return to Costa Rica after Latina University, so she wanted to get more knowl- completing the Orofacial Pain/Oral Medicine pro- edge/training in the field. Friends and family thought gram. But eight years later, she still remains at the she was crazy for making such a drastic career shift at Ostrow School of Dentistry as a faculty member and her age. She gave up her part-time teaching position researcher. She specializes in cultural competency ed- at Latina University, sold her thriving dental practice ucation, geriatric patients, and special needs patients, of 15 years, and moved to a foreign country. working with those who have physical or mental dis- abilities as well as patients with HIV/AIDS. Even Despite all the naysayers, Dr. Suarez showed amaz- though she arrived with no prior research experience, ing resilience in the face of adversity. She remembers she is now a published researcher. “It’s never too late her earlier days in United States, particularly the chal- to start,” Dr. Suarez says as she mulls over all of the lenges she came across in the postdoctoral program. challenges and success she has encountered. “I was Coming from a Spanish-speaking country, Dr. Suarez 41years old with no research experience when I first encountered language barriers in her day-to-day rou- arrived." tine. She laughs about her attempts to communicate with the other residents in the program, between her She credits her success to the guidance of key men- broken English and their limited grasp of Spanish. “I tors – Dr. Glenn Clark and Dr. Roseanne Mulligan. spoke Spanish with a little bit of English while [they] Her current research on methods of cultural compe- replied in English interspersed with elementary Span- tency education, spearheaded by the collaborative ef- ish," she recalls. But anyone who has met Dr. Suarez forts of Drs. Jacqueline Venturin, Roseann Mulligan, in person feels the vibrancy in her spirit and knows Glenn Clark, and Reyes Enciso, has been approved that she has overcome those apparent weaknesses to for publication in the Journal of Dental Education. become the successful woman she is today. Cultural competency training is an integral part of the dental curriculum and improves the student doctor’s Looking back, Dr. Suarez’s perceived weaknesses ability to cater to the diverse patient pool in Los An- – her age and limited command of English – actu- geles. Through experimentation and research, educa- ally became her strengths. Her fifteen years of pri- tors are constantly looking for ways to teach cultural vate practice background, teaching experience, and sensitivity more efficiently. The findings from their fluency in Spanish allowed her to stand out amongst research suggest that both seminar-based training and other applicants. In particular, her Hispanic cultural web-based training are equally effective in teaching background and fluency in Spanish made her a valu- cultural sensitivity.

Words by Eugenia Chan, Kristine Hong, and Stephanie Ting

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THE EXPLORER 15 USC | SRG Early Caries Prevention words by cynthia young

Dr. Paul Denny received his Ph.D. in Devel- opmental Biology in 1966 from California In- stitute of Technology and he began his basic research at USC in the area of salivary gland development and has had continuous funding from the National Institutes of Health for more than 35 years. This early research laid the foundation for and the direction of the current translational project, the CARE test, which re- ceived Phase I and II funding from a STTR grant awarded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Dr. Denny has published his research findings in numer- ous papers, in peer-reviewed journals, and has also presented his research at a number of sci- entific meetings. He is highly regarded by the Denny Paul Dr. research community for his work in the fields of salivary gland cellular development and Salivary oligosaccharides are found on sali- gorithm designed to analyze the data from the differentiation, salivary glycoprotein struc- vary glycoproteins and depending on what saliva samples was able to accurately assign tural analysis, and clinical application. kind of oligosaccharides are present, can affect individuals to one of two categories: (1) no the potency of microbial attachment and colo- caries and (2) caries or restorations in decidu- What if your dentist could predict whether or nization on susceptible teeth. In other words, ous molars with a ≥95% accuracy. not your child is likely to develop caries by when the pellicle begins to form on suscep- simply collecting a little saliva? Dr. Denny tible teeth, salivary glycoproteins with “caries The CARE Test/ Deciduous (CT/D) is a step and his team are collaborating with an array of prone” oligosaccharides provide planktonic forward in potentially being able to predict other teams and data from Delta Dental, study- bacteria more opportunities to interact with risk for future caries in young children and ing the patterns of oligosaccharides found in the tooth surface, whereas “non pellicle glyco- can more accurately allow for education of the saliva and comparing them to the development proteins reduce the ability of planktonic bacte- parents for preventive interventions. of caries in children. It is believed that the ria to interact with the tooth surface.” Studies body produces a constant pattern of oligosac- using saliva samples from children ages 3-17 charides, very similar to the body’s production were collected and analyzed at USC, then of certain types of red blood cells that are used compared with dental claims from Delta Den- to classify blood types as ABO. Depending on tal. These studies have shown that the “ratio of what type of oligosaccharides are produced by the two classes of oligosaccharides in resting the body, it may be possible to anticipate car- saliva correlates with caries history.” The al- ies development. This early identification of children at greater risk for caries may allow for more customized treatment including fluo- rides, sealants, antimicrobials and anticipatory guidance to parents and caregivers to reduce the incidence of caries. 16THE EXPLORER Ostrow school of dentistry of usc

“skeptical,” he uses research and evidence- based material that includes “a large body” of reports and articles to justify any changes to his own clinical practice.

To keep current efficiently, Dr. Tom often uti- lizes an extremely accessible tool—the inter- net – besides the traditional sources of refer- ence. By participating in various anesthesia educational venues, he is able to keep abreast of anesthesia topics and ideas from anesthesia providers globally. Additionally, he is able to focus upon specific topics such as pharma- cology, pediatric anesthesiology, and dental surgery. On top of internet research, he also uses the Wilson Dental Library and several traditional pharmaceutical newsletters and an- esthesia journals to stay updated on the latest developments. For students who wish to focus on a distinct topic, Dr. Tom suggests sorting through relevant journals. In particular, a great source of information comes from editors, who have “a wealth of information, experience and judgment to articulate issues.” Though his goal is to stay current, Dr. Tom enjoys reading editorials from several decades ago as ideas and attitudes towards current topics are stark in contrast or broadly based in comparison to Anesthesiology today’s specialization. In Dentistry According to Dr. Tom, one of the hot topics of concern currently is how anesthetics po- words by andrew young tentially cause quantifiable neurologic dam- age to developing neurons in animal studies as it relates to human development and expo- sure. Those who perform general anesthesia While he’s been honored with various titles— on pediatric patients remain concerned about from professional sandwich assembler to any significant neurotoxicity to humans. Un- Subaru car enthusiast—most at the Ostrow derstandably, this issue is problematic with School of Dentistry of USC know Dr. James human volunteers, thus patients, parents, and Tom best as the school’s attending dentist an- anesthesia providers alike remain concerned esthesiologist. Himself a USC alumnus (he about possible correlative effects. received his undergraduate dental education at USC in 1999 as a member of Dr. Stanley Though students at USC are learning the latest Malamed’s Dr. STAT/IV Sedation Selective he gathered from his days at USC, including a in dental practices, Dr. Tom still encourages all Team), Dr. Tom went on to complete a Dental heightened attention to detail and a strong cu- to dig deeper. While some principles and prac- Anesthesiology residency at The Ohio State riosity for knowledge, he encourages his own tices remain standard, new innovations and University. He returned to Southern Califor- students to be lifelong learners as well. Ac- discoveries are being made every day. Thus, to nia to practice and teach dental anesthesiology cording to Dr. Tom, “knowing state-of-the-art stay fully in-the-know, students should actu- and has now provided more than 10 years of therapeutics makes everyone a better clinician ally strive to understand the reasoning behind expert dental anesthesia services at USC. or researcher…and ultimately, better clinical clinical guidelines and practices by studying care is delivered.” the literature. And because patients now have Since the early days of his dental career, Dr. access to plenty of information (misguided or Tom has always been exceedingly interested Though the field of dental anesthesiology has not) on the internet, students and dentists have in physiology and pharmacology. The mecha- grown rather rapidly, it remains a rather small to be well prepared to answer questions and nistic approach with which he was able to and relatively unknown discipline. Thus, dictate treatment to appease any misconcep- grasp these topics drew him towards the field those who are trained in dental anesthesiology tions and worries. THE EXPLORER of dental anesthesia. As a part-time associate must face many relatively dynamic situations. clinical professor, Dr. Tom has passed on his Coupled with patients demanding more from passion for the field and spent more than a de- clinicians, staying informed remains a prior- cade facilitating student learning by promoting ity for Dr. Tom, who applies what he studies comprehensive dentistry. With the same tools to his everyday clinical practice. Admittedly

17THE EXPLORER USC | SRG The Importance of Dental Biomaterials words by sam saab and kenny smith

In today’s sophisticated world, all dentists sion of these materials to enamel and dentin. of the bonding process by using x-ray photo- must take a close look at the new materials We also look at bonding to other restorative electron spectroscopy, focused ion beam, and that they purchase. The dental market is flood- materials, such as ceramics or other compos- various methods of microscopy (for example, ed with different representatives claiming that ites. There are various ways to test this. Our scanning electron microscopy, transmission their product is the most advanced and longest most preferred method is the microtensile electron microscopy, confocal scanning laser lasting material. While this might be true for bond strength testing, where, after bonding, microscopy). We use these methods to try and some products, this claim might not be true for we cut the specimen into smaller pieces, about understand the bonding technique better so some others. Unfortunately, many dentists are 1x1mm in size, and try to pull them apart to that in the future we can develop our own, new fooled into purchasing these materials, without see how well the cement or adhesive bonds ways of bonding. Moreover we do research on evaluating the products’ pre-clinical and clini- to the opposite surface. We usually do that in long term performance of materials in terms cal research. Failing to analyze the data of a conjunction with artificial aging of the speci- of wear from chewing. We use a device that new material could lead to future problems for mens. This is important, because in the oral is able to simulate the chewing process in a the dentist when the material fails. Although cavity restorations are exposed to various dual-axis chewing motion, doing vertical and every dentist should use the best materials on challenges, such as masticatory forces and horizontal movements at the same time. Mim- the market to uphold the highest standard of thermal stress. These factors at the adhesive icking the aging of teeth is a tough process, care, dentists must choose products that have interphase might weaken the bond between since there are a lot of factors involved in the been tested rigorously. If a material fails the the restoration and the tooth surface, and oral cavity. Therefore we isolate each factor dentist will end up having to repeat the treat- possibly lead to debonding of the restoration. and test it separately. For example we use the ment. At the Ostrow School of Dentistry, we Additionally, water tends to weaken the bond thermal cycler to look at the effects of thermal strive to uphold the highest standard of care by between the tooth surface and the restoration. stress, and the chewing simulator to test the conducting research on all of the materials that Therefore, we usually store the restored teeth mechanical stress. We are also able to simu- are used on the clinic floor. The school can- in water for at least 6 months before testing. late a caries attack, were we can immerge the not afford to be misled by salesmen and de- Thermal fatiguing is done to test the material specimen in a special solution that simulates termines what materials to buy based upon the under thermal stressors using a thermo-cycler. caries. Another factor that we also look at is research, not the price. Using the highest qual- This might simulate the temperature changes the influence of pulpal fluid coming from the ity materials can save dentists valuable time, in the oral cavity ranging from ice-cold bev- dentin tubules on bonding procedures.” money and patient satisfaction. Our interest erages to hot teas or coffees. In many cases in this topic led us to interview one of the lead we see that the bond strength significantly Q: What are some other methods currently researchers in this field, Dr. Jin Ho Phark, who decreases after the artificial aging (6 months used to test dental materials? is in the division of restorative sciences at the and at least 20,000 cycles of thermal cycling) Ostrow School of Dentistry. compared to the bond strength after only twen- A: “A commonly used research technique in ty-four hours.” characterizing the bond is called 'micro leak- Q: What type of research are you doing? age'. For this purpose often a class V cavity is prepared in a tooth resulting in one inter- A: “I am in the division of restorative sci- Q: Besides bond strength testing of dental ma- face in dentin and another interface in enamel. ences, conducting research on dental bioma- terials, what else does your lab work on? Once restored, a dye is put onto the restora- terials. In our group we are evaluating and tion. In case of adequate adaptation of the re- characterizing restorative materials such as A: “We also study the fundamentals to under- storative material to the cavity no penetration adhesives and composites; we look for adhe- stand the molecular and chemical background of the dye at the interface will be observed.

THETHE EXPLOREREXPLORER 1818 OOstrstroow scschhool of dentidentistrystry of usc

However, in the situation of inadequate ad- are new materials that are not on the market clinical research on different materials and aptation of the restoration to the cavity a mi- yet, and others are well known brands that techniques. We want to combine those clinical croscopically small gap might occur and al- have been around for a long time. Some prod- results with the results of the tests we are cur- low the dye to penetrate along the interface. ucts among the adhesives have established rently doing in vitro. So, all the materials that This can for example happen if the bond to the themselves in our field as gold standards. we are going to use in this clinical program tooth is not very strong and is exceeded by the They have been on the market for quite a while are materials that we have already tested in stress caused by shrinkage in the composite and have consistently performed well. New the lab. Furthermore, we are expanding our restoration. A shortcoming of this technique is materials are usually compared with the gold collaborations with other disciplines, such as that there is no correlation between the micro standard. Some of those established materials prosthodontics, pedodontics, periodontology, leakage data obtained in the lab and results are even used here at our school on the clinic etc. in preclinical and clinical studies involv- from clinical studies. So if the composite in the floor every day. ” ing residents from these programs.” lab shows no micro leakage it doesn’t mean that the same material is going to perform well Q: What would you say is your greatest per- Q: What do you recommend that dentists do clinically. So this is another thing the dentists sonal achievement in research? when deciding on a specific material to use? should look for when presented with new den- tal materials.” A: “In terms of research, my focus has been on A: “Dentists should look at the clinical data, bonding onto zirconia. We did a lot of research and if not present as for some of the newest Q: Why is there no strong correlation? to evaluate the surface characteristics of zir- materials, at least the preclinical long-term conia to determine what would be the best way data. When reviewing the scientific informa- A: “Because the micro leakage by itself is not to have a strong and long-term bond to zirco- tion, it is always important to look at the data a good indicator in terms of how a filling is nia. From our research we found that we need and check if significant artificial aging was going to perform. Quite often the technique is a really rough surface that provides enough done to the specimen and meaningful tests not standardized, so that data from different micromechanical retention on the zirconia. We were carried out. Unfortunately, some mate- research institutions cannot be compared with have been doing research on surfaces that do rials do lack thorough preclinical or clinical each other. Furthermore, outcome is dye and not require any sand blasting. Usually when testing.” location dependent. Like the micro leakage you bond to zirconia you have to sand blast technique, there are other techniques that are the surface to make it rough and increase its In order to sustain the highest standard of care, used to test dental materials in vitro that can- micromechanical retention. However, we are it is crucial for dentists to look at the research not really predict the clinical performance of testing that materials and techniques that can that has been done on the products they use the material. Clinical studies are the ultimate be used with out having to sandblast the sur- in their practice. We should always be skepti- tool to find out how well a material performs face.” cal about the claims given by representatives, in the oral cavity under the different stress- and always look at the research done to justify ors.” Q: What are the plans for future projects? those claims. Solid clinical and preclinical re- search is the best indicator of how well a prod- A: “Our division has launched a new advanced uct will perform in the oral cavity. Q: Are there specific brands of adhesives and program in operative and cosmetic dentistry. cements that you are currently testing? This program was started in the summer of 2012 and we have four residents each year. A: “We test a wide array of materials, some Together with these residents we plan on doing

THE EXPLORER 1919 Orthodontics Lingual Dentistry and Esthetics In USC |SRG words by ronald Chung and joseph park his patients. for treatment ous fields thathelp inoptimizing lingual orthodontics. His- researchincludes vari whospecializes in thefew USCandisone of of School Dentistry tant attheOstrow of professor North Carolina. Now heisafull-timeassis- theUniversity of from a PhDinOral Biology North Carolina.and theUniversity of He holds Barcelona, theUniversity of Spain both from and orthodontics, in dentistry with dual degrees Dr. orthodontist DanGrauer isaBoard-certified Dr. Dan Grauer and orthodontics is crucial. Each member of member Each crucial. is orthodontics and plinary management of esthetics in dentistry interdisci the that believes Grauer Dr. Third, professionals. communication with patients and otherhealth ment results fordiagnostic purposes andfor treat simulating for allows also It outcomes. treatment planning and thepredictability of of accuracy increases greatly This tissue. soft jaws andtheir relation to thepatient’s facial the exact location of the roots, position of the lows the visualization of not only the teeth but al- scan (CBCT) tomography computed beam cone a from images The fabrication. pliance curacy indiagnosis,treatment plan andap- of three-dimensional imaging to improve ac- diagnosis approachbasedontheapplication The second approach involves the use a facial- his orhertreatmentplan. robot. a Each by component is specific to each patient and bent are wires and prototyping rapid by built are brackets These appliances. ing, andusingcustomized lingual orthodontic build- designing, involves first The approach. Grauer’s Dr. to components three are There surface, hiddenfromthepublic. dontics the appliance is bonded on the lingual surface as the name suggests,inlingual ortho- to having an appliance bonded to the facial opposed As teeth. of back the to bonded are invisible or hiddenbraces where appliances has beenwitnessedindemand for theultimate popular.growth more outstanding became An thetic brackets, lingualbrackets and Invisalign odontic treatment; andasaresultofthis,aes- demand for superioraesthetics during orth- increasing an been has There treatment. after tient care hasbeenontherise,bothduringand Over thepastthirtyyears,estheticdrivenpa- THE EXPLORERTHE 20 - - are aroundthecorner;youin? ever.and digitalorthodontics Digital dentistry dontics anddentistrymoreinteresting than plinary management ofpatients make ortho- New advances in technology and interdisci to causewhitespotlesions. less damagetotheenamelandareprone labial braces butlingual appliances produce of treatment withlingual braces is similar to Timespace. of planes three in position dicted tioned within 1mmand5degreesoftheir pre- very predictable – infactmostteethwereposi- tion fabricated before treatment, outcomes are treatment with customized with thepredic When comparing the results obtained after stages. planning treatment the into imaging pliances, andincorporating three-dimensional the accuracyandprecisionofcustomized ap- assessing on working currently is Grauer Dr. white spotlesions. use of skeletal anchorage, and prevention of and protocolsfororthodonticretention phase, ties by usingcomputer generated predictions, and treatment plan ofcasesamongst special cols in order to communicate the diagnosis proto- developed has Grauer Dr. patients. of dict and planorthognathic surgical outcomes gether withanorthodontistcanaccurately pre- sional imaginganoralsurgeon workingto- three-dimen With planning. treatment dental sibilities, and impact decision making during age, expand the limits oftooth movement pos- orthodontics, like the useofskeletal anchor in modalities treatment New meetings. virtual of a team effort via face-to-face meeting or result the be pline. Treatmentshould planning the possibilities and limitations of eachdisci- the interdisciplinary team should beawareof - - - - - Ostrow school of dentistry of usc

THE EXPLORER 21 USC | SRG

ture. “There are no documents that say when Faculty Spotlight: the ideal time to reline dentures are” according to Dr. Kim. His goal is to find it. The first three months is the time in which the greatest reabsorption occurs. Dr. Kim’s study evalu- Dr. Tae Kim ates the dimensional changes of the alveolar words by aileen ngan and shawn ebrahimpour ridge that occurs after tooth extraction by us- ing the NextEngine 3D Scanner. “My goal is to use these studies to shorten the six month period,” says Dr. Kim.

Dr. Kim also conducted a novel study tackling a previously unexplored topic within implan- tology: the immediate loading and full restora- tion of an implant. Prior to his study, experts contended that the immediate restoration of an implant was out of the question, owing to the belief that a lack of time for osseointegra- tion would not allow the implant to be stable enough to handle full, or any occlusal forces. Common practice was to wait 4-6 months with an inconvenient temporary partial den- ture for the duration of the osseointegration. As of 2008, the most streamlined treatment that had been attempted to date was to re- store the implant with a restoration that was adjusted completely out of occlusion until the structural stability of the bone to implant (os- seointegration) was validated. This approach inhibited patients from immediately utilizing the restoration in mastication, and necessitated follow up visits to raise the crown into proper occlusal function.

According to Dr. Kim, “patients want immedi- ate results. They want teeth right away.” He stated that he enjoys conducting research to keep up with the demands of the field. As the principal investigator of his clinical trials, Dr.

THE EXPLORER KIM TAE Dr. Kim collaborated with a team of USC Perio- dontists and researchers from the University 22 of Zagreb, Croatia to conduct a clinical trial Dr. Kim received his degree in dentistry from on “Immediately Restored and Loaded Dental Seoul National University in South Korea and Implants.” He and his team selected 20 sub- completed his residency in prosthodontics at jects fulfilling their specified criteria, namely Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC. Since the use of standardized Resonance Sequencing then he has been Chairman of the Removable Assessment to verify the density of bone prior Section in the pre-doctoral program. Aside to placement of implant and full restorations from being a faculty member at USC, he adjusted into full occlusion. Dr. Kim followed also visits numerous international universi- up with patients at regular intervals since then ties presenting new and current studies on and has proudly reported 100% success in his prosthodontics. Dr. Kim also conducts study to date. Since then he has been invited multiple research studies on various aspects globally to lecture on his groundbreaking find- of prosthodontics including immediate im- ings among his other areas of research. plant loading, denture base resin, and denture relining. In our interview with Dr. Kim he noted that the reason he enjoys his niche of clinical research Currently, the standard for final immediate is that that there is “no lag time between con- denture relining after tooth extraction is nor- ducting a study and its applications in the den- mally done after six months. This protocol tal arena.” He enjoys the fact that he publishes commonly results in the clinician having to and that practitioners can immediately utilize frequently and inconveniently adjust the den- his clinically relevant findings. OOstrstroow scschhool of dentidentistrystry of usc Oral Healthcare: Filling In the Gaps words by isaac sun and catherine tan

Dr. Roseann Mulligan, the Associate Dean of health does in fact impact academic perfor- “It’s all about caring for kids falling through Community Health Programs and Hospital Af- mance. A study of this depth and magnitude the safety net.” By traveling to areas of high fairs here at the Ostrow School of Dentistry was the first of its kind, which Dr. Mulligan need, the objective is to decrease the access to of USC, is an expert in dental public health. acknowledged might be due to the difficulty care issues that disadvantaged children face. One of her most recent publications, The Im- of conducting and organizing its many com- While continuing to care for school-aged chil- pact of Oral Health on the Academic Perfor- ponents. Some of the challenges included dren, it is also necessary to focus more atten- mance of Disadvantaged Children published obtaining approval from several Institutional tion on those even younger. In an upcoming in the September 2012 American Journal of Review Boards, meeting objectives of several project, Dr. Mulligan and Community Health Public Health, is the first study to determine funders, gaining permission from the Los An- Programs are planning to partner with First 5 the impact of oral health on academic achieve- geles Unified School District which is the 2nd to expand education and oral care programs ment. The study provides a link between oral largest in the US, and parents for participation for children ages 5 and under to help maintain health and social outcomes, such as school in the study, performing dental examinations proper oral health and prevent dental caries. and workdays missed due to dental problems. by USC dentists and collecting records for It stemmed from an earlier study, the Oral thousands of children from 59 different sites. By identifying issues in oral health through Health Needs Assessment Plan (OHNAP), research, providing care through commu- which aimed to describe the oral health of un- The most notable finding from the elemen- nity programs, and encouraging prevention derprivileged children in Los Angeles County. tary and high school-aged students, was that through education, the dental community can students with toothaches were 4 times more make an incredible impact on children. It is OHNAP was funded by First 5 LA, The An- likely to have a low grade point average. the role of the health care providers to act nenberg Foundation, The California Endow- Also, 11% of students with inaccessible dental as leaders in eliminating disparities in oral ment, and The California Wellness Founda- care missed school compared with only 4% of health. We as dental professionals must strive tion. Each of these organizations provided those with access. Furthermore, for every 100 to fill the gaps in care and education to meet funding in hopes to incorporate the findings elementary and high school-aged students, the needs of disadvantaged children in our into their strategic plans for future programs 58 and 80 school hours were missed a year, communities. aimed to improve oral health in local commu- respectively, due to dental problems. These nities. OHNAP was conducted on a stratified problems also affect the student’s families. References: sample of over 2,300 children and students, Parents of students with toothaches are 4 times 1. Seirawan, H., Faust, S., & Mulligan, R. ages 2 to 5, 6 to 8, and 14 to 16 years, who more likely to miss work. (2012). The impact of oral health on the aca- were identified with being disadvantaged by demic performance of disadvantaged children. participation in Women, Infants, and Children The findings of these studies are indicative American Journal of Public Health. 102(9): centers, Head Start preschools or attendance at of the importance of addressing the epidemic 1729-1734. elementary or high schools with at least 50% of dental caries in Los Angeles County at the 2. Mulligan, R., Seirawan, H., Faust, S., & ethnic minorities and at least 62% receiving school, community, health system, and gov- Barzaga, C. (2011). Dental caries in under- the reduced or free meals program. OHNAP ernment levels. The Ostrow School of Den- privileged children in Los Angeles. Journal of confirmed the overwhelming need for oral tistry aims to address these issues by provid- Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. health care in LA County by discovering the ing dental education and care through many 22: 648-662. prevalence of untreated dental caries to be different community programs. One notable 3. Mulligan, R. & Seirawan, H. (2010). The 73%, with a total of 81% needing dental care. program is Mobile Dental Clinics where USC oral health baseline needs assessment of un- students, staff, and faculty volunteer their derprivileged children. The Children’s Dental The more recent sub-study is an influential time to travel to communities all over South- Health Project of Los Angeles County. piece in the role of oral health on the devel- ern California to provide comprehensive care opment of children. The study shows that oral for those in need. According to Dr. Mulligan,

THE EXPLORER 23 USC | SRG Bacterial Flora of Periradicular Lesions words by sophia kang

quencing technology allows a wider range of detection with a more conservative approach and reliable results and thus has been utilized for this study,” says Dr. Saber. Despite great bacterial diversity, the research showed that symptomatic periradicular lesions tend to har- bor a core microbial community consisting of anaerobic bacteria, especially Fusobacterium (21.0%), Prevotella (7.5%), and Porphyromo- nas (6.0%), and of facultative bacteria, Strep- tococcus (8.0%) and Actinomyces (5.8%). Non-dental bacteria, Corynebacterium (7.2%) which has not previously identified in the oral cavity, was also found in substantial amounts.

This study also showed that even well-per- formed root canal procedures cannot ensure the absence of periradicular microorganisms and a great variety of extraradicular bacteria can persist in symptomatic periapical lesions after orthograde root canal therapy.

Figure 2. Distribution in descending order of frequency of the top 20 bacterial taxa in the 7 PCR-amplicon–positive periradicular lesions. Further research on the determinants of bac- terial colonization of periradicular lesions and the clinical impact of such colonization Periradicular inflammatory disease of end- sized periradicular lesions. Yet, the presence still have to be established. Whether the root odontic origin is a prevalent dental infection and diversity of bacteria in persistent perira- canal and the periradicular area harbor the that is initiated by bacteria from infected pulp. dicular lesions after orthograde endodontic same microbiota also warrants further study. The Section of Endodontics at Ostrow School treatment have not been studied using the Nonetheless, this present study on bacterial of Dentistry of USC carried out a metagenom- new molecular technology - pyrosequencing. flora of periradicular lesions increases insight ic analysis of the bacterial flora of symptom- Therefore, to better characterize the microbial into the microbiota of endodontic pathosis and atic dental periradicular lesions using the new content and diversity of periradicular lesions, may serve as a stepping stone to a new way 454-pyrosequencing technology and it has Dr. Mohamed Saber with others from the of understanding endodontic diseases and thus been published in The Journal of Endodontics Endodontic Department of Ostrow School of improve endodontic treatment. “This study in November 2012. This study may help eluci- Dentistry of USC, carried out a metagenomic contributed to our knowledge of bacteria in date the etiopathogenic role of periradicular study of bacteria in symptomatic teeth with endodontics which can someday help develop bacteria and its therapeutic implications in periradicular lesions using pyrosequencing of targeted strategies to kill specific bacteria that the future. bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. cause infections in root canals,” says Dr. Sa- Thirteen samples of periradicular lesions from ber. Symptomatic teeth with periradicular lesions symptomatic, previously treated teeth were of infectious origin remain a significant chal- extracted during apical surgery. Dr. Saber Reference: lenge in Endodontics and the reason for the says “around 90% of the teeth respond posi- acute perturbation is incompletely understood. tively to endodontic treatments but we wanted Saber, Mohamed H., and Karen Schwarzberg. The traditional viewpoint is that the perira- to look at the remaining 10% where symptoms "Bacterial Flora of Dental Periradicular Le- dicular lesion itself is sparsely populated by persist even after proper endodontic treat- sions Analyzed by the 454-Pyrosequencing low-grade pathogenic bacteria or is entirely ments.” Sequencing of PCR amplicons of 7 Technology." Journal of Endodontics 38.11 devoid of microorganisms. However, recent of the 13 periradicular lesions generated high- (2012): 1484-488 studies have found bacteria and herpesviruses quality DNA sequences belonging to 10 bac- in a high proportion of symptomatic and large- terial phyla and 73 bacterial genera. “Pyrose-

THETHE EXPLOREREXPLORER 2424 OOstrstroow scschhool of dentidentistrystry of usc Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy florence clark, ph.d., otr/l, faota - associate dean and professor

The USC Division of Occupational Science Assistant professor Trudy Mallinson is serv- with progressive visual loss caused by diabetic and Occupational Therapy, ranked the na- ing as project director for “Measurement and macular edema. tion’s #1 occupational therapy graduate edu- Outcomes Post Severe Brain Injury,” another cational program by U.S. News & World Re- rehabilitation-focused project in collaboration Assistant professor Shawn Roll is principal in- port, commemorates the 1942 birth of Trojan with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. vestigator of “Integrating Electromyography occupational therapy throughout the 2012-13 Likewise, the study aims to leverage Mal- and Sonographic Imaging for Evidence-Based academic year. For 70 years, USC has been linson’s health services research expertise in Physical Therapy for Chronic Pelvic Pain.” creating leaders: 4 Trojans have been elected rehabilitation outcomes and psychometrics for Funded by the USC Keck School of Medicine- President of the American Occupational Ther- enriching research currently being conducted Southern California Clinical Translational Sci- apy Association, including the current office- at the Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital (Hines, ence Institute, Roll aims to apply his expertise holder, division associate dean and professor Il.) on the measurement and outcomes of trau- in musculoskeletal diagnostic sonography to Florence Clark. For 70 years, USC has been matic brain injury. identify neuromuscular biomarkers in patients shaping the profession: Trojan faculty created with Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain the world’s first PhD research degree in Occu- Mallinson was also named co-principal in- Syndrome, as well as determine the ability of pational Science to build a scientific evidence vestigator of “Examining the Relationship neuromusuclar biomarkers to enhance clinical base substantiating clinical care. For 70 years, Between Clinician-Observed and Patient phenotyping. USC has been building better lives: Trojan oc- Self-Reported Visual Function in Everyday cupational science research today, led by di- Activities,” funded by Genentech, Inc. With rector of research and professor Mary Lawlor, co-investigator Rohit Varma, associate pro- is internationally recognized for its strengths fessor of ophthalmology at the Keck School in translational design, randomized clinical of Medicine of USC and the Doheny Eye In- trials, and qualitative modes of inquiry, all of stitute, this study will determine the extent to which inform clinical interventions delivered which self-reported measures and observed by occupational therapists to ensure patients performance measures provide comparable can, by performing and participating in their information about functional status of patients everyday meaningful activities, live life to its fullest.

Since last year’s Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC Research Day, several new projects have been funded and are now in operation. “Lifestyle Redesign® for Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Rural Veterans with SCI” is a new demonstration project to develop a sus- tainable, customized Lifestyle Redesign® program, delivered via telehealth systems, to prevent pressure ulcers in rural veterans with spinal cord injuries. Project director Michael Carlson and his team, in collaboration with the VA Long Beach Healthcare System (Long Beach, Ca.), will be developing a tailored Lifestyle Redesign® intervention manual, training and overseeing Veterans Affairs occu- pational therapists in its implementation, and collecting outcomes data.

THE EXPLORER 2525 USC | SRG Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy james gordon, edd, pt, fapta - associate dean and chair

The core mission of the Ostrow School of Dentistry’s Division of Biokinesi- Eligible individuals will be randomly assigned to one of four groups that ology & Physical Therapy is to enhance the physical well-being and quality differ in the total number of therapy hours (the therapy dose) given: 0, 15, of life of humans, and one of the primary ways that we accomplish this is to 30 or 60 total hours over the course of three months. Individuals that are as- conduct research that will expand our knowledge of the biological bases of signed to one of the non-zero groups will receive one-on-one training with human movement. This interdisciplinary focus on movement, which we call a physical therapist using an adapted principle-based protocol termed the biokinesiology, includes four domains of research: (1) the neural basis of Accelerated Skill Acquisition Program (ASAP). The conceptual model of motor control and learning, (2) the biomechanics of the musculoskeletal sys- ASAP includes three fundamental non-exclusive elements: skill acquisition, tem, (3) exercise and muscle physiology, and (4) the development of normal capacity building, and motivational enhancements. Participant chosen chal- movement. In this issue of The Explorer, we highlight one of our ongoing lenging and meaningful tasks are use as a vehicle within the ASAP concep- stroke research clinical trials. tual model to address neurorehabilitation and recovery. Measurements of each individual’s reaching kinematics, ability to perform every day move- Dose Optimization for Stroke Evaluation ments, and frequency of arm use will be taken at the beginning of the study Principal Investigators: Carolee Winstein, PhD, PT, FAPTA and Nicolas and at regular intervals throughout their participation. The participants will Schweighofer, PhD be asked at each phase of the study about their ability to perform activities in their daily life. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the US, and about 65% of stroke tensor imaging (DTI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) will be survivors experience long-term upper extremity functional limitations. Be- performed at baseline, after the intervention period is complete, and after cause each patient post stroke has unique impairments and function, it is a 6 month follow up period for the purpose of characterizing the stroke le- important to depart from a “one size fits all” approach to rehabilitation. Al- sion and determining the effect of therapy and its dose to elicit neuroplastic though there is now evidence that motor therapy can improve function and changes. use of the more affected limb for patients with moderate to mild impair- ments, change in arm and hand use in the months following therapy is vari- The DOSE team hypothesize that there is a threshold level of arm and hand able. function, such that if therapy brings function above this threshold, spontane- ous use and function will reinforce each other in a virtuous circle. Further, The dose of stroke rehabilitation appears critical to recovery of function and they hypothesize that larger doses will lead to greater gains in spontaneous use, but there is little systematic research pertaining to an optimal dose of use at 6 months following therapy compared to those seen immediately post- therapy. Little is known about what constitutes an effective dose of therapy therapy; contrarily smaller doses will lead to no gains or even reductions because patients have different functional impairments and unique needs in spontaneous use at 6 months following therapy compared to those seen for post-stroke rehabilitation. Furthermore, the change in use of the affected immediately post-therapy. limb in the months following therapy is variable; for some patients there is an increase in use, but for other patients a decrease. Thus it is important to DOSE is coordinated by Dr. Clarisa Martinez, PT, DPT, a member of the Di- understand how arm and hand function changes in relation to the amount of vision’s full-time research staff. If you are interested in learning more about therapy received, so that an optimal dosage of therapy can be determined for DOSE, please contact us at 323-442-1410 or [email protected]. each patient based on their individual characteristics. Supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute Of Child Health The Dose Optimization for Stroke Evaluation (DOSE) trial seeks to explore & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award the relationship between dosage of therapy and changes in arm use for in- Number R01HD065438. dividuals with stroke. Additionally, this study aims to develop a model that Current study status: actively enrolling participants. can predict the optimal dosage for an individual using baseline measures of ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01749358 function and impairment. Led by Drs. Nicolas Schweighofer and Carolee USC IRB: HS-11-00743 Winstein, this five year NIH-funded phase 1 clinical trial will enroll 60 par- ticipants with stroke and paresis of the upper extremity.

THETHE EXPLOREREXPLORER 2626 OOstrstroow scschhool of dentidentistrystry of usc

27THE EXPLORER

THE EXPLORER 27 USC | SRG

Christopher H. Fox, DMD, DMSc

Dr. Christopher H. Fox is the Executive Director of the Interna- tional Association for Dental Research (IADR) and its largest Division, the American Associations for Dental Research (AADR). The IADR is a non-profit organization with 12,000 individual members with a mission to advance research and increase knowl- edge for the improvement of oral health worldwide, to support and represent the oral health research community, and to facilitate the communication and application of research findings. The IADR hosts dental and craniofacial research meetings in all corners of the world and the AADR hosts the largest dental research meeting in North America as well as smaller, more focused symposia. The IADR and AADR jointly own the Journal of Dental Research, the Poster Category Awards: leading scientific journal publishing in all disciplines of dental and Awarded to outstanding posters within each category craniofacial research. · Advanced Specialty Program Resident · Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy Student - Exercise Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Prior to joining IADR and AADR in 2003, Dr. Fox was the Euro- pean Director of Professional Relations for the Colgate Palmolive · Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy Student - Neural Control and Motor Behavior Company. Dr. Fox completed his dental, post graduate and clinical · Dental Hygiene Student studies at Harvard University, receiving a DMD, a Master of Sci- · Graduate Post-doctoral Trainee ence in Epidemiology, a Doctorate of Medical Sciences in Oral · Graduate Pre-doctoral Candidate Biology and Oral Epidemiology, and completed residencies in Periodontology and Dental Public Health. · Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy Student

· DDS Student - Basic Science Since becoming Executive Director, IADR and AADR have · DDS Student - Clinical Science undergone significant strategic initiatives, including expanding the scientific content of the Journal of Dental Research and partnering USC Stevens Center for Innovation Award: with a commercial publisher to greatly expand electronic access. Awarded to the poster with the highest likelihood of translating into practical use IADR has regionalized their global membership structure and implemented a tiered-dues structure resulting in a 20% increase in The USC Stevens Center for Innovation (http://stevens.usc.edu/) is a university wide resource membership from countries classified as low or middle income by in the Office of the Provost at the University of Southern California that helps identify, the World Bank. AADR re-launched their brand position in 2008 nurture, protect and transfer to the market the most exciting innovations from USC. It also with a new logo and communication platform, including the addi- provides a central connection for industry seeking cutting-edge innovations in which to tion of the successful annual AADR Fall Focused Symposium. invest. As part of this role, the USC Stevens Center manages the university’s intellectual property portfolio stemming from its $650 million annual research program. Furthermore, IADR and AADR provide a unique platform to interact and the USC Stevens Center develops the innovator as well as innovations, through educational influence international and domestic professional organizations, programs, community-building events and showcase opportunities. Governmental bodies like the World Health Organization and Ministries of Health, the corporate sector, dental academicians, and Dean's Research Award: dental students towards broadly advocating for the importance of Awarded to the most outstanding project poster overall oral health and oral2013 health research. Ostrow school of dentistry of usc Research Day: Schedule of Events February 20, 2013

08:00am – 09:00am Registration - Presenters and Judges 09:00am – 12:00pm Poster Judging 11:30am – 12:00pm General Registration 12:00pm – 12:30pm Lunch - Founders Club 12:30pm – 12:45pm Opening Remarks

Cheryl Mattingly, Ph.D. Elizabeth Garrett Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost Cheryl Mattingly is Professor of Anthropol- USC, Office of the Provost ogy in the Department of Anthropology and the Division of Occupational Science and Therapy, University of Southern California. She has been Avishai Sadan a frequent Visiting Professor of Anthropology Dean and Philosophy in the Department of Culture Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark. Her primary research and theoretical interests include: Yang Chai narrative, moral reasoning, clinical reasoning, phenomenology, the culture of biomedicine, Associate Dean of Research chronic illness and disability, and race and health Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC disparities in the United States. In collaboration with Mary Lawlor, she has been the PI and Co-PI 12:45pm – 01:40pm Christopher Fox – Keynote Address on federally funded grants from National Insti- “The Case for Increased Investment in Oral Health Research tutes of Health, Maternal and Child Health and the Department of Education. She has published and the Role of the Scientist-Advocate” extensively on these topics, including 55 peer reviewed articles and book chapters. She received 01:40pm – 02:30pm Cheryl Mattingly – Keynote Address the Victor Turner Prize (American Anthropology “The Good Life: Practical Wisdom, Narrative Competency Association) for Healing Dramas and Clinical and Clinical Practice” Plots (1998) and the Stirling Book Prize (Society for Psychological Anthropology) for The Paradox of Hope: Journeys Through a Clinical Borderland 02:30pm – 03:00pm Awards Presentation (2010). Her other books include: Clinical Rea- soning in a Therapeutic Practice (1994); Narrative and the Cultural Construction of Illness and Heal- ing (2000), co-edited with Linda Garro; Narrative, 03:00pm – 04:30pm Poster Viewing and Focused Group Discussions Self and Social Practice (2009), co-edited with Uffe Jensen; and Moral Laboratories: Narrative 04:30pm – 05:00pm Reception 2013Experiments in Family Life (Forthcoming). USC | SRG

Ronald Lee Chung 30Editor-in-Chief

Parish Sedghizadeh, DDS Faculty Advisor

Annie Hughes, Bridget Samuels Senior Editors

Student Sophia Kang, Joseph Park, Andrew Young, Cynthia Young Junior Editors Research Tiffany Lee, Payal Patel Secretaries

Sam Saab Group Treasurer

Dr. Parish Sedghizadeh Parish Dr. USC|SRG Elizabeth Newcomb, Stephanie Ting Photographers

Back Row (left to right): Kenny Smith, Ronald Chung, Sam Saab, Andrew Young, Joseph Park Front Row (left to right) Aileen Ngan, Catherine Tan, Soo Kyung Lee, Stephanie Ting, Cynthia Young, Payal Patel, Kristine Hong, Sophia Kang, Tiffany Lee Not Pictured: Isaac Sun, Brian Goo, Robert Berger, Chris Patuwo, Nichole Tomblin, Eugenia Chan, Claire Leewing, Shawn Ebranhimpour OOstrstroow scschhool of dentidentistrystry of usc

Research Day Poster Abstracts February 20, 2013

faculty

Poster #: 1 Title: Palliative Oral Care: Percep- tions of Long-Term Care Certified Nursing Assistants Name: Joyce Sumi

Background: Oral care deficiencies study explored the perceptions and Lack of accountability in oral care larmuscles control scapula motion continue to occur in long-term care barriers of LTC CNAs who provide contributes to this multi- dimen- and therefore a lack of scapular mus- (LTC) institutions despite govern- POC and situate those experiences sional problem and underscores the cle performance and/or shoulder mental standards. Reported low within a health-promotion plan- need for new models. Increased flexibility may contribute to scapu- priorities of oral care among LTC ning model. Methods: Digitally re- oversight and training for CNAs lar dysfunction. Laboratory studies nurses and limited interdisciplinary corded, semi-structured interviews can initiate POC improvements. have revealed abnormal scapular ki- utilization of dental professionals conducted with 10 LTC CNAs ob- Augmented geriatric oral health nematics, reduced scapular muscle contribute to diminished optimal tained POC knowledge, attitudes education for dental and medical performance, and reduced shoulder oral care. Certified Nursing Assis- and barriers and were supplemented professionals is essential to improve flexibility in patients with shoulder tants (CNAs), primarily responsible with field observations. Results: Al- interdisciplinary collaborations in pain as compared to asymptom- for providing palliative oral care though CNAs self-reported provid- achieving optimal oral health for all atic shoulders. However, laboratory (POC) to LTC residents with life- ing good POC, their informed oral LTC residents. tests are impractical for the clinical limiting illnesses, critically need care knowledge exhibited deficien- setting. Clinical tests are needed to sound oral care knowledge and cies; subsequently personal dental Poster #: 2 identify scapular dysfunction and training to ensure patients’ qual- experiences became their preemi- Title: Relevance of Scapular Dyski- determine the subgroup of patients ity of life. Further investigation nent source of information. CNAs nesis in Patients with Shoulder Pain that have scapular dysfunction re- to understand CNAs’ role in POC described limited oversight and Name: Jonathan Sum lated to scapular muscle weakness of institutionalized populations is feedback, lack of guidelines and and/or reduced shoulder flexibil- necessary, as studies have indicated ineffectual interdisciplinary com- Background: Scapular dysfunction, ity in patients with shoulder pain differences between CNAs’ report- munications between dentistry and alterations of movement or position and functional loss. Purpose: The ed oral care and actual practices. nursing leaving CNAs to self-mon- of the scapula, has been implicated study purpose is to perform a co- Purpose: This qualitative itor quality of oral care. Conclusion: as a cause of shoulder pain. Scapu hort study designed to examine the

THE EXPLORER 31 USC | SRG relevance of scapular dysfunction the patient’s shoulder pain. The two ing. Shoulder flexibility may also an inclinometer. For accuracy the in patients with shoulder pain. Re- tests will be performed in patients be a source of scapular dyskinesis measure will be taken three times search determining the usefulness with shoulder pain. With the SRT, or abnormal movement, specifically and the average of the IR range of of 3 clinical tests for scapular dys- the patient rates their pain on a scale pectoralis minor length and poste- motion measure will be document- function, and their relationship to of 0-10 (0= no pain) during resisted rior shoulder tightness. The deter- ed. Results: To be determined Con- scapular muscle performance and arm elevation and then again during mination of pectoralis minor muscle clusion: To be determined shoulder flexibility in patients with resisted arm elevation with the scap- length will be performed in a man- shoulder pain and functional loss is ula manually positioned in posterior ner depicted by Borstad17,18. To Poster #: 3 lacking. These scapular dysfunc- tilt and external rotation. The SAT perform this test, patients will stand Title: Therapy Intensity and Func- tion tests, if demonstrated to be use- is performed by manually assisting in their normal, relaxed posture. tional Gain in Patients with Hip ful and related to scapular muscle the scapula into upward rotation The first examiner will palpate in- Fracture performance, shoulder flexibility, and posterior tilt during arm eleva- ferior and medial aspect of the cora- Name: Trudy Mallinson and shoulder pain /functional loss, tion. The patient rates their pain on coid process and the inferior border could be used to direct treatment a 0-10 (0= no pain) numeric pain of the fourth rib one finger’s width Background: Hip fracture is a com- for these patients. Methods: Patients scale during arm elevation with and lateral from the sternal border. A mon and serious event among older with shoulder pain will be recruited without manual assistance via the measurement in centimeters will be adults. In 2008, 95.4% of hip frac- for the study verbally by therapists SAT. The SRT and SAT are positive taken between these two landmarks ture patients used post-acute care or clinic employees such as front with a pain reduction of > 2/1010 with a cloth tape measure. This (PAC) services. Yet evidence sup- desk staff or physical therapy aids. when the scapula is manually po- amount will then be normalized to porting how therapy intensity can Those who agree to participate will sitioned while elevation of the arm the patient’s height by dividing the maximize functional outcomes fol- first complete the informed consent. is resisted (SRT) or when the scap- pectoralis minor length by their lowing hip fracture repair remains Next, 3 scapular clinical tests will ula is assisted during arm elevation height in centimeters and multiply- limited. Purpose: To examine the be used to assess scapular dysfunc- (SAT) as compared to no scapula ing by 100. Posterior shoulder tight- relationship between therapy inten- tion. The scapular dyskinesis test reposition or assistance. Scapular ness will be assessed by measuring sity and functional improvement (SDT) will be performed by observ- muscle performance will be per- the patient's glenohumeral internal in patients receiving post-acute ing for abnormal scapular motion formed in patients with shoulder rotation in a supine position. This care following hip fracture repair. (dyskinesis) as the patient raises pain using muscle tests described clinical assessment has been found Methods: This prospective cohort up and lowers their arm. Patients by Kendall, and have established re- to accurately measure posterior study included 147 patients from will perform 5 repetitions each liability and validity. Patients will shoulder range of motion limita- 4 IRFs (n=78) and 6 SNFs (n=69). of flexion and abduction, using a perform the lower trapezius, middle tions. Posterior shoulder tightness Nurses collected functional status 5-pound weight for those weighing trapezius and the serratus anterior can accurately be assessed in a su- data using the Inpatient Rehabili- 150 pounds or greater and 3-pound muscle tests. The lower trapezius pine position when strict protocols tation Facility Patient Assessment weight for those weighing less than muscle test involves the patient ly- are followed. For the purpose of Instrument (IRF-PAI) within 48 150 pounds. If patients have pain ing prone, their arm will be placed this study, the measures will be tak- hours of admission and discharge; and cannot complete the motion above their head, and then the pa- en in the supine position outlined in they also abstracted therapy min- with weight in their hand, they will tient will be asked to lift their arm Awan et al. All physical therapists utes and length-of-stay (LOS) from perform the test without weight. off the table against resistance. The who will be participating in the data the medical record. Results: There Scapular motion will be rated and middle trapezius test has the patient collection will undergo training of were significant differences in LOS recorded as normal, subtle or obvi- lying prone, and resistance of their this assessment method. The assess- across settings (SNF=27.7+13.8 ous scapular dyskinesis based on arm placed in 90° abduction with ment method is outlined as follows: IRF=15.1+5.4 days). IRFs and SNFs scapular abnormalities of winging external rotation. The serratus ante- The patient will lay supine on a firm were similar in total minutes of oc- or dysrhythmia. The first examiner rior muscle test involves the patient examining table with the shoulder cupational (OT) and physical (PT) will then step out of the room and seated with the arm held in 125° el- to be tested positioned at 90° of therapy provided but were different a second blinded examiner will ex- evation, and then the patient will be glenohumeral abduction. The pa- in therapy intensity (minutes per amine the subjects with shoulder asked to resist arm elevation. All 3 tient's arm and glenohumeral joint day). IRF and SNF patients made pain- but as a blinded examiner muscle tests are graded by observ- is now passively taken into inter- similar gain in mobility; SNF pa- (they will not know if the patient ing the ability of the scapula to re- nal rotation maintaining horizontal tients made significantly but not has shoulder pain). The SDT will be main stabilized against the thoracic abduction position. The end-range clinically meaningfully more gain performed by the blinded examiner, cage while resistance is applied to of internal rotation is determined in self-care. There was little rela- results will be recorded and this ex- the arm. The muscle is graded as at the point at which the posterior tionship between OT minutes per aminer will leave the room. Follow- ‘normal’ if they can hold their arm lateral acromion was visualized to day and self-care gain per day (SNF ing this, the rest of the shoulder ex- with maximum resistance while raise off the table. This motion can r=.13 IRF r=.31) or between PT min- amination tests will be performed. maintaining the scapula against be classified as anterior tilting of the utes per day and mobility gain per The patients with shoulder pain will the rib cage, ‘reduced’ if they can scapula. At the end range of avail- day (SNF=.18 IRF=.24). Simultane- continue on with a standard shoul- maintain the position with min – able glenohumeral rotation, further ous quantile regression run sepa- der evaluation, which includes the mod resistance, and ‘markedly re- shoulder internal rotation will cause rately by setting revealed significant following shoulder assessments. duced’ if they can only maintain the the scapula to tilt anteriorly, mani- relationships but variance explained Two symptom alteration tests, the scapular stabilization with no – min fested by lifting of the scapula and was negligible. Conclusion: There scapular reposition test (SRT) and resistance. If weakness is detected, shoulder girdle forward away from was little relationship between ther- the scapular assistance test (SAT) functional scapular muscle tests for the examining surface. When this apy intensity and functional gain for have been designed to determine the serratus and lower trapezius will motion is observed, glenohumeral the patients receiving rehabilitation if manually changing the scapular be performed to determine the ap- IR range is at its maximum and the after hip fracture repair. The find- position or motion has an effect on propriate exercise for strengthen- measurement should be taken using ings provides an opportunity for

THE EXPLORER 32 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc rehabilitation providers to examine Physical Therapy for Persons with gate neuromuscular mechanisms Anderson et al., 2012). Purpose: practice patterns and improve the Neurologic Conditions in the female pelvic floor, but nei- This study explores how 'wander- quality of rehabilitation services. Name: Noriko Yamaguchi ther research nor books adequately ing' and 'elopement' is experienced, describe sonographic evaluation interpreted and narrated by a group Poster #: 4 Background: There are inadequate of the male pelvic floor. Purpose: of African American mothers living Title: Head and Neck Cancer Re- clinical sites for all students in the The purpose of this study was to in Los Angeles to help generate an habilitation: A Pilot and Feasibility Doctor of Physical Therapy Pro- develop and evaluate a transperi- understanding of the problem from Program gram to work with patients with neal sonographic technique for the the participants' emic perspectives. Name: Kimiko Yamada neurologic conditions. Addition- examination of the muscles, nerves Methods: We analyze a sub-corpus ally, wellness as a component of and vessels in the male pelvic floor of narrative interviews collected be- Background: Treatment of head and physical therapy is relatively new, that could be used for evaluation tween October 1, 2009 and August neck cancer (HNC) often results in and as it is unreimbursable by third and treatment of disorders in this re- 31, 2012 for "Autism in Urban Con- significant negative effects on swal- party payors, there are even fewer gion. Methods: A repeated, single- text: Linking Heterogeneity with lowing, speaking, and shoulder and sites that give physical therapy stu- subject design: 33 y/o male with in- Health and Service Disparities", a neck function. Extensive physi- dents an opportunity to work within termittent reports of chronic pelvic larger mixed methods, federally cal therapy is required to improve their full scope of practice. This pain & 40 y/o male with no pain. funded, urban ethnographic project function and quality of life but is clinical experience was designed Image acquisition was standard- on disparities in autism diagnosis often limited by poor access to clin- to meet both of these objectives. ized using a GE logiq E9 (11-MHz and services that followed a cohort ics and poor insurance coverage. Purpose: The purpose of this study linear transducer). Settings were of 25 children ages three to nine. The HNC Rehabilitation Program was to evaluate the efficacy of a 10- optimized and confirmed, and ana- Results: Drawing upon the social was developed to provide access to week wellness program for patients/ tomical landmarks were identified theorist and literary critic Kenneth skilled physical therapy for patients clients with chronic neurologic and a map of the region was cre- Burke's theory of dramatism and with limited or no health insurance. conditions on the development of ated. Results: The bulb of the penis, the notion of 'Trouble' with a capi- Purpose: This study was designed to clinical skills in second year Doc- urethra, and the bulbospongiosus tal 'T' (Burke, 1969; Bruner, 1991), determine the safety and feasibility tor of Physical Therapy students. and ischiocavernosus muscles were we demonstrate how the mothers' of a program for individuals after Results of the analysis were used to identified in each image. While the narratives become elaborated and HNC treatment. We hypothesized enhance the experience for future relative positioning of these struc- transformed as they add new details that a group intervention would students. Methods: Students were tures was the same, the bulbospon- and understandings to them. With improve functional mobility, en- randomly assigned to one of 4 pos- giosus muscles tracked laterally in an eye for the discursive construc- durance, and quality of life. Meth- sible clinical experiences. Pre- and the healthy subject whereas these tions of the children's subjectivities, ods: Patients were recruited from post-participation surveys were con- muscles remained medial along the which at times align with, and at LAC+USC Hospital from May to ducted to measure student attitudes superficial surface of the bulb of the times resist, the biomedical view of December 2012. Four patients were about and perceptions of communi- penis in subject A. Identification of autism, we consider multiple inter- enrolled per cycle of 4 weekly ses- ty service. For the purposes of this the perineal body and the superfi- pretations of the Trouble of 'elope- sions and a one-month follow-up. study, only qualitative data related cial transverse perineal (STP) mus- ment' and 'wandering'. The Trouble Patients’ medical history, functional to skill acquisition were analyzed. cles in the posterior perineum was may be understood as a child with and activity limitations, and pain Repeated analyses were performed challenging due to poor reference autism alone on a city street; a levels were obtained. Disability and by three separate evaluators until literature. Conclusion: This study child with autism disappearing quality of life questionnaires, neck consistent themes emerged. Results: demonstrates feasibility for obtain- from sight; or a child with autism and shoulder range, upper extrem- Four themes related to enhanced pa- ing transperineal sonographic imag- wandering off and few forthcom- ity strength tests, deep neck flexor tient management skills and three es of the structures in the male pel- ing measures taken in response by endurance tests, and 6-minute walk themes related to personal develop- vic floor. These techniques require the service system. Conclusion: The test were used as outcome measures. ment were identified. In addition, validation and diagnostic measure- stories of 'elopement' and 'wander- Results: Of 11 patients with com- 97% of the students who participat- ments should be developed. Contin- ing' become vehicles for pondering plete data sets, the mean age was 48 ed felt that the experience provided ued investigation of image analysis what kinds of social contexts these years (SD=11.85) with 45.5% males. unique knowledge that augmented techniques that relate to screening, mothers and their children are in- Modest to large improvements were their diadactic learning. Conclusion: diagnosis, and biofeedback is war- habiting, and within what kinds of made in all outcomes measures. 9 This experience provided a valuable ranted to advance the clinical util- subject positions they are placed of the 11 of participants reported learning opportunity for physical ity of point-of-care sonography for (Mattingly et. al., 2002). The article feeling better upon completion of therapy students to enhance their male pelvic floor disorders. offers an ethnographic understand- the program. No adverse events patient management skills in a pro- ing of a complex and urgent public were reported by any participant gram directed at wellness for per- Poster #: 7 health, human services and public in the program. Conclusion: This sons with neurologic involvement. Title: Narrating Autism, Elopement policy problem. program demonstrates the safety and Wandering in Los Angeles and feasibility of a group rehabili- Poster #: 6 Name: Olga Solomon Poster #: 8 tation program to make a positive Title: Transperineal Sonographic Title: Medical Records as Sites of impact on disability, pain, cervical Evaulation of the Male Pelvic Floor Background: Recent research has Caregiver-practitioner Collabora- and shoulder range of motion, and Name: Shawn Roll shown that half of all children di- tion during Clinical Encounters endurance in patients after HNC agnosed with autism 'wander off' Name: Olga Solomon treatment. Background: Idiopathic male or 'elope' from their homes and chronic pelvic pain is difficult to schools, yet families rarely receive Background: Medical records are Poster #: 5 diagnose and treat. Sonographic advice from practitioners even after inextricably linked to the practice of Title: Community Based Wellness imaging has been used to investi- the fact (Law & Anderson, 2011; medicine yet little attention has been

THE EXPLORER 33 USC | SRG given to the socio-interactional and istics of autism spectrum disorders history of strong criticism. Critiques Background: Young adults with relational processes that contribute (ASD). Our lab takes a translational include: the reduction of culture to type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at high to the joint construction of medical approach in studying the underlying a set of enduring traits; neglect of risk for poor health outcomes. This records by patients, caregivers and neurobiology responsible for the be- the fact that clinicians are cultural study examined healthcare trajecto- practitioners. Purpose: Following havioral disruptions found in ASD beings; “culture” has often been ries of a particularly at-risk popu- Charon’s (2006) scholarship on nar- by utilizing traditional mouse mod- confused with race, ethnicity, social lation: uninsured, primarily La- rative medicine, Mattingly’s (1998, els and integrating those findings class, or language; and the notion of tino (68.2%), low-SES young adults 2010) conceptualization of narrative with clinical research techniques. “competence” treats cultural knowl- lacking routine diabetes care. Pur- emplotment, and Lawlor and Mat- We propose to determine whether edge as some kind of “content” or pose: The purpose of the study was tingly’s (2009) work on families’ the social interaction phenotype set of isolable skills. New approach- to (1) characterize psychosocial life experiences of illness and disability, in children with ASD is due to an es have been primarily process- circumstances of this population; we examine caregiver-practitioner aversion to social interactions, or oriented, foregrounding training to (2) determine obstacles to success- interactions involving the social alternatively, a lack of reward from cultivate “open-mindedness,” “cul- ful transition from pediatric to adult construction of a child’s medical social interactions. Purpose: The tural humility,” “cultural safety” care; and (3) examine impact of psy- records. Methods: We draw upon proposed experiments will utilize and “cultural confidence”. We argue chosocial issues on diabetes in the a video- and audio- data corpus of an associative learning paradigm for a re-situating of cultural compe- absence of routine care. Methods: health care encounters involving used routinely in animals, condi- tence. Purpose: The research aims Participants (n=22; mean age 21.1) children with autism, their caregiv- tioned place preference (CPP), and were to identify, describe, and situ- were newly-enrolled patients in a ers, and the practitioners who serve will be adapted for use in children. ate how families contribute to the YA T1D transition clinic in a pub- them. The data are part of a multi This task provides an exceptional production of culturally responsive lic health system, discharged from method, urban ethnographic study opportunity to determine whether care, and to reveal the strategies pediatric care without an identi- “Autism in Urban Context: Link- decreased social interaction in ASD families and practitioners employ to fied adult provider or lost to follow ing Heterogeneity with Health and is due to an aversion to social in- establish commonality, bridge dif- up for >3 months. We completed Service Disparities” (NIH/NIMH teraction or a lack of reward from ferences, and effectively “partner semi-structured interviews discuss- R01 MH089474, 2009-2012, O. social interactions. This distinction up.” Methods: We conducted a lon- ing participants’ life circumstances, Solomon, P.I.) that follows twenty- is necessary for facilitating indi- gitudinal, urban, ethnographic study transition experiences, and diabetes six 3 to 8 year-old African Ameri- vidualized intervention strategies of African American children with care strategies. Results: Thematic can children, their families and in children with ASD. Methods: We illnesses and /or disabilities, their analysis of interviews revealed mul- the practitioners who served them first will establish CPP for toys in families and practitioners who work tiple obstacles to transition to be the across home, educational, clinical typically developing (TD) children. with them in healthcare, educational norm, including logistical barriers and community contexts. Results: Next, we will determine whether and home and community settings. to accessing care (e.g. transporta- The micro-level analysis illustrates children can learn a CPP for social The conceptual foundations for tion, time off work, childcare) (n=7); that medical records serve not stimuli. From there, we will then this multiperspective, multimethod unstable home situations (e.g. home- only as depositories of clinically- examine potential differences in so- and event based study incorporate lessness, foster care, abuse) (n=5), relevant information but as media- cial CPP between TD children and narrative, phenomenological and and other high-risk conditions tors of shared responsibility among those diagnosed with autism (AUT). ethnographic approaches including (e.g. incarceration, mental illness, caregivers and practitioners for the Results: We hypothesize AUT chil- microethnography. Results: We dis- gang activity and substance abuse) child’s health and development. We dren will spend less time on the so- cuss findings related to "partnering (n=7). Problems with transition in- use rigorous narrative, phenomeno- cial paired side of the arena, and we up" processes within moments of cluded mixed messages from pedi- logical and ethnographic methods will ascertain whether this indicates healthcare encounters and across atric providers, having routine care to identify an interactional choreog- aversion to, or lack of motivation time. These include the manage- pre-empted by psychosocial issues, raphy that involves caregivers’ nar- for social stimuli. In parallel, our ment of misunderstandings and and difficulty navigating the public rative accounts and practitioners’ mouse studies will aim to uncover conflicts in the complex social ter- health system. Strategies used by note-taking that ratifies the narra- the neural circuitry and genetics rain of healthcare. Conclusion: We participants lacking access to care tives as noteworthy. This choreogra- underlying these behaviors. Conclu- offer a conceptual framework for included reducing or omitting in- phy engenders a mutual recognition sion: In combination, these trans- effective partnerships that: 1) rede- sulin, fasting, obtaining medication of the shared expertise of the child’s lational studies will guide future fines health care practices as col- through informal means, and exag- developmental history and health rodent and human research exam- laborations in clinical border zones; gerating severity of health issues to challenges. Conclusion: Discussion ining the cellular, anatomical, and 2) addresses both structural and obtain care. Conclusion: This popu- emphasizes the translation of find- behavioral heterogeneity of autism, interactional contributions to health lation is at high risk for diabetes-re- ings at family, practitioner, and pol- as well as helping to design individ- disparities through “narrative com- lated complications if psychosocial icy levels to promote collaboration ualized intervention for individuals plementarities,” a model we have barriers to routine care are not ad- among caregivers and practitioners. with neurodevelopmental disorders. developed to articulate the intersub- dressed. An integrated approach to jective, transactional, historical and transition, addressing medical and Poster #: 9 Poster #: 10 particularity-oriented constitution psychosocial needs, may facilitate Title: Translational Approaches for Title: Re-Situating Cultural Compe- of expertise and care. improved outcomes. Investigating Neurodevelopmental tence: Narrative Complementarities Disorders in Clinical Border Zones Poster #: 11 Poster #: 12 Name: Barbara Thompson Name: Mary Lawlor Title: Psychosocial Obstacles to Title: FaceBase Biorepository: Re- Transition among Low-SES Young source for Craniofacial Research Background: There is significant Background: Cultural competence Adults with Diabetes Name: Pedro Sanchez heterogeneity in the genetic under- training has been used to redress Name: Elizabeth Pyatak pinnings and behavioral character- health disparities but has generated a Background: The FaceBase Consor-

THE EXPLORER 34 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc tium (www.FaceBase.org) began in macologic rehabilitation interven- Name: Pedro Sanchez largest craniofacial teams in the US. 2009 with the major goal of creating tions in disadvantaged populations The Hospital for Rehabilitation of a resource for investigators and cli- present unique challenges with re- Background: The RASopathies are Craniofacial Anomalies of the Uni- nicians involved in craniofacial de- spect to participant recruitment and a class of human genetic syndromes versity of São Paulo (HRCA-USP) velopment and disorders. Purpose: retention, intervention delivery and caused by germline mutations in in Bauru, Brazil is the largest cra- The goal of the FaceBase Bioreposi- fidelity, randomization and assess- genes encoding components of the niofacial team in the world. The tory is to provide clinical data and ment, and inadvertent “placebo” Ras/mitogen-activated protein ki- overall goal of the collaboration is DNA samples to researchers study- effect. Pressure ulcers (PrUs) are nase (MAPK) pathway which plays to develop joint research and edu- ing craniofacial anomalies (CFA), a common complication of spinal an important role in cell prolifera- cation opportunities between USC such as oral facial clefting. Methods: cord injury (SCI), associated with tion and embryonic development. and Bauru in areas of clinical care, The Biorepository started recruit- high treatment costs, reduced quali- This is the first report of a MEK2 genetic research and remote train- ing isolated and syndromic cases ty of life, and mortality. Purpose: To deletion altering regulation of the ing of non-specialists in under- in February 2011. We are utilizing describe methods employed to ad- MAPK pathway and associated served areas. Purpose: Project 1 is multiple recruitment approaches to dress challenges implementing the with a reproducible phenotype. Pur- a pilot prospective study to test the create an international database of USC – Rancho Los Amigos Nation- pose: We report 6 patients with de feasibility of conducting joint clini- DNA samples and associated data. al Rehabilitation Center (RLAN- novo MEK2-containing deletions cal trials. Project 2 is a pilot proj- In addition to local recruitment RC) Pressure Ulcer Prevention of 19p13.3 (0.06-1.8Mb). Functional ect to create methods to support at both the University of Iowa and Study (PUPS). This randomized assays were performed using pri- clinicians working in remote areas. Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, controlled trial assesses efficacy mary fibroblast cell lines derived Methods: Method 1: Pre- and post- we have also mailed over 1000 re- of an occupational therapy inter- from patient 1 and a healthy age/sex expansion study models from two cruitment letters to clinicians from vention, the Lifestyle Redesign® matched control. Methods: Serum groups of patients were analyzed around the world. Individuals may Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program starved cells were treated with epi- for archwidth coordination against enroll by self-referral as well. We (LR-PUPP), in reducing incidence dermal growth factor (EGF), a fac- the lower dental arch. Group I used are also enrolling individuals with and costs of medically serious PrUs tor known to stimulate the MAPK study casts of 30 patients from HR- normal phenotypes who have de- in ethnically diverse people with pathway, for 0-120min. Cells were CA-USP treated with twin-screw tailed craniofacial measurements SCI. Methods: Individuals with SCI harvested and protein lysates were rapid maxillary expanders. Group and/or 3D images available. Both recruited from RLANRC were ran- subjected to western blot analysis II – used 30 study casts of patients submissions to and access from the domized to a 12-month LR-PUPP with antibodies specific for vari- from CHLA treated with quad-he- Biorepository can be initiated by intervention or a standard care ous MAPK pathway components lix appliances. All study casts are contacting the FaceBase Bioreposi- control. The primary outcome, in- including phospho-MEK and phos- trimmed and scanned with a 3Shape tory data access committee (https:// cidence of serious (Stage III-IV) pho-ERK. Results: The patients R700 3D (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, www.facebase.org/node/252). Re- PrUs, and secondary endpoints, ul- present with a recognizable pattern Denmark) laser scanner. Measure- sults: The Biorepository has collect- cer-related surgeries, medical treat- of dysmorphic features that are ments will be recorded using Ortho- ed DNA samples along with health ment costs, quality of life and me- similar to, yet distinct from, CFC AnalyzerTM 3D software(3Shape history and phenotype data from diating mechanisms were assessed syndrome. Clinical features include, A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). Co- 521 individuals (174 affected + 192 at 12 and 24 months. Results: The but are not limited to, distinct cra- ordination of arch width compares unaffected family members + 155 study protocol has been successfully niofacial features, developmental upper and lower casts using 1. in- controls) to date with ongoing re- implemented, including recruitment delay, congenital heart defects, tercanine distance, 2. intermolar cruitment. There are 21 syndromes of 170 participants, 90% treatment failure to thrive, obstructive sleep distance, 3. buco-lingual inclination represented in the Biorepository and adherence, assurance of interven- apnea, and skin anomalies. Stud- of the posterior teeth. This is an 97% of the affected subjects have an tion delivery integrity, study assess- ies in primary fibroblasts show that ongoing pilot project that can serve oral facial cleft. Conclusion: The ment plan adherence, and database when the MAPK pathway is stimu- as a model for intercenter coordi- Biorepository continues to focus ef- establishment. However, implemen- lated by EGF, phospho-MEK is nation in clinical trials. Method 2: forts on increasing enrollment num- tation presented substantial chal- less abundant in cells carrying the Using teleconference technology, bers and developing ideas on how to lenges in 1) Recruitment: Custom- MEK2 deletion compared to the journal clubs and specialist discus- create a more dynamic resource for ized for a disadvantaged, ethnically control. Differences in the levels of sions will be used to provide sup- investigators studying CFA's. Fos- diverse population. 2) Intervention phospho-ERK and Sprouty 1 were port and education for clinicians in tering collaboration between inves- delivery: Staff time increased to also observed when comparing the remote communities who are not tigators and clinicians may help us overcome economic and cultural deletion and control cell lines post specifically trained in craniofacial better understand the etiologies of barriers to retention and adherence, stimulation. Conclusion: Our stud- care. This approach will be used CFA's as well as contributing to im- and 3) Treatment fidelity/replicabil- ies show that dysregulation of the to educate and test the knowledge proving the outcomes for affected ity: Rigorous training and monitor- MAPK pathway can be caused by of participating clinicians in remote families. ing plan implemented. Conclusion: MEK2 haploinsufficiency repre- areas. The teleconference format Creative solutions are necessary for senting a novel mechanism that can may be a possible model for provid- Poster #: 13 overcoming unanticipated assess- cause a RASopathy. ing the participation of craniofacial Title: Pressure Ulcer Prevention ment and design concerns. Addi- team specialists in remote areas. Study: Challenges in Complex, tional obstacles may emerge in data Poster #: 15 Results: These ongoing projects Non-pharmacologic Rehabilitation analysis and follow-up phases. Title: Bauru-CHLA/USC Research were started this year as part of the Trials Initiative USC-FAPSESP(Brazil) Research Name: Cheryl Vigen Poster #: 14 Name: Stephen Yen Initiative. The two groups meet by Title: MEK2 Haploinsufficiency: teleconference every month. Con- Background: Community-based A Novel Mechanism for a Clinical Background: Childrens Hospital clusion: These two large cranio- clinical trials of complex, non-phar- RASopathy Phenotype Los Angeles(CHLA) has one of the facial teams represent an unusual

THE EXPLORER 35 USC | SRG resource for researchers at USC Arts for elementary school children. ences were not statistically differ- and Brazil to rapidly test clinical The research focuses on the devel- ent. A number of teachers in the advanced speciality protocols, to search for genetic eti- opment of an English version the good handwriting group ranked the program resident ologies and to develop long-range original Hebrew language child’s children higher than the children support and training for clinicians self-assessment of handwriting and ranked themselves. Although chil- Poster #: 17 in remote and underserved regions goal setting tool developed for Is- dren with poor handwriting rated Title: Histological Analysis of Ex- of the world. raeli/Hebrew speaking children themselves significantly lower than traction Sockets Grafted with Anor- (Kach Ani Kotev, Goldstand & the children with good handwriting, ganic Bovine Bone Poster #: 16 Gevir, 2009). Methods: The partici- they had a much higher opinion of Name: Seong Hong Min Title: Validity: A Child's Self-As- pants in this study were 40 students their own handwriting than their Faculty Advisor: Homa Zadeh sessment of Handwriting and Goal (13 female, 27 male) with an average teachers did. Children with hand- Setting Tool age of 8 years, 6 months in grades writing problems stated that they Background: Alveolar ridge re- Name: Julie Bissell two through five attending a pub- did like to write (3.2) while their sorption has been considered an Faculty Advisor: Sharon Cermak lic school in an urban setting and teachers thought that they did not unavoidable consequence of tooth their teachers. Twenty children with like to write (1.8). The children extraction. Atrophy of the alveolar Background: Proficient handwriting handwriting problems (illegible, with poor handwriting also reported ridge may cause esthetic and func- is an essential component of literacy messy, disorganized writing) and that they wrote enough in tests and tional problems, such as an inad- and an important foundation needed twenty children with good to ex- assignments (3.0) and their teach- equate bone for the placement of to support a child’s academic suc- cellent handwriting were identified ers reported that the almost always dental implants. Ridge preservation cess. It is estimated that children by their teachers. Test items (24) did not (1.4). Both the children with has been proposed as a strategy to in elementary school spend 31% to were divided into three categories, poor handwriting and their teachers reduce post-extraction bone resorp- 60% of each academic day occu- 1) affect — how child feel’s about agreed that it was difficult to read tion. An array of ridge preserva- pied with fine motor tasks and the his handwriting 2) performance — the child’s handwriting. Conclu- tion protocols have been proposed, majority of that time involves hand- how the child thinks he performs sion: This study shows that children though data on the biologic outcome writing (McHale & Cermak, 1992). various components of handwriting in second to fifth grade are able of the healing response is scant. Research shows that between 10 and 3) physical factors — what the to self-assess aspects of their own Purpose: The histologic response of to 30 percent of elementary school child thinks of his body posture and handwriting supporting the validity alveolar bone following ridge pres- children struggle with handwriting hand comfort and stability in hand- of the Here's How I Write (HHIW) ervation grafting with anorganic bo- (Karlsdottir & Stephansson, 2002, writing. Data Analysis: The total assessment. The children reported vine bone matrix (ABBM) protect- as cited in Feder & Majnemer, 2007). child and teacher response scores that they enjoyed the card game ed by a non-resorbable membrane. Literature in education extensively were compared using a paired t test focused on understanding and im- Methods: Ridge preservation proce- documents the consequences of and scores of children with good proving handwriting. In conclusion, dure, including minimally invasive poor handwriting on long term and poor handwriting were com- this shows that the HHIW assess- extraction, placement of large par- academic performance and future pared to one another other using ment will be a valuable and valid ticle size cancellous bovine anor- employment. Graham, Harris and an unpaired t test. A comparison tool to use as a platform to work in ganic bone, and non-porous polytet- Fink (2000) suggest that children of the two handwriting groups in partnership with children and their rafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane who experience difficulty mastering each category was made. Results: teachers to better support the devel- coverage were performed for 118 handwriting may avoid writing and The results show statistically sig- opment of literacy and potentially subjects prior to implant placement. decide that they cannot write. This nificant differences between the long term educational outcomes Following a minimum of 3 month may lead to a significant lack of par- children with good handwriting and through handwriting. healing (mean 5 months), bone cores ticipation in a very important daily those with poor handwriting. The were obtained using a trephine drill occupation for children and impact Correlation coefficient of all of the with outer diameter of 3.3 mm at the long term outcomes of education in- children compared to their teachers same time of implant placement and cluding post-secondary educational is .62. Children with poor handwrit- evaluated by histology examination. opportunities and future careers. ing rated their handwriting sig- Quantitative histomorphometric This study examines the validity of nificantly lower than children with analysis was performed (NIH Im- Here’s How I Write: A Child’s Self- good handwriting in each of the age J software) to identify osteoid Assessment of Handwriting and factors: affect, handwriting perfor- bone, connective tissue, and resid- Goal Setting Tool (HHIW) to help mance and physical factors. The re- ual xenograft. Results: Histologic teachers and children identify com- sults of the study show statistically observations revealed strongly eo- ponents of handwriting problems. significant differences between the sinophilic osseous tissue containing The research focuses on determin- scores of children with good and round to ovoid osteocytes within ing the ability of the assessment to poor handwriting This suggests lacunae demonstrating its viability. discriminate between two groups; that children with poor handwriting Distinct reversal lines were evident children with and without handwrit- are for the most part aware of their in the woven bone, and in areas of ing problems. Purpose: The purpose deficits, which supports the validity active apposition osteoblastic cells of the study is to establish the va- of the assessment and shows that with large nuclei, occasional nu- lidity of a new handwriting assess- the tool serves as an important first cleoli and granular cytoplasm were ment and to contribute scientific step in thoughtful child-directed seen rimming the bone and occa- evidence to the field of occupational remediation. Teachers of children sional osteoclasts were observed science and occupational therapy in with good handwriting had a high within Howship’s lacunae or re- the area of handwriting as it relates level of agreement with the children sorption pit adjacent to osteoblasts, to emerging literacy and Language on the assessment and the differ- all indicating active remodeling of the bone. Hematopoietic cells and

THE EXPLORER 36 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc erythrocytes were observed in the implant therapy, implant disease, 2 (1.19%). The number of sites with normal patients, when you compare lumen of the blood vessels within implant health. Results: See conclu- a pocket depth of 4 mm was reduced the two groups using CBCT analy- the fibrovascular stroma that sur- sions. Conclusion: Peri-implant dis- from 32 (19.0%) to 6 (3.57%), and sis they are significantly different. rounds the bone. Histomorphomet- ease following osseointegration is the number of sites with a pocket ric analysis revealed 38.26% vital the result of an imbalance between depth of ≤3 mm was increased from Poster #: 21 osteoid bone, 13.34% residual xeno- the bacterial challenge and the host 128 (76.19%) to 160 (95.24%). There Title: Relationship Between Arch graft, and 48.42% connective tissue response. It can be concluded from was an average gain in clinical at- Shape and Tooth Tip and Torque within core samples obtained from the literature that non surgical ther- tachment of 0.50 mm. Conclusion: Name: Bita Moalej extraction sockets. Conclusion: His- apy including mechanical debride- Kostmann syndrome-associated Faculty Advisor: Hongsheng Tong tologic response of extraction sock- ment in combination with antisep- aggressive periodontitis can be suc- ets grafted with anorganic bovine tics seems to be the most effective cessfully treated and maintained Background: Orthodontic treatment bone demonstrated efficacy of this means of arresting peri-mucositis. over the long term with frequent has generally consisted of the use of protocol in generating adequate vi- Treatinment of peri-implantitis has maintenance protocol utilizing ad- non-customized prescription brack- tal bone to support osseointegration. shown greater predictability with junctive chemotherapeutic agents. ets for each individual. In addition, Data on the outcome of implants surgical resection rather than regen- bracket prescriptions have not been placed into these grafted sites (re- erative grafting. The preponderance Poster #: 20 modified to reflect an individual’s ported separately) provide evidence of literature supports the impor- Title: CBCT Analyzed Tip and arch form. Purpose: To determine for favorable implant survival rate tance of prevention of peri-implan- Torque for Orthodontically Treated whether correlations are present and marginal bone response. titis through management of peri Extraction Patients between the tip and torque of each implant mucositis. Name: Nathan Coughlin whole tooth for various arch forms. Poster #: 18 Faculty Advisor: Hongsheng Tong Methods: CBCT images of a sample Title: Historic Understanding of Poster #: 19 of 76 near-normal cases were ac- Peri-Implant Disease and Emerging Title: Kostmann Syndrome-Asso- Background: CBCT is a technol- quired. Maxillary and mandibular Science: A Review ciated Aggressive Periodontitis: A ogy that allows us to view the whole dental arches were digitized and an- Name: Maria Galvan Nine-Month Follow-Up tooth. CBCT gives us information terior and posterior arch width and Faculty Advisor: Alon Frydman Name: Stephanie Gonzalez to properly study the buccolingual length obtained. Anterior and poste- Faculty Advisor: Alon Frydman inclination and the mesiodistal an- rior arch width/length (w/l) ratio for Background: The use of implants gulation of whole teeth including each arch was calculated. Maxillary to treat the absence of teeth has Background: Kostmann syndrome, the roots. Before using CBCT in and mandibular anterior and poste- revolutionized dentistry. The ad- is defined as a severe, non-cyclic orthodontics it was difficult to study rior alveolar process height/length vantages associated with implants neutropenia with an absolute neutro- root positions as there is no good (h/l) ratio was calculated based on are clear, yet implants are not per- phil count of less than 0.2x10-9/L. way to visualize all tooth structures. bony landmarks representing the fect. The reports of high percent- A mutation of the gene that encodes Purpose: The purpose of this study anterior and posterior alveolar pro- ages of implants that survive or the hematopoietic cell-specific LYN was to compare whole teeth bucco- cess height and corresponding arch remain in the mouth has created a substrate 1-associated protein X1 is lingual inclination and mesiodistal length. Pearson and Spearman cor- perception that implants are a treat- responsible for the decreased pro- angulation of a group of patients relations between these ratios and ment suitable for all. However, it is duction of neutrophils and severe who had undergone four premolar the tip and torque of each whole clear when following the lifespan systemic and oral infections that is extractions for orthodontic reasons tooth were studied. Results: We of implants that case selection, ex- evident in these patients. Studies to a group of previously investigated found no significant correlation be- perience, and training are heavily have shown that regular dental visits near normal patients. Methods: Us- tween the maxillary and mandibular influencing success, management, may improve the oral and systemic ing CBCT radiographs we digitized dental arch w/l ratios and the tip and and failure. Currently, many stud- condition of these patients. Purpose: every tooth in the arch. This infor- torque of any teeth; there is a nega- ies indicate that the number of im- The purpose of this case report was mation was then quantified using tive correlation between mandibular plant complications, mucositis and to gauge the clinical efficacy of the University of Southern Cali- anterior h/l ratio and torque of the peri-implantitis, are increasing at non-surgical treatment and frequent fornia root vector analysis system lower teeth from central incisor to an alarming rate. Implant failure periodontal recall utilizing adjunc- in Dolphin Imaging. After every the second premolar; there is a posi- etiology, diagnosis, risk factors and tive chemotherapeutic agents in a tooth was digitized and analyzed we tive correlation between mandibular treatment have become the new patient with Kostmann syndrome- then compared this to a previously posterior h/l ratio and the torque of challenge. Several treatment mo- associated aggressive periodontitis. defined near normal group that had the lower first and second molar. dalities have been proposed to deal Methods: A 16 year-old Hispanic undergone the same procedure. We Conclusion: There is a correlation with peri-implant disease including female diagnosed with Kostmann analyzed the data with various sta- between the mandibular bony arch surgical and non surgical therapy, Syndrome received scaling and tistics. Results: We discovered that h/l ratio and the torque of the lower both with or without the use of local root planing in conjunction with the mesiodistal angulation on the teeth. Lower teeth torque need to be and systemic antibiotics. Purpose: subgingival irrigation with antimi- maxillary anterior teeth are dif- adjusted based on lower arch shape. The aim of this review is to explore crobials. The patient was placed on ferent in the two groups. The buc- the various assumptions and con- a two-month recall, and periodon- colingual inclination in the maxil- Poster #: 22 ventional thoughts with regard to tal indices were recorded at 2 and lary and mandibular anterior teeth Title: Oral Manifestation of Crohn’s peri-implant disease in order to of- 9 months. Results: Re-evaluation varied in the two groups. The left Disease without Concomitant Gas- fer a predictable therapeutic model. at 2 months and 9 months showed and right sides of the dental arches trointestinal Involvement Methods: Literature was compiled a reduction in bleeding on probing were relatively symmetrical in both Name: Mirhamid Salek and reviewed through Pubmed from 77.38% to 54.76%. The num- groups. Conclusion: Although clini- Faculty Advisor: Parish Sedghiza- searches with the keywords peri- ber of sites with a pocket depth ≥5 cally the orthodontically treated deh implantitis, peri-implant mucositis, mm was reduced from 8 (4.76%) to group may look similar to the near

THE EXPLORER 37 USC | SRG

Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) Background: Technological ad- mally invasive access for soft tis- the role of tooth and bone geometry is a chronic relapsing inflamma- vances have been made over the sue augmentation. However, this in normal occlusions. Purpose: To tory disorder of unknown etiology past decade to ameliorate bacterial method has a number of limitations determine whether correlations are and uncertain pathogenesis. CD can taxonomy in phylogenetics. Such an including technique sensitivity, lim- present between torque of teeth and involve any segment of the gastro- instance would best be illustrated ited maneuverability and limited torque of bone in patients with nor- intestinal tract, and oral lesions con- by the unearthing of the 16S rRNA ability for coronal positioning. The mal occlusion. Methods: CBCT im- sistent with granulomatous ulcers gene and its ability to provide what vestibular incision sub-periosteal ages of a sample of 76 near-normal are considered an important yet is known today as the bacterial ge- tunnel access (VISTA) technique cases were acquired. Maxillary and rare extra-intestinal manifestation. nome. Because of this discovery, was developed in an attempt to mandibular teeth were digitized. Even more rarely reported is the we have evolved technologically provide a broader surgical access Bone centers were also digitized presence of oral lesions in the ab- from being able to run 500,000 to facilitate placement of graft- at each interproximal area. Torque sence of gastric and lower intestinal DNA sequences at one time with ing material for various soft tissue was calculated and compared for involvement. We report a case of a 454 pyrosequencing, to 30 million augmentation procedures. Purpose: all teeth and all interproximal ar- 64-year-old man with a history of sequences at one time with high This case series provides data on eas. Paired T-tests and Wilcoxon Crohn’s disease that was in remis- speed, multiplexed 16S microbial outcome of soft tissue augmenta- signed rank tests were used to sion for three decades, presenting sequencing. This allows for differ- tion using VISTA. We hypothesize compare (1) right and left measure- with painful cobblestone-like ulcer- entiation and association of species that the clinical outcome of soft tis- ments (2) bone and tooth measure- ations of the oral mucosa, but with- in the oral microbiome that exist sue augmentation using VISTA for ments. The significance level was out gastrointestinal symptoms and supragingival and subgingival to the treatment of recession defects will adjusted for multiple comparisons otherwise healthy. Surgical biopsy periodontal pocket. Purpose: Previ- compare favorably to historical data with the Bonferonni correction to of the oral lesions revealed non-nec- ous studies have shown that differ- using classical methods. Methods: keep the overall type 1 error at al- rotizing chronic granulomatous ul- ent species exist above and below 135 teeth in 55 patients (mean age pha =(0.05/7=0.0071). Results: We cers, similar to results from a biopsy the periodontal pocket. This study 52) were treated using VISTA tech- found that bone and teeth torque of his small intestine three decades stands to accomplish identifying nique. Briefly, after thorough scal- values follow similar trends. Con- previously which established his di- new taxa using high speed, multi- ing and root planning, odontoplasty clusion: There are correlations be- agnosis of CD. The patient was suc- plexed 16S microbial sequencing and root conditioning with EDTA (3 tween the torque of teeth and the cessfully treated with high potency on the MiSeq® system both within min), a vestibular incision was made torque of bone. This information topical corticosteroids which result- and supragingival to the periodontal followed by subperiosteal tunnel. can be used in addition to crown ed in resolution of the oral lesions pocket in a diseased state. Methods: Connective tissue graft (CTG) was standards for positioning the entire and associated symptoms. Purpose: In this double-blind randomized harvested from the palate or max- tooth, crown and root, within bone. Proving the possibility of oral mani- clinical trial, a total of 22 otherwise illary tuberosity. CTG was placed festation of Crohn's Disease without healthy adult patients with peri- under the subperiosteal tunnel over Poster #: 26 concomitant gastrointestinal in- odontitis were included. Number of root dehiscences extending approxi- Title: Serotype Distribution of Acti- volvement, and efficacy of potent teeth, plaque index, gingival index, mately 3-5 mm beyond. Gingival nobacillus actinomycetemcomitans topical corticosteroid therapy for bleeding upon probing, probing margins of teeth were coronally re- in Periodontal Health management of oral manifestations depths (mm), recession (mm), furca- positioned with horizontal mattress Name: Diane Anthony of Crohn's Disease. Methods: Re- tion involvement, mobility, and sup- sutures which were bonded to teeth Faculty Advisor: Casey Chen viewing post medical history, clini- puration were all assessed. Whole with composite. Results: Initial ob- cal exams, biopsy, reviewing the unstimulated saliva samples were servations included 2.9 (+0.9) mm Background: Actinobacillus actino- literature and treating the patient collected to determine the relative mean (+SD) recession and 1.5 (+1.3) mycetemcomitans is a gram-nega- with potent topical corticsteroids. abundance and ratios of bacteria mm keratinized gingiva (KG). Af- tive periodontal pathogen largely Results: Oral manifestations of in the mouth at baseline through ter mean follow-up period of 30.51 implicated in localized aggressive Crohn's Disease without concomi- epifluorescence microscopy. Four months, 0.3 (+0.6) mm recession periodontitis. Serological charac- tant gastrointestinal involvement supragingival sites with highest and 2.5 (+0.8) mm keratinized gin- terizations of this commensal oral, are possible. Potent topical corti- plaque accumulation were chosen giva (KG) was present. Conclusion: facultative organism have identified costeroid therapy is efficient in the for cultivation. Subgingival samples The results revealed that soft tissue six major strains of A. actinomy- treatment and management of oral from the deepest pockets were ob- augmentation and root coverage cetemcomitans known as serotypes manifestations of Crohn's Disease. tained for culture-independent 16s treatment of recession defects using a, b, c, d, e, and f. In Turkish sub- Conclusion: In the patients with rRNA analysis followed by high- VISTA compares favorability to the jects, strains of serotype c seem to oral involvement of Crohn's Disease speed, multiplexed 16s microbial outcome of conventional method. be largely associated with periodon- and no other GI findings, applying sequencing. Results: Results pend- titis, while the combination of se- potent topical corticosteroid can ing. Conclusion: Conclusion pend- Poster #: 25 rotypes a, b, and f were detected as subside oral signs and symptoms of ing results. Title: Bone Angulation as Related frequently as serotype c alone and Crohn's disease. to Tooth Angulation on Normal Pa- serotype d was undetectable in these Poster #: 24 tients affected patients. Serotyping analy- Poster #: 23 Title: Vestibular Incision Sub- Name: Virginia Pham sis had distinguished A. actinomy- Title: Identifying Microbiological periosteal Tunnel Access (VISTA) Faculty Advisor: Hongsheng Tong cetemcomitans into distinct clonal Differences Between Supragingi- Technique lineages with serotypes a, d, and e val and Subgingival Plaque In Peri- Name: Chloe Cohen Background: CBCT opens new op- sharing a lineage and serotypes b odontitis Faculty Advisor: Homa Zadeh portunities for alveolar bone studies and e stemming from two entirely Name: Chloe Cohen by allowing precise measurements separate evolutionary lineages. Pur- Faculty Advisor: Jorgen Slots Background: Intrasulcular tunnel- of teeth and their alveolar housing. pose: The aim of this study is to ob- ing has been proposed for mini- This could provide new insights into tain information on serotype preva-

THE EXPLORER 38 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc lence and degrees of virulence and were all in enamel. The speci- liong was less penetration of silver nitrate infectivity of A. actinomycetem- mens were randomly divided into 3 in both sample groups (CH15 and comitans in patients with periodon- groups:15 teeth filled with Fuji IX Background: 2% chlorhexidine CH60) compared with the nega- tal health. Methods: Subgingival GP Extra (GC America) (Group 1), gluconate (CHX) has been used to tive control groups (CH15-cont microbiological samples and clini- 15 teeth filled with Chemfil Rock eliminate bacteria before cavity res- and CH60-cont). There was signifi- cal periodontal data were collected (Dentsply) (Group 2),15 teeth filled toration, there is concern that the use cantly greater microleakage at the from periodontally healthy dental with microhybrid composite (Her- of cavity disinfectants with dentin cervical margin compared with the students in Marmara University, culite XRV, Kerr) (Group 3, con- bonding agents may alter the abil- occlusal margin of both of the nega- Faculty of Dentistry. Forty-eight of trol). All restorations were placed ity of the hydrophilic resin to seal tive control groups and the sample these 101 samples were positive for under the manufacturer’s instruc- the dentin. Purpose: The purpose of groups. Conclusion: This in vitro A. actinomycetemcomitans. PCR tions. All specimens were thermo- this study was to determine the ef- study demonstrated that Chlorhexi- analysis of the 16S rRNA genes and cycled and then immersed in 1% fect of varying the application time dine gluconate (CHX) treatment serotyping determination through methylene blue dye. The teeth were of a Chlorhexidine gluconate cav- prior to placement of a class V com- the subjection of each of the DNA rinsed, embedded in acrylic and ity disinfectant solution (Consepsis: posite restoration had no adverse samples to three different PCT as- sectioned longitudinally in a bucco- Ultradent) on microleakage of class effect on microleakage, but instead says for serotypes a/e, b/c/f, and d lingual direction through the center V composite restorations when us- led to equal or less microleakage were conducted. Results: Among the of the filled restoration resulting in ing a 4th generation dentin bond- at the occlusal margin found in the 42 samples for A. actinomycetem- 90 surfaces examined under a 20x ing system (All Bond 2). Methods: negative control group. There was comitans, 21 samples had their sero- light microscope for dye penetra- Thirty extracted human permanent no time-dependent effect of CHX types identified. Fifteen were posi- tion. The margins were evaluated premolars with no caries, no resto- treatment on microleakage of class tive for A. actinomycetemcomitans and scored according to the degree rations, and no cracks were used. V composite restorations. In addi- serotype a (71.4%), 1 for serotype b of dye penetration along cervical Class V cavity preparations (4mm x tion, this study showed that enamel (4.8%), 1 for serotype c (4.8%), and and incisal margin of preparation 3mm x 2mm) were prepared on the sealing in all groups was better than 4 for serotype f (19.0%), while sero- using a 0-3 scale. A Kruskal-Wallis buccal and lingual surfaces of each dentin sealing. types d and e were undetectable. All test was used to compare dye pen- tooth. The specimens were random- patients that were serotyped were etration between the three groups. ly assigned to one of five groups, Poster #: 29 diagnosed as having no periodonti- A Mann-Whitney test was used to each consisting of 10 specimens: Title: Effects of Non-Extraction tis except two, both of whom were compare dye penetration between Concepsis treatment for 15 sec Orthodontic Treatment on Tooth positive for serotype a. Conclusion: treatment pairs. Results: There (CH15: group 1); Concepsis treat- Tip and Torque The large percentage of subjects ex- was a statistically significant dif- ment for 60 sec (CH60: group 2); Name: Thao Nguyen hibiting A. actinomycetemcomitans ference in the median dye penetra- no Concepsis treatment, no etching Faculty Advisor: Hongsheng Tong serotype a suggested a stronger as- tion scores between Chemfil Rock or bonding (positive control: group sociation of periodontally healthy (Dentsply) (group 2) and the Fuji 3). A negative control (CH15-cont Background: In a recent study by individuals with the presence of IX GP Extra(GC America) (group and CH60-cont: groups 4 and 5, re- Tong, 76 subjects with near-normal serotype a. Alternatively, serotype a 1) vs. the microhybid Composite spectively) consisted of bonded res- occlusion, who were never orthodon- could be the dominant serotype of (Herculite XRV, Kerr ) (control torations placed without application tically treated, were studied using A. actinomycetemcomitans in the group) (p<0.0001). There was no of Concepsis. Each tooth received CBCT to measure the tip and torque Turkish population and there may statistically significant difference in both a Concepsis treatment (mesial of each whole tooth (crown and not be a bias for colonization by se- median dye penetration scores be- surface) and negative control (distal root) in 3-dimensional space. The rotype a strains in healthy Turkish tween Fuji IX GP Extra (GC Amer- surface). All specimens were ther- study provided a standard for posi- individuals. ica) (group 1) and composite (Her- mocycled at 1,000 cycles between tioning each whole tooth properly in culite XRV, Kerr) (control group) 5°C and 55°C and immersed in 50% the arches. Purpose: In this study, a Poster #: 27 (p=0.38). Conclusion: Basedon this silver nitrate for 1 hour and exposed subset of the 76 subjects were stud- Title: Comparison of Microleakage in vitro study, Class V restorations in a photodeveloping solution for 8 ied after they were orthodontically Between Composite Resin vs. Glass filled with Chemfil Rock (Dentsply) hours to fix the silver nitrate stain- treated with non-extraction treat- Ionomer Restorations: An In Vitro had the greatest amount of marginal ing. The specimens were sectioned ment. The purpose of this study is Study. Name: Sara Koshbin microleakage compared to restora- buccolingually. Microleakage was to determine the changes in tip and Faculty Advisor: Thomas Tanbon- tions filled with Fuji IX GP extra assessed along the occlusal and gin- torque after orthodontic treatment liong (GC America) and microhybrid gival (cervical) walls of the speci- was rendered. Methods: A sample of composite (Herculite XRV, Kerr mens using a 20x light microscope. 24 patients with near-normal occlu- Background/Purpose: The purpose ). Restorations filled with Fuji IX The following dye penetration scale sion prior to orthodontic treatment of this study is to compare micro- GP extra (GC America) and a light was used: 0=no dye penetration was used in this study. Their final leakage of packable, light cured cured microhybrid composite (Her- along the occlusal/cervical margins CBCT records were digitized us- microhybrid composite (Herculite culite XRV) exhibited the same de- of the preparation, 1=dye penetra- ing the custom University of South- XRV, Kerr) to glass ionomers: Fuji gree of microleakage. tion up to 1/3 of the depth of the ern California root vector analysis IX GP Extra (GC America) and preparation, 2= dye penetration 1/3 software program. Paired t-tests Chemfil Rock (Dentsply) at the Poster #: 28 – 2/3 of the depth of the preparation, were used to compare pre- and post- enamel margins of class V restora- Title: Effect of a Disinfecting So- 3= dye penetration 2/3 – the entire treatment values for tip and torque. tions. Methods: Forty-five human, lution on Microleakage of Class V depth of the preparation along the Results: Results of the paired t-tests caries free premolars were selected. Composite Restorations using a 4th cervical/occlusal margins). Results: showed that there was a statisti- Class V preparations were prepared Generation Bonding System Name: Due to the small sample size and cally significant difference for the on the buccal surfaces of the teeth. Ji Min Yochim lack of variation there was no sta- tip value of lower first molars and The margins of the restorations Faculty Advisor: Thomas Tanbon- tistical significance. However, there torque values of upper second pre-

THE EXPLORER 39 USC | SRG molars and lower first molars after tip, however there was no signifi- the healing of anorganic bovine Background: Patients with cleft lip orthodontic treatment was rendered. cant difference in output between bone when used for ridge preserva- and palate have a high incidence of Conclusion: The tip and torque of contaminated and not contaminated tion. Additional data (reported in Class III malocclusion. Purpose: each tooth was maintained through- units. Output values varied signifi- separate abstract; Wu, et al.) provide The purpose of the study is to com- out orthodontic treatment, except cantly depending on manufacturer, evidence for favorable outcome of pare the facial attractiveness out- upper second premolars and lower model, and age. Conclusion: Curing implants placed into these grafted comes between two types of Class first molars. This may be due to dif- light intensity output is influenced sites. III treatment: late maxillary pro- ficulty of determining proper band by various factors. Cordless lights traction vs. LeFort I orthognathic position for lower first molars and should be recharged regularly to en- Poster #: 32 surgery. Methods: Standardized poor visibility for bracket position sure sufficient output. Light inten- Title: Using CBCT to Assess Root pre- and post-treatment photographs of upper second premolars. More sity should be monitored regularly. Shape and Dilacerations of 17 patients corrected by orthog- studies with larger sample sizes are Name: Ryan Hecht nathic surgery and 17 patients by needed. Poster #: 31 Faculty Advisor: Glenn Sameshima maxillary protraction were random- Title: Healing of Extraction Sock- ly presented to raters and rated on Poster #: 30 ets Treated with Anorganic Bovine Background: Abnormal root shape a 10-point facial attractiveness scale Title: Performance of Curing Lights Bone: Micro-CT Analysis and dilacerations are well known via a web-based survey by 42 clini- in a Dental School Name: Neema Bakhshalian to be associated with increased risk cians and 121 laymen from CHLA. Name: Faris Alshahrani Faculty Advisor: Homa Zadeh of external apical root resorption, Results: Both clinicians and laymen Faculty Advisor: Jin-Ho Phark however the limitations of using perceived an improvement of facial Background: Bone resorption and panoramic radiographs can prevent attractiveness, in degree and direc- Background: The purpose of this ridge atrophy result from tooth ex- assessment of root shape. With tion, from pre-treatment to post- study is to examine the intensity traction due to the lack of stimu- CBCT, overlapping images can be treatment photographs. Laymen output of light curing units and fac- lating signals from the periodontal removed to provide an accurate as- rated higher than clinicians. Clini- tors affecting their performance in ligament. Ridge preservation using sessment of root shape and dilacera- cians rated the success of the two a dental school. Purpose: The pur- various bone grafting materials tions. Only recently has the resolu- types of Class III treatment, pro- pose of this study is to examine the has been proposed as a means to tion of CBCT improved enough to traction and orthognathic surgery, intensity output of light curing units minimize post-extraction atrophy. make visualization of the root apex to be equivalent in improved facial and factors affecting their perfor- Purpose: This retrospective study consistently viewable. It is conceiv- attractiveness in patients with cleft mance in a dental school. Methods: evaluated the healing of extraction able that root shape looks different lip and palate. Conclusion: Late Intensity output (mW/cm2) of 623 sockets following a ridge preserva- in three dimensions; in particular maxillary protraction and orthog- light curing units in a dental school tion procedure with anorganic bo- root dilacerations may be more evi- nathic surgery achieved comparable (Ostrow School of Dentistry of vine bone using micro-computed dent. Purpose: To determine how final facial aesthetic ratings. USC) was examined using a radi- tomography. Methods: Sixty-eight root shape and dilacerations can be ometer (Bluephase meter, Ivoclar). extraction sockets were filled with assessed with CBCT compared to Poster #: 34 Each unit was measured three times large particles (1-2mm) of anorganic panoramic radiographs. Methods: Title: Dentin Primer Reapplica- and the average was calculated. Fur- bovine bone (Bio-Oss, Geistlich) af- Panoramic and CBCT images of 50 tion Promotes Adhesive Luting of thermore, type of light curing unit, ter tooth extraction using reduced- patients were obtained before treat- Sealed Preparations manufacturer, model name, months trauma technique and debride- ment. Each image was evaluated to Name: Ahmad Alawadhi in service, and presence/absence ment. Sockets were covered by assess the shape of the roots and the Faculty Advisor: Pascal Magne of contamination on light tip were Polytetrafluoroethylene membrane direction of dilacerations in the six recorded. Statistical analysis was (GBR-200, Osteogenics) for four maxillary anterior teeth. Results: Background: When using IDS (im- performed using Kruskal-Wallis weeks. Following the ridge preser- With CBCT images root shapes mediate dentin sealing), the prepa- and Mann-Whitney tests at α=0.05. vation procedure (mean 147 + 100 could be assessed and the direction ration surface needs to be cleaned Results: Curing lights from 21 man- days), core samples were collected of dilacerations could be evaluated. by abrasion before adhesive luting. ufacturers, including 25 different from each site using trephine drills With panoramic images this as- There is a risk of re-exposing dentin models were evaluated. They were (3.3mm outer diameter) prior to im- sessment was not always possible. when cleaning thin adhesive layers in service for 0-120 months (mean plant placement. Core samples were Conclusion: Sometimes the roots of and exposed dentin is not easily de- 20.79±13.39 months). Intensity out- scanned using micro-computed to- teeth would be impossible to evalu- tectable. Purpose: Reapplication of put ranged from 0-3000 mW/cm2 mography and the 3D reconstruct- ate from panoramic x-rays because the primer during luting could help (mean 753,48 ±224.2). Output was ed volumes were examined using of overlying structures and artifacts. seal the exposed dentin but may ≤300 mW/cm2 in 22 lights, 300- Amira software. The percentage of CBCT was effective for detecting contaminate the resin-to-resin bond 600 mW/cm2 in 49 lights, 600-900 connective tissue, bone, and remain- root shapes and dilacerations in on the rest of the preparation. The mW/cm2 in 488 lights, 900-1200 ing graft material were measured in vivo and allowed three-dimensional aim of this study was to evaluate mW/cm2 in 55 lights, and ≥1200 each sample. Results: Quantitative evaluation of dental roots without the effect of primer contamination mW/cm2 in 9 lights. Mean output analysis of different segments re- overlapping images. on the resin-to-resin bond. Meth- was comparable in corded LED vealed that the core samples were ods: Ten freshly extracted human lights (n=464) and corded quartz comprised by material with densi- Poster #: 33 molars were obtained and divided tungsten halogen lights (n=8) with ties, which were consistent with the Title: Facial Aesthetics of Class III into 2 groups. Flattened midcoronal 800.43±5.14 and 797.92±108.67 following material: bone (40.11%), Malocclusion Treatment in CLP Pa- dentin surfaces were treated with mW/cm2, but significantly lower connective tissue (47.88%) and re- tients. IDS (Optibond FL) immediately with 606.84±30.2 mW/cm2 in cord- sidual graft particles (12%). Conclu- Name: Lily Chung following preparation and covered less LED lights (n=151). 52.2% sion: The results of the present study Faculty Advisor: Stephen Yen with provisional restorations (Fer- showed contamination of the light provided important data regarding mit) for 2 weeks. In group OB the

THE EXPLORER 40 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc existing adhesive coating was air- Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai appliances. Methods: Cephalomet- tissue compatible materials for im- abraded, new adhesive reapplied ric radiographs for 39 consecutive plant abutments are titanium and and a definitive composite resin Background: The signaling path- cases with >4 mm of overbite were zirconia. While larger manufactur- restoration (Z100) incrementally ways involved in the repair process digitized and traced in Dolphin Im- ers of implants offer the capability placed. In group OB+, primer and after a mechanical tongue injury aging Software. In order to assess of milled titanium and zirconia cus- adhesive were reapplied before res- are still unclear. Purpose: The aim changes, tracings were superim- tom abutments for screw-retained toration. All teeth were prepared for of this project is to investigate the posed by the Bjork structural meth- final restorations for their implants, a non-trimming micro-tensile bond molecular mechanisms underlying od. All cases were from a single they may not offer such products strength test (MTBS) 24 hours later. new muscle formation after tongue orthodontic office in Germany and for every implant system. Thus if Twenty-one beams (0.9 × 0.9 × 11 injury. Methods: A 2mm punch was treated with Incognito lingual sys- milled titanium or zirconia custom mm) were selected for testing each used to generate an acute penetra- tem. Sample was divided into grow- abutments are unavailable, the only group. MTBS were compared us- tion injury to mouse oral tongue. ing and non-growing subgroups option for a screw-retained resto- ing Mann-Whitney U test at p=.05. Tongue samples were analyzed at according to chronological age. De- ration would be porcelain fused Results: Average MTBS for group different time points following the scriptive statistics and comparison to cast gold. This poster describes OB was 34.83MPa vs 43.81 for OB+ injury with HE staining to evaluate between subgroups are presented. the use of commercially available, and those values proved significant- the wound repair process. Satellite Results: Treatment and growth manufactured titanium abutments ly different (P=.026). Conclusion: cells were analyzed for the mo- changes in growing patients includ- and customized milled zirconia Reapplication of the primer during lecular marker Pax7 using immu- ed: 1) molar extrusion 2) anterior crowns cemented together extra- luting of sealed preparations may nochemistry staining. Tamoxifen- incisor intrusion 3) anterior incisor orally and inserted as a retrievable, seal possible dentin exposure while inducible Pax7 Cre ERT2; R26RF/+ flaring. Treatment and aging chang- screw-retained final implant resto- promoting resin-to-resin bonding. reporter mice were used to analyze es in growing patients included: 1) ration without the intra-oral use of the contribution of satellite cells to minimal molar extrusion 2) anterior cement, thus eliminating the risk Poster #: 35 newly formed muscle fibers. Double incisor intrusion 3) greater anterior of peri-implant disease from excess Title: Pulpal Necrosis due to Sickle antigen staining was performed to incisor flaring 4) mandibular auto- residual cement. Many papers in Cell Anemia: A Case Report analyze the relationship between rotation. The difference between implant dentistry have been writ- Name: Travis Chapman the behavior of satellite cells and groups was the increase in facial ten about the advantages of tita- Faculty Advisor: Tom Levy the Wnt signaling pathway. Results: heights. Conclusion: Growing and nium and zirconia as an abutment New muscle formation started as non growing differed (as expected) material as well as the advantages Background: A case report of pulpal early as three days after injury as in the increase of facial heights. In- of screw-retained final restorations necrosis due to sickle cell anemia is Pax7(+) cells started to proliferate. cisor inclination depended on the for implants as opposed to cement- presented. Diagnostic challenges One week after injury, newly formed desired inclination designed into retained restorations. The problem and radiographic features are dis- muscle fibers derived from Pax7(+) the custom lingual appliance as is that not all implant companies cussed as well as treatment consid- cells were evident. Two weeks after opposed to increased inclination provide the means for fabricating erations. Purpose: This case report injury, the boundary between the (flared) incisors often reported in a custom titanium or zirconia final will add to the literature in support injured and uninjured regions could other studies. Overbite correction restoration that is screw retained. of the finding that pupal necrosis oc- not be clearly distinguished as the was a combination of molar extru- Such restorations would have to be curs due to sickle cell anemia. The Pax7(+) cell distribution normal- sion, incisor intrusion, incisor flar- made of cast gold which may not fit report will alsoreview the literature ized to its previous state. Also, ac- ing, and mandibular autorotation. as well as milled components, may and provide recommendations re- tive β-catenin and Pax7(+) showed Future research is needed to define not be as compatible with the soft- garding treatment and management co-localization of their expression the target overbite for specific pa- tissue, and the gold may be costly. of patients with this disease. Meth- in tongue three days post-injury. tients in order to prevent wear and Purpose: The purpose of fabricating ods: Case report and review of pre- The expression of active β-catenin allow for optimum function. this screw-retained restoration is to viously reported oral complications was not restricted to Pax7(+) but avoid using cemented final restora- associated with sickle cell anemia. also was seen in cranial neural crest Poster #: 38 tions which have been shown to be Results: Sickle cell disease presents cells. Conclusion: Canonical Wnt Title: Retrievable, Cement-retained associated with peri-implant dis- many challenges in diagnosis and signaling may play an important Zirconia Restorations on Implant ease. We were trying to fabricate a patient management. This case role in satellite cell proliferation Abutments without Residual Ce- screw-retained final restoration for highlights these challenges. Conclu- in new muscle regeneration after a ment an implant using a milled titanium sion: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic tongue injury. Name: Shoko Sato abutment interface with a zirconia and systemic disease which may Faculty Advisor: Homa Zadeh final restoration for implant systems cause pulpal necrosis. The disease Poster #: 37 that may not have custom milled also causes radiographic changes in Title: Overbite Correction with Ful- Background: It has been shown abutments available. Methods: We the jaws and multiple challenges in ly Customized Lingual Appliances that excess residual cement associ- used a stock, manufactured titani- both diagnosis and patient manage- Name: Scott Morita ated with cement-retained implant um abutment so that it would have ment. Special consideration should Faculty Advisor: Dan Grauer restorations is often the cause of a milled implant interface and tita- be used when treating patients with peri-implant disease. One method nium soft tissue interface with the sickle cell anemia. Background: Overbite is the vertical for avoiding residual cement is the subgingival epithelium. We fabri- relation of the upper to lower inci- use of retrievable, screw-retained cated a zirconia crown with a screw Poster #: 36 sors. Overbite is considered normal restorations made with custom abut- access hole incorporated into the Title: Canonical Wnt Signaling within 1-3 mm, and excessive over 4 ments. Material choices for custom occlusal surface prior to sintering, Pathway Mediates Muscle Regen- mm. Purpose: The goal of this study implant abutments are limited to so that no drilling would be neces- eration after Tongue Injury is to determine the mechanism of titanium, zirconia and cast gold, sary after sintering. We cemented Name: Steve Lim overbite correction with customized and it has been shown that the most the crown on the abutment extra-

THE EXPLORER 41 USC | SRG orally so that all excess cement dental hygiene and division of cancer cells. Sali- their harms to tobacco. Opponents could be removed easily prior to fas- vary tests that measure these chang- of E-cigarettes claim the device tening the abutment to the implant. Poster #: 39 es have been evaluated as an early will be falsely marketed as a safe Results: The final restoration was Title: Six Minutes Can Save a Life detection method for breast cancer. tobacco substitute without any sci- screw-retained, allowing us to avoid Name: Andrea Wong Purpose: The purpose of the re- entific research available to prove using a final restoration which had Faculty Advisor: Donna Smith search was to examine and evaluate its safety. This presentation will to be cemented in the mouth. There studies that currently employ sali- discuss different perspectives about was no opportunity for retained Background: Six minutes is the time vary testing as detection methods E-cigarettes and whether they have excess cement which might be re- that it takes to save a life. Dental for cancer. Methods: An in-office potential to become a psychologi- sponsible for peri-implant disease. professionals must be prepared to salivary test performed by a dental cal trick or a risky trade. Purpose: Conclusions: Retrievable screw- manage medical emergencies. The hygienist offers a convenient and To educate and inform tobacco us- retained final implant restorations key to success is to have a plan accurate breast cancer screening. ers and non-tobacco users about can be routinely fabricated for im- which includes when, where, and Upon completing a routine appoint- E-cigarettes. Methods: We utilized plants to avoid using cemented final how to handle each given situation. ment, the patient would know if he literature reviews which tested two restorations which have been shown Research shows that effective im- or she was a carrier of the common groups of participants chosen at to be associated with peri-implant plementation of a plan can greatly proteins associated with breast can- random among a group of consis- disease, even for implant systems increase the survival rate should a cer. The four proteins assessed dur- tent smokers. One group of smok- for which milled titanium or milled medical emergency occur. The goal ing this hypothetical screening are ers smoking cigarettes. One group zirconia custom abutments are not of this presentation is to increase the BRCA1 & 2, HER2, and P53. The of smokers smoking electronic readily available. awareness of the importance of be- procedure measures antibody-pro- cigarettes. Participants smoked the ing prepared and to provide guide- tein binding in order to determine a product for seven minutes and then lines for developing and implement- positive or negative result. Results: were examined by a cardiologist ing an effective plan. Purpose: To Each of the four proteins represents to check to see if there was a dif- inform and educate dental profes- an underlying risk factor for the ference in respiration. Results: The sionals about the prevalence and development of breast cancer. Spe- results showed that there is still not significance of medical emergencies cifically, abnormalities in BRCA 1 enough evidence to show whether that could possibly occur in the den- & 2, overabundance of HER2, and electronic cigarettes are safe or not. tal office. Methods: We compiled damage to the P53 protein are all The research on electronic ciga- several different articles, books, and biomarkers for breast cancer devel- rettes is on-going and in the future it surveys pertaining to medical emer- opment. Conclusion: With increas- could possibly be an alternative op- gencies in the dental office. We also ing knowledge of the characteristics tion for tobacco cessation. Conclu- interviewed and consulted with Dr. and understanding of the role of sion: In conclusion, research shows Stanley Malamed, an expert in the these 4 proteins over time, attention electronic cigarettes are hand held field. Results: "95% of dental offices in recent years has been focused devices that deliver nicotine to the have experienced a medical emer- on how this information can be ap- user with no tobacco. This product gency." "For each minute a per- plied clinically in patient care and mimics the act of smoking while son is in cardiac arrest their chance management. Salivary tests offer delivering the addictive component of survival decreases from 7-10%" a first line of defense against breast nicotine and can address both the The number one medical emergen- cancer with more frequent in-office pharmacologic and behavioral com- cy that occurred in the dental office screenings, less invasive testing, and ponents of cigarette addiction. was syncope followed by asthmatic affordable pricing for the patient. attacks, and epinephrine reactions. With an approximated 95% suc- Conclusion: Because of the high cess rate in early detection, salivary prevalence of medical emergencies diagnostics are the future of breast that occur in the dental office, and cancer screenings. how quickly patients' health can de- cline during a medical emergency, Poster #: 41 it is extremely important that each Title: Electronic Cigarettes: Tricky office be prepared. Being prepared Aid or Risky Trade? can be as simple as having a medi- Name: Kristine Parungao cal emergency plan of action and a Faculty Advisor: Donna Smith well equipped medical emergency kit. Background: In the United States, there are approximately 45 million Poster #: 40 tobacco smokers and only 4% have Title: Drool 4 The Cure successfully quit smoking. A new Name: Jonathan Ochi product that claims to help with Faculty Advisor: Diane Melrose tobacco addiction is an electronic cigarette (E-cigarette). Proponents Background: During cancer de- of E-cigarettes claim their useful- velopment, the over abundance of ness with less carcinogenic content abnormalities in or damages to spe- than tobacco cigarettes. They may cific proteins triggers rapid growth help the tobacco addict deal with

THE EXPLORER 42 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc

such as Aspirin administration, pre- than amelogenin co-localized with the major component in the dental graduate post- vents MSC deficiency and malig- enamelin. Adjacent to ameloblasts enamel extracellular matrix (ECM). doctoral trainee nant transformation in OVX mice. there was an approximate 1:1 ratio ECM also constitutes other phos- of enamelin and amelogenin. Co- phorylated, glycosylated and sulfat- Poster #: 42 Poster #: 43 localization of these proteins within ed proteins, proteinases and lipids. Title: IFN-γ/TNF-α Synergistically Title: Quantitative Co-localization small areas indicates that they inter- Due to this heterogeneity, complex Induce MSC Impairment and Tu- of Enamelin with Amelogenin act in vivo suggesting that they co- protein-protein, protein-mineral and morigenesis via NFκB Name: Victoria Gallon operate to control crystal nucleation protein-lipid interactions can be en- Name: Lei Wang Faculty Advisor: Janet Oldak and morphology. visaged during amelogenesis. Lipids Faculty Advisor: Songtao Shi constitute 0.2% of the developing Background: Enamelin is critical Poster #: 44 enamel matrix. As amelogenin is Background: An inflammatory mi- for tooth enamel development and Title: Iron Deposition and Fth Lo- synthesized by the ameloblast cells croenvironment may cause organ is thought to cooperate with amelo- calization in Rodent Teeth and secreted via matrix secretory degenerative diseases and malig- genin to control crystal nucleation Name: Xin Wen vesicles, the study of its structure nant tumors. However, the precise and morphology. Our recent investi- Faculty Advisor: Michael Paine in the presence of cell membrane or mechanisms of inflammation- gations on the interactions between membrane mimicking models can induced diseases are not fully un- amelogenin and enamelin have been Background: An iron rich layer on give more insight into its function derstood. Purpose: We hypothesize concentrated on in vitro strategies. the labial surface is characteristic during amelogenesis. Purpose: To that interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor Purpose: To quantitatively analyze of the enamel of rodent incisors. investigate interactions of amelo- necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as criti- co-localization of enamelin and am- Purpose: To address a role for iron genin with liposomes as artificial cal inflammatory factors, syner- elogenin in developing enamel using content in continuously growing in- models for ameloblast cell mem- gistically induce MSC deficiency, confocal microscopy and to provide cisors during odontogenesis. Meth- brane and matrix vesicles, to ana- whereas their long-term effect can evidence for their interactions in ods: We studied iron deposition lyze the structural changes involved result in the induction of MSC tu- vivo. Methods: Antibodies against patterns in enamel and dentin us- in amelogenin upon its binding to morigenesis by oncogene activation. a 32kDa enamelin peptide and ing Perls’ blue staining and ferritin liposomes, and address the trans- Methods: Ovariectomized (OVX) against the full-length recombinant heavy chain (Fth) immunolocaliza- formation between its disordered mice, which showed elevated IFN-γ mouse (rM179) amelogenin were tion. Fth expression is regulated by and ordered conformation. Meth- and TNF-α levels, were used as de- used to examine molars from 3, 8, iron level, therefore its localization ods: We used recombinant porcine generative disease and tumorigen- 15 and 21-day mouse mandibles. can be used as a sensitive indicator full-length amelogenin (rP172) and esis models, respectively, and mes- Co-localization patterns were ana- for iron deposition. Results: Sagit- a mixture of commercially available enchymal stem cells (MSCs) from lyzed from the apical root towards tal sections of 4-week old rat inci- lipids and phospholipids. Binding bone marrow and derma were char- the tip of molars and from the am- sors showed a gradual increase in between amelogenin and liposomes acterized. Results: Here we show eloblasts to the dentinoenamel junc- iron level in the enamel organ from was analyzed by fluorescence spec- that the IFN-γ and TNF-α syner- tion covering the entire thickness of secretory to maturation stages. In troscopy, dynamic light scattering gistically impair self-renewal and enamel. Regions of interest (ROIs) addition, iron was detected in am- and transmission electron micros- differentiation of MSCs via nuclear included: a large (45µm in height) eloblasts of erupting third molars copy. Conformational changes in factor κB (NFκB)-mediated activa- and a small ROI (8 µm diameter) of 4-week old rats, suggesting iron amelogenin were analyzed by circu- tion of smad7 in ovariectomized area. Results: Enamelin and amelo- plays a role in both incisor and mo- lar dichroism. Results: Fluorescence (OVX) mice. More interestingly,, genin co-localized near the secre- lar development. In odontoblasts, studies revealed that monomeric long-term elevated levels of IFN-γ tory face of ameloblasts. Enamelin the presence of iron was demon- rP172 is peripherally bound to the and TNF-α result in significantly in- was mainly located along the secre- strated, and this is consistent with zwitterionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleo- creased susceptibility to malignant tory face, while amelogenin was iron’s role in collagen synthesis. Us- yl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine transformation in MSCs through seen throughout the entire thickness ing postnatal 3-, 6-, 9-day old mice, (POPC) liposomes but associated NFκB-mediated upregulation of of enamel. In an 8-day mouse, anal- the spatial and temporal expression strongly with the anionic 1-palmi- the oncogenes c-fos and c-myc. ysis of the entire thickness by large of Fth in tooth development again toyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phos- Depletion of either IFN-γ or TNF-α ROI’s revealed that approximately indicated the presence of iron in phoglycerol (POPG) liposomes, in OVX mice abolishes MSC im- 58% of amelogenin co-localized mature ameloblasts and odonto- as well as with the ameloblast cell pairment and the tendency toward with enamelin and approximately blasts. Conclusion: While these data membrane mimicking liposomes malignant transformation with no 70% of enamelin co-localized with do not explain what functional role (ACML). Further, circular dichro- NFκB-mediated oncogene activa- amelogenin. By analyzing a small iron has in tooth formation, it does ism studies revealed that rP172 coils tion. Systemic administration of ROI near the ameloblasts at the api- highlight a significant molecular ac- to form alpha helix following its Aspirin, which significantly reduces cal root, we found that approximate- tivity associated with the formation interaction with the anionic POPG the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, re- ly 83% of amelogenin co-localized of the rodent dentition. and the ACML liposomes. Fluo- sults in blockage of MSC deficiency with enamelin and approximately rescence and CD studies indicated and tumorigenesis by inhibition 85% of enamelin co-localized with Poster #: 45 weak interactions of rP172 nano- of NF-κB/smad7 and NFκB/c-fos amelogenin. The percentage of Title: Application of Liposomes as spheres with POPG and ACML li- and c-myc pathways in OVX mice. co-localization decreases towards Models for Amelogenin-Membrane posomes. TEM studies suggests that Conclusion: This study reveals that the tip. Conclusion: Enamelin was Interactions amelogenin interactions are highly inflammation factors, such as IFN-γ concentrated at the secretary face; Name: Sowmya Bekshe Lokappa dependent on the lipid composition. and TNF-α, synergistically induce supporting the theory that enamelin Faculty Advisor: Janet Oldak Conclusion: Amelogenin molecules MSC deficiency via NFκB/smad7 induces nucleation at the beginning interact weakly with neutral lipo- signaling and tumorigenesis via of enamel formation. More enam- Background: Amelogenin, an in- somes, but strongly with negatively NFκB-mediated oncogene activa- elin co-localized with amelogenin trinsically disordered protein, is charged liposomes and the amelo- tion. Anti-inflammatory treatment,

THE EXPLORER 43 USC | SRG blast mimicking liposomes, chang- and TGFβ–mediated Irf6 activity is (MSC) activities during tissue ho- addition to displacement, contribute ing their conformation. These find- responsible for MEE degeneration meostasis and repair are poorly to the balanced growth of the vari- ings have important implications for during palatal fusion in mice. understood. Purpose: To find the ous facial bones. Specific distribu- understanding the interactions of niche of the mesenchymal stem cell. tions of remodeling fields (bone de- amelogenin with ameloblasts and Poster #: 47 Methods: Label retaining analysis position vs. bone resorption) result matrix secretory vesicles. Title: Cranial Neural Crest Cells In- and lineage tracing analysis. Re- in distinctive patterns of adult facial struct Tongue Muscle Development sults: By comparing mouse incisors anatomy. When osteoclasts attach Poster #: 46 in Mice and molars, two highly similar or- to the bone surface, they secrete Title: TGFβ/IRF6 Interaction in Name: Akiko Suzuki gans, we provide evidence that the acid and enzymes that break down Regulating Palatal Fusion Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai neurovascular bundle (NVB) acts bone matrix resulting in anisotropic Name: Junichi Iwata as a mesenchymal stem cell niche resorption bays called Howship's Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai Background: Microglossia is one and provides a source of Shh pro- lacunae. Areas of bone deposition of the common congenital birth de- tein that activates Gli1 expression by osteoblasts lack Howship's lacu- Background: Cleft palate is one of fects in humans and adversely im- in adjacent slow cycling mesen- nae and instead have more isotropic the most common human birth de- pacts quality of life. In vertebrates, chymal cells. These mesenchymal surfaces that often contain bundles fects and is associated with multiple tongue muscles derive from cranial cells contribute to all mesenchymal of mineralized collagen fibrils. Both genetic and environmental risk fac- mesoderm and occipital somites, cell derivatives during continuous patterns can be identified in perios- tors. Although mutations in trans- whereas skeletal elements, tendons, incisor growth, indicating they are teal bone surfaces. Purpose: Most forming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and connective tissue in the cra- mesenchymal stem cells. Dener- studies of maxillary growth remod- signaling molecules and interferon niofacial region originate from cra- vation compromises Gli1 activity eling are concerned with growth regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) have been nial neural crest (CNC) cells. Loss and disrupts stem cell homeostasis stages around time of eruption of identified as genetic risk factors for of TGFβ type II receptor in CNC leading to abnormal incisor growth. the first permanent molar (M1). cleft palate, little is known about the cells in mice (Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre) NG2+ pericytes residing in the peri- Here we analyze four individuals relationship between TGFβ signal- causes microglossia. However, it is vascular niche represent a subpopu- with M2 erupted to determine their ing and IRF6 activity during palate still unclear how TGFβ signaling lation of Gli1+ cells in the incisor pattern of bone growth remodeling. formation. Purpose: To investigate in CNC cells regulates the fate of mesenchyme and contribute little Methods: The maxillae were recov- how TGFβ signaling regulates gene mesoderm–derived muscle cells. to the homeostasis. They function ered from an archaeological popula- expression of Irf6 and the fate of Purpose: To investigate how dis- mainly in repairing tissue damage. tion dating back to the XII century the medial edge epithelium (MEE) ruption of TGFβ signaling in CNC Teeth that do not grow continu- in Burgos, Spain. Specimens were during palatal fusion in mice. Meth- cells affects tongue development. ously, such as mouse molars, show analyzed using environmental scan- ods: We generated Smad4fl/fl;K14- Methods: We performed microar- no slow cycling mesenchymal or ning electron microscope. Areas Cre;Irf6+/R84C mice to investigate ray analysis and quantitative RT- Gli1 expression cell associated with of bone deposition were marked as the possible genetic interaction be- PCR assays to identify downstream NVB. Mouse molars contain NG2+ (+) whereas bone resorption was tween Smad4 and Irf6. We treated target molecules in the tongue of cells which can only contribute to marked as (-). Results: Bone resorp- palatal explants from wild-type and E14.5 Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mice. To injury repair, so they cease growing tion was found in most areas of the mutant mice with siRNA or overex- rescue proliferation and differentia- but can only repair damage. Other naso-maxillary clivus. Conclusion: pression vectors to test the function- tion defects in tongue muscles, we rodents with continuously growing Osteoclastic bone resorption per- al significance of target molecules. tested candidate molecules in ex molars, such as guinea pigs, have sists on the naso-maxillary clivus We generated Irf6 transgenic mice vivo organ culture. Results: Loss of Gli1+ cells in the mesenchyme sur- until later developmental ages, con- to rescue submucous cleft palate TGFβ signaling resulted in a failure rounding the NVB and show stem tributing to the retracted maxilla of in Tgfbr2fl/fl;K14-Cre mice. Re- of CNC–derived fibroblast differen- cell characteristics. Conclusion: humans. sults: Smad4fl/fl;K14-Cre;Irf6+/ tiation, followed by a disruption of Thus, we propose that homeostasis R84C mice show compromised p21 TGFβ–mediated expression of both and tissue repair are two distinct Poster #: 50 expression and MEE persistence BMPs and FGFs and decreased biological processes supported by Title: Amelogenin-Chitosan Hydro- similar to Tgfbr2fl/fl;K14-Cre mice, myogenic cell proliferation and dif- different stem cell sub-populations gel for Enamel Reconstruction although the secondary palates of ferentiation activities. Exogenous with differential growth and repair Name: Qichao Ruan Irf6+/R84C and Smad4fl/fl;K14- BMPs and FGFs could restore cell abilities, and NVB provides a niche Faculty Advisor: Janet Oldak Cre mice form normally. Further- proliferation and differentiation in for the mesenchymal stem cells to more, Smad4fl/fl;K14-Cre;Irf6+/ the tongue of Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mediate tissue homeostasis. Background: Enamel reconstruc- R84C mice show extra digits that mice. Conclusion: CNC–derived tion is a significant topic of study in are consistent with abnormal toe/ fibroblasts regulate mesoderm–de- Poster #: 49 the material science and dentistry nail phenotypes in individuals with rived myoblasts via TGFβ–mediat- Title: Facial Growth Remodeling of as a novel approach for prevention, Van der Woude and popliteal pte- ed BMP and FGF signaling cascade the Maxilla after M2 Eruption restoration, and treatment of defec- rygium syndromes, suggesting that during tongue development. Name: Rodrigo Lacruz tive enamel. During amelogenesis, the TGFβ/SMAD4/IRF6 signaling Faculty Advisor: Michael Paine the initial formation of organized cascade may be a well-conserved Poster #: 48 enamel crystals occurs in an ame- mechanism regulating multiple Title: The Neurovascular Bundle is Background: From childhood to logenin-rich gel-like matrix. Pur- organogenesis. Strikingly, over- a Mesenchymal Stem Cell Niche adulthood, the normal development pose: Amelogenin-loaded chitosan expression of Irf6 rescued p21 ex- Name: Hu Zhao of the face experiences bone surface hydrogel was investigated as a ma- pression and MEE degeneration in Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai deposition and resorption in key ar- trix for enamel remineralization. Tgfbr2fl/fl;K14-Cre mice. Conclu- eas of the maxilla. Bone resorption Our objectives were 1) to investigate sion: IRF6 and SMAD4 synergisti- Background: The processes that and bone deposition are important the interaction between chitosan cally regulate the fate of the MEE, regulates mesenchymal stem cell cell-mediated mechanisms that, in and amelogenin, 2) to re-construct

THE EXPLORER 44 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc enamel utilizing the amelogenin- observed in patients using either sion profiles. Methods: Real-time (PDLSCs) and gingival mesenchy- chitosan hydrogel system. Methods: oral or intravenous BP is Bisphos- PCR analyzed the levels of gene mal stem cells (GMSCs) encapsulat- Chitosan-amelogenin interactions phonate Related Osteonecrosis of transcription leading to enamel re- ed in RGD-modified alginate hydro- were investigated by Circular Di- the Jaw (BRONJ). Currently there generation in primary enamel organ gel microspheres were transplanted chroism (CD) and Fluorescence is limited data available in the lit- epithelial (EOE) cells treated with to observe the bone regeneration spectroscopy. To prepare the com- erature regarding the outcome of bRGDS PA matrix. Western blot capacity of the encapsulated stem plex hydrogel, recombinant am- placing dental implants in patients and confocal immunofluorescent cell constructs. New bone formation elogenins (rP172) and HPO42- were taking BP and the risk of developing analysis characterized the immedi- induced by dental mesenchymal mixed with chitosan, and Ca2+ ions BRONJ in these patients. Purpose: ate molecular response of the EOE stem cell-biomaterial constructs were introduced by diffusion to ini- We conducted a systematic review cells to the artificial matrix by ex- was assessed using micro-CT and tiate mineralization. For reminer- to evaluate the success rate of os- amining the phosphorylation of fo- histological analyses after 12 weeks alization experiments the complex seointegration of dental implants cal adhesion kinase (FAK), the ac- of transplantation. Results: The hydrogel was applied onto the acid- and the risk of osteonecrosis of the tivation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase results showed that both PDLSCs etched human enamel surface prior jaw in dental implant patients with (JNK) and c-Jun. Transcriptional and GMSCs express mesenchymal to mineralization in artificial saliva. a history of BP therapy. Methods: activity of the amelogenin promoter stem cell markers such as: CD 146 The phases and morphologies of Two investigators (GC and AA) in- through the two c-Jun binding sites and CD 166. Additionally, PDLSCs mineralized chitosan-based layer dependently queried the literature were evaluated by site-directed and GMSCs showed significantly on enamel were characterized by using these databases: PubMed/ mutagenesis and luciferase assay. high numbers of single colony X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scan- Medline and Cochrane Central Results: We demonstrate that the clusters (CFU-F) and an elevated ning electron microscopy (SEM). Register of Controlled Trials. Eng- artificial matrix mediated increased cell proliferation rate compared to Results: The interaction between lish language articles were searched abundance of amelogenin and its hBMMSCs. Furthermore, PDLSCs chitosan and amelogenin was pH dating from January 1st 1995 to transactivator CCAAT enhancer and GMSCs were found to express dependent. At lower pH values, chi- March 31st 2011. Results: Based binding protein α by activating bone transcription factors (Runx2) tosan interacted with rP172 through on the current literature, all of the FAK to increase phosphorylation of and bone formation markers (os- electrostatic interaction. Whereas, retrospective studies with moderate JNK and c-Jun. Inhibition of FAK teocalcin), implying their in vivo at pH higher than 5.5, chitosan’s strength of evidence indicate that blocked gene activation. Inhibition osteogenic differentiation potential. interaction was weak because of its the occurrence of BRONJ in dental of JNK abolished phosphorylated- PDLSCs and GMSCs were able to low solubility and deprotonation. implant patients taking oral or intra- c-Jun (p-c-Jun) and attenuated the repair the defects with considerable After mineralization for 7 days in venous BP is negligible compared pathways identified to promote amounts of mineralized tissue for- artificial saliva, organized fluori- to dental implant patients not taking enamel regeneration. Cognate bind- mation. However PDLSCs showed dated hydroxyapatite crystals were BP. However, there are some case ing sites in the amelogenin promoter significantly higher amounts of formed on the enamel surface treat- reports and case series that report were identified to be transcription- bone regeneration in comparison to ed by amelogenin-loaded chitosan BRONJ cases in dental implant pa- ally up-regulated in response to p-c- the GMSCs (P<. 05). Conclusion: hydrogel. In contrast, only few ran- tients with a history of oral and in- Jun. Conclusion: Elucidating these Dental mesenchymal stem cells- dom crystals were observed in the travenous BP use. Conclusion: His- cues not only provides guidelines RGD-modified alginate constructs chitosan gel without amelogenin. tory of oral or intravenous BP use is for the design of synthetic regen- are promising candidates for cra- Crystals formed in the hydrogel not an absolute contraindication for erative strategies and opportunities niofacial bone regeneration. This with amelogenin were tightly bound dental implant placement, and den- to manipulate pathways to regulate strategy appears to be a promising to the enamel crystallites, whereas tal implants can be osseointegrated enamel regeneration, but also can modality of treatment for potential a large gap between chitosan film successfully in this patient popula- provide insight into the molecular dental and orthopedic applications. and enamel was observed. Conclu- tion. mechanisms involved in tissue for- sion: These results revealed that am- mation. Poster #: 54 elogenin incorporated into chitosan Poster #: 52 Title: BMP-Smad4 Signaling Con- hydrogel promoted the formation Title: Integrin Signals Mediate Poster #: 53 trols Switch from Tooth Crown to of oriented bundle of crystals. Our Enamel Regeneration through Trig- Title: Dental Mesenchymal Stem Root Fate studies indicate that amelogenin- gering C/EBPα and c-Jun Cells: Promising Candidates for Name: Jingyuan Li loaded chitosan hydrogel is a prom- Name: Zhan Huang Bone Tissue Engineering Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai ising and easy-to-handle biomate- Faculty Advisor: Malcolm Snead Name: Alireza Moshaverinia rial for enamel repair. Faculty Advisor: Songtao Shi Background: TGF-β/BMP signaling Background: Enamel formation is crucial during organogenesis, and Poster #: 51 involves highly orchestrated intra- Background: The ultimate goal the canonical Smad pathway is an Title: Dental Implants in Patients cellular and extracellular events; of bone tissue engineering is the important mediator of TGF-β/BMP Treated with Bisphosphonates: A following development, the tissue regeneration of a construct that signaling during development and Systematic Review is unable to regenerate, making it matches the physical and biological disease. During tooth development, Name: Azadeh Ahmadieh a challenging target for tissue en- properties of the natural bone tis- dental epithelial cells known as Faculty Advisor: Parish Sedghiza- gineering. Purpose: To elucidate sue. Purpose: The purpose of this the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath deh the intracellular signaling pathways study was to study the application of (HERS) play a critical role in root responsible for enamel regenera- encapsulated dental-derived mesen- formation following crown develop- Background: Bisphosphonates (BP) tion, we explore here the coupling chymal stem cells in RGD-coupled ment. Previous studies have demon- are commonly prescribed medi- response of integrin receptors to the alginate hydrogel in calvarial de- strated that BMP signaling in the cations used in the treatment of branched RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) fect model. Methods: Calvarial de- dental epithelium controls root de- metabolic and oncologic bone pa- peptide amphiphiles (PA) and sub- fects in mice were generated and velopment. However, the functional thoses. A significant adverse effect sequent downstream gene expres- periodontal ligament stem cells significance of Smad4 in the dental

THE EXPLORER 45 USC | SRG epithelium during the switch from this agent. Purpose: We hypothesize ties of Smad4-dependent signaling levels(0.5.1.0,1.5 and 2.0 joules / tooth crown to root fate remains un- that an antimicrobial therapy, which pathways in the molar mesenchymal cm2). Results: Affymetrix Human known. Purpose: To investigate the includes professionally-applied cells during root development. To exon microarrays of 22,000 protein- function and mechanism of Smad4, subgingival irrigation, followed by study their role in regulating root encoding genes(40 markers per the common Smad for TGF-β/BMP oral rinses with diluted sodium hy- development, we utilized the induc- gene) showed distinct sets of genes signaling, in the dental epithelium pochloride can significantly reduce ible Cre/loxP system to generate in being deregulated for each of the during the switch from tooth crown periodontal inflammation. Methods: vivo time and tissue specific inacti- eight experimental conditions. A to root fate. Methods: To explore We propose a clinical trial that in- vation of Smad4-mediated signaling two-fold screen for gene expression the role of Smad4 signaling dur- cludes 30 healthy adults diagnosed pathways during dental root devel- differences between control and ing mouse development and adult with periodontitis. The following opment. Results: Smad4-mediated light-stimulated cultures revealed life, we used an rtTA transactiva- clinical variables will be evaluated: signaling activities, indicated by a complex network of gene expres- tor/tetracycline promoter approach medical history, dental radiographs, phospho-Smads expression, were sion interactions for VR and IR that allows inducible attenuation of number of teeth, plaque index, gin- detected in the developing molar stimulation of bone and the immune Smad4 signaling. Results: Ablation gival index, bleeding on probing, root mesenchyme. Based on the response. Protein arrays confirmed of Smad4 in the dental epithelium pocket depth, and gingival reces- presence of Gli1, a transcriptional that at 633 nm TGF beta 1, TGF affects crown and root formation sion. The following microbiological mediator of Shh signaling, in the beta 1 receptors and Smad depen- and results in a shift from brachy- samples will be obtained: saliva, su- postnatal dental mesenchyme, an dent TGF beta pathway proteins dont teeth, with low crowns and pragingival plaque, and subgingival inducible Gli1-driven Cre/loxP sys- were upregulated but at 830 nm, high roots, to hypsodont teeth with plaque. At visit 1(day 1), the clinical tem was utilized to postnatally in- these proteins were down-regulated high crowns and low roots, in adult variables will be evaluated, and the terrupt Smad4-mediate signaling in and Akt1 pathway components were Krt14-rtTA;Teto-Cre;Smad4fl/fl samples will be obtained. Patients the Gli1-expressing cells, including upregulated. Conclusion: This study mice. Without Smad4, the cervi- will randomly receive professional the dental mesenchymal cells. Our provides strong evidence for light cal loop, including the central core subgingival irrigation with either preliminary data showed that post- stimulating different sets of genes of putative epithelial stem cells, is sodium hypochlorite 0.25% (test) or natal Gli1-mediated Smad4 deletion according to wavelength and energy maintained longer during crown water (control). Patients will rinse impaired molar root formation and level that can alter bone turnover. development, and HERS and root at home twice a week for 2 weeks resulted in shorter molar roots. Con- Different light conditions can ac- formation are postponed lead- with either sodium hypochlorite clusion: Smad4-mediated pathways tivate specific gene networks that ing to a higher crown. Meanwhile, 0.25% (test) or water (control). At may also play an important role control different cell functions. The deletion of Bmpr1a in the dental visit 2 (day 14), the clinical variables during molar root development via data provides a molecular explana- epithelium using Krt14-rtTA;Teto- will be evaluated, samples will regulating dental mesenchymal cell tion for the conflicting reports on Cre;Bmpr1afl/fl mice phenocopies be obtained, and need for further fate. Inducible Cre-mediated dele- tooth movement and light effects in Krt14-rtTA;Teto-Cre;Smad4fl/fl periodontal treatment will be de- tion system could be used as a tool the current literature. mice. However, Krt14-rtTA;Teto- termined. Results: Pending results. to further investigate this molecular Cre;Tgfbr2fl/fl mice have well- Conclusion: Pending conslusion. regulatory mechanism during den- Poster #: 58 formed crown and root. Conclusion: tal root formation. Title: Self-Efficacy and Kinematic Our study demonstrates that BMP- Poster #: 56 Performance for Reaching Move- Smad4 signaling cascade, not TGF- Title: Functional Requirement for Poster #: 57 ments after Stroke β-Smad4, controls the switch from Smad4-mediated Signaling in Tooth Title: Deregulation of Molecular Name: Eric Wade tooth crown to root fate during or- Root Development Pathways by IR and VR Light Faculty Advisor: Carolee Winstein ganogenesis. Name: Jifan Feng Name: Jie Guo Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai Faculty Advisor: Stephen Yen Background: Self-efficacy (SE), or a Poster #: 55 person’s prospective perceived abil- Title: Application of Diluted So- Background: Smad4-mediated Background: There is anecdotal ity to succeed at a specific task, may dium Hypochlorite as Periodontal TGFβ/BMP signaling plays a cru- evidence that infrared(IR) and mediate spontaneous limb choice Therapy cial role in regulating the fate of visible(VR) wavelengths of light for that task, in people after stroke. Name: Maria Galvan cranial neural crest (CNC) derived can produce biological effects that It has been argued that experience Faculty Advisor: Jorgen Slots cells. Tissue-specific inactivation influence bone repair, orthodontic may be the most important factor of Smad4 in the CNC derivatives, tooth movement and dental implant for the determination of SE. Howev- Background: Conventional peri- including the dental mesenchyme, osseointegration. However, the er, for a goal-directed reaching task, odontal therapy includes an antiin- resulted in incisor and molar de- mechanisms for light-induced ef- SE was found to be uncorrelated fective phase if necessary followed velopment arrest at the dental lam- fects are not known. Purpose: The with experience as measured by the by a surgical phase. Once the end- ina stage. Furthermore, ablation of purpose of this study was to exam- Motor Activity Log. For disabled point of active therapy has reached, Smad4 in dental mesenchyme in ine how light affects gene expres- adults, SE may be independent of a maintenance phase is instituted. Osr2-IresCre;Smad4fl/fl mutants sion using microarray and protein motor capability. Thus there is sup- Anti-infective therapy includes me- impaired odontoblast differentiation array analysis. Methods: Clones of port for the notion that SE is task- chanical removal of soft and hard and dentin formation. Purpose: The marrow fibroblast stem cells were specific and prospective. Purpose: biofilm. An array of adjunctive aim of this project is to further study isolated from human bone marrow The purpose of the study is to de- antimicrobial therapies have been the potential role of TGFβ/BMP and used for primary cell cultures. termine if there is a relationship be- proposed with varying results. The signaling in regulating the cell fate The cells were grown without light tween self-efficacy and future task application of diluted sodium hy- of dental mesenchymal cells dur- as a control and with light under performance during reaching move- pochloride has been examined in ing late tooth developmental stages eight different conditions: two ments after stroke. Methods: Six previous studies and there is signifi- when root formation occurs. Meth- wavelengths of light(830-IR and participants post-stroke performed a cant data in favor of the efficacy of ods: We first analyzed the activi- 633nm-VR) at four different energy seated, goal-directed reaching task.

THE EXPLORER 46 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc

Ten targets of radius 3cm were dis- for concordance and discordance . tients with chronic conditions such tion between CNCCs and migrating tributed in the reaching workspace as low back pain, temporoman- myogenic precursors. However, the egocentric to the participant at 5 Poster #: 59 dibular joint disorders, tension type underlying signaling cascade is not directions ipsilateral to the reach- Title: Role of Chromatin Remodel- headache and Urologic Chronic Pel- known in which CNCCs control the ing hand (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 de- ers in Lineage Specification vic Pain Syndrome (UCPPS). Pelvic early muscle patterning and differ- grees), and at two extents (13.5 and Name: Daniela Schmid floor muscles are unique in that, entiation in the craniofacial region. 27.0cm). Participants began with Faculty Advisor: Ruchi Bajpai even in pain-free individuals, they Purpose: In this study, we are in- their hands at a home position cen- maintain an active muscle tone dur- vestigating gene expression changes tral to the targets, also of radius 3cm. Background: Establishment of pri- ing rest. UCPPS patients have been in CNCCs in Wnt1-cre;Alk5f/f mu- Participants then reached to each of mary germ layers as well as neural found to exhibit an increase in pel- tants and how those changes cause the 10 targets 10 times per hand, in a crest, often called the fourth germ vic muscle activity, but this finding myogenic defects in the craniofacial pseudo-random order. Reaches were layer is accompanied by extensive has been based on measures of that regions. Methods: Gene expression monitored using electromagnetic chromatin remodeling and global could reflect biomechanical, rather patterns of the early myogenesis tracking sensors placed on the par- epigenetic changes. We have shown than neural, changes. Purpose: The were assessed by In Situ Hybrid- ticipants’ index fingers. Movement that CHD7, a chromatin remodeling purpose of this study is to intro- ization and immunohistochemis- times were significantly longer for enzyme, is essential for the forma- duce a measure called maximum try in the extra-occular muscles, the paretic limb, and for far targets. tion of multipotent migratory neural voluntary relaxation which quanti- masticatory muscles and tongue Accuracy was significantly higher crest. Haploinsufficiency of CHD7 fies the extent of neural control over muscles of Wnt1-cre;Alk5f/f and for the non-paretic limb, and for causes CHARGE syndrome, char- the hyperactive muscles. Methods: control mice. Results: Muscle dif- near targets. Further, self efficacy acterized by craniofacial defects. Pelvic floor muscle activity will be ferentiation is dramatically reduced significantly predicted movement Purpose: To study the regulation measured in ten patients and com- and the muscle organization was time and accuracy. Results: Move- of CHD7 family of proteins and pared with age matched controls us- disrupted in the craniofacial region ment Time was longer with paretic the molecular mechanism by which ing intra-rectal electromyographic of Wnt1-cre;Alk5 mutants while than non-paretic (p<0.001), and lon- they specify germ layers and con- (EMG) probes. Participants control the migration of myogenic precur- ger for far targets than near targets trol neural crest lineage formation the playback of a video that plays sors were not affected. Myogenic (p<0.001). Distance from Target from pluripotent cells. Methods: only when EMG is below a given cell proliferation was also signifi- was greater with paretic than non- In vitro differentiation of pluripo- target. Target is initially set to the cantly reduced in concurrence with paretic (p<0.001), and greater for far tent cells into primary germ layers resting state EMG, and subsequent- the reduction of BMP expression targets than near targets (p<0.001), and neural crest cells. Confocal ly reduced until the participant is in Wnt1-cre;Alk5f/f mice com- resulting in a hand*distance inter- microscopy based visualization of no longer able to play the video. pared to control mice. Interestingly, action (p<0.001). RSE predicts immunofluorescent tagged proteins Results: Preliminary results showed Scleraxis, a tendon-specific and movement time for the paretic and in in vitro cell cultures and in vivo that patients had greater resting connective-specific marker, was non-paretic limbs (R2 = 0.229, p < in mouse blastocysts. Xenopus em- state EMG than controls. Patients expressed where myogenic cells are 0.001; R2 = 0.142, p < 0.001, respec- bryology. Results: Although CHD7 could voluntarily relax the EMG populated in the tongue bud in con- tively). RSE predicts accuracy for was expressed throughout early using video feedback to as low as trol mice. In Wnt1-cre;Alk5f/f mice, the paretic and non-paretic limbs development, we made the surpris- 69% of resting state values, while however, Scleraxis expression was (R2 = 0.102, p < 0.001; R2 = 0.048, ing discovery that the sub-cellular this did not appear to be possible for dramatically reduced suggesting p < 0.001, respectively). When RSE localization of this chromatin re- controls. Conclusion: The ability to the fate determination of Wnt1-cre- is low, performance is worse (lon- modeler is dynamically regulated. decrease the muscle activity below labled CNCCs was failed to induce ger movement time, less accurate). To our knowledge this is the first resting state levels in UCPPS pa- Scleraxis-positive tendon progeni- When RSE is better, performance is remodeler that is sequestered out tients, if shown to be robust across tors. Conclusion: Wnt1-cre;Alk5f/f better (shorter movement time, more of the nucleus in undifferentiated, patients, indicates fundamental mice showed two phenotypes in the accurate). Conclusion: As expected, pluripotent state both in vitro and in changes in resting state control of craniofacial muscle development; movement times and accuracy were vivo. Upon stimulation with differ- the pelvic muscles in these patients. disrupted muscle patterning and re- best with the non-paretic limb, and entiation conditions CHD7 family Treating this excessive activity may duced muscle differentiation. Scler- for near targets. When evaluated for of proteins rapidly translocate to the be effective in reducing pain. axis expression, downstream of the each hand, prospective RSE does nucleus even in the absence of new Pax3-Six-Eya signaling cascade, by predict movement time and accu- protein synthesis and accumulates Poster #: 61 CNCCs seems very critical for mus- racy, though the percent variance at high levels in early neural crest Title: Knockout of TGFbRI in the cle patterning in the tongue. In ad- explained is low, particularly for cells. Dose dependent loss of CHD7 NCCs Results in Craniofacial Mus- dition, the reduced proliferation of accuracy of the paretic limb. Fu- affects neural precursor and neural cle Defects the migrated myogenic precursors ture analysis will evaluate how per- crest development. Conclusion: Our Name: Arum Han were due to the reduced expression formance in the forced condition results suggest a role for CHD7 in Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai of BMP4 and FGF by CNCCs in the (paretic limb only) can be used to lineage specification. mutant mice. In summary, CNCCs provide insight into limb choice for Background: TGF-β signaling regulate craniofacial myogenesis reaching in the free choice condi- Poster #: 60 plays important roles in embryonic by providing niche for migrated tion. Previous results indicated that Title: Identifying Muscle Hyperac- muscle development, homeostasis myogenic cells and promoting the the effect of near/far targets varied tivity in Chronic Pain and muscle repair/regeneration. proliferation and differentiation of depending on whether participants Name: Manku Rana Severe head muscle defects by the muscle progenitors. were concordant or discordant. Fu- Faculty Advisor: Jason Kutch CNCC-specific deletion of type 1 ture analyses will investigate the TGF-β receptor (ALK5) implies the Poster #: 62 relationship of self-efficacy and ki- Background: Muscle hyperactivity significant role of CNCCs on head Title: Feasibility of a Kinect-Based nematic measures while controlling is a potential cause of pain in pa- myogenesis by tissue-tissue interac- Fall Prevention Game for Older

THE EXPLORER 47 USC | SRG

Adults tion of signaling with transcrip- to physical function. Purpose: The cell populations. Thus, active en- Name: Rachel Proffitt tional circuitry. Therefore, study- purpose of this study is to examine hancers can serve as an excellent Faculty Advisor: Belinda Lange ing protein assemblies occurring cross-cultural and cross-linguistic resource for lineage-labeling, isolat- on a group of genomic enhancers differences in the factor structure ing and characterizing functionally Background: Thirty percent of that undergo rapid transitions from of the MAPA-F. A secondary pur- distinct cell types. Purpose: To de- adults over the age of 65 experience ‘poised-to-active’ chromatin state pose is to examine the associations termine enhancer repertoire of neu- a fall each year. One of the most during neural crest differentiation, of underlying MAPA-F activity roblastoma cells to develop novel effective methods to help prevent will allow for understanding of the domains with self-perceived physi- diagnostic and prognostic tools for falls is participation in a regular molecular basis of neural crest for- cal health. Methods: A multi-group neuroblastomas. Methods: Chroma- fitness or exercise program. Active mation. Purpose: To develop a novel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) fol- video games are being explored as technique for a specific enrichment framework will be used to identify lowed by high throughput sequenc- a delivery method for fall preven- of DNA and protein complexes on underlying dimensions of the 29- ing for histone modifications and tion exercises. Purpose: The pur- genomic enhancers cells by using item MAPA-F questionnaire within enhancer-associated proteins was pose of this study was to explore TALE domain proteins to identify White, Hispanic English-speaking, used to identify regulatory elements the potential for the use of a Kinect- macromolecules mediating neural and Hispanic Spanish-speaking activated in SKNSH, an aggressive based fall prevention game with formation. Methods: Chromatin older adults. Post-hoc analysis will neuroblastoma cell line; expression older adults. Methods: Fifteen older Immuno-precipitation using tagged be conducted to compare resultant profiles of the original and ‘cancer adults participated in focus groups TALE proteins to target and enrich activity factor solutions with self- stem cell’ enriched SKNSH popula- that explored perceptions of health for neural crest enhancers in human perceived physical health as mea- tion was obtained by RNA-sequenc- and wellness and ideas for a fitness pluripotent cells and neural crest sured by the SF-36 physical func- ing. Results: Epigenetically marked and fall prevention game. The data cells, and immune-blotting to detect tioning subscale. Results: We expect enhancers in SKNSH showed the were analyzed using open coding protein assemblies on the chroma- that the multi-group CFA will reveal presence of several highly confi- and the themes that emerged from tin. Results: We find in our proof factor structure variance in activ- dent and statistically significant the data were used in the design of a of concept experiments that TALE ity frequency across the three cul- transcription-factor binding motifs. prototype game. The prototype was proteins can be used to enrich for tural groups. We also expect to find Some of these overlap with core tested in an iterative process with 19 specific human genomic regions as group differences in how the factor transcriptional circuitry active in older adults who provided in-depth SOX2 promoter and HES1 enhanc- solutions relate to physical function. migratory neural crest cells and pe- information in semi-structured in- ers. We also find that we can isolate Conclusion: A multi-group CFA of ripheral nervous system precursors terviews and rated their experience protein complexes bound to the iso- the MAPA-F among Hispanic and while others are unique to SKNSH. on questionnaires. Results: The lated genomic sequences, such as White older adults will help to char- The active enhancers also revealed feedback from focus groups and RNA Polymerase II at the SOX2 acterize activity patterns and iden- groups of genes differentially ex- user testing sessions showed that the promoter and p300 at the HES1 tify potential differences in how pressed in various sub-populations participants desired clear directions enhancer respectively. Conclusion: activity patterns relate to physical within a heterogeneous neuroblas- in the game to allow for optimal TALE proteins can be used to iso- function. Findings may inform the toma cell line. Conclusion: Neuro- playability, feedback to promote en- late and enrich for genomic enhanc- future design and implementation blastoma, in part, utilizes a neural gagement and motivation and tech- ers to identify novel regulators of of lifestyle interventions that target crest-like transcriptional circuitry nology that is easy to use and mini- neural crest formation. mediators of physical function in for self-renewal and/or metastasis. mally intimidating for older adults. Hispanic and non-Hispanic White Thus, the chromatin based enhancer Conclusion: The game is feasible for Poster #: 64 older adults. determination is a novel approach use with the older adult population. Title: Factor Analysis of the Mean- to identify regulatory factors and In order to create an effective game ingful Activity and Participation- Poster #: 65 prognostic targets of heterogeneous for fall prevention in older adults, Frequency Questionnaire Title: Identifying ‘regulatome’ for neuroblastoma. the findings should be considered Name: Stacey Schepens Determining Diagnostic and Prog- and expanded upon in future itera- Faculty Advisor: Florence Clark nostic Targets in Neuroblastoma Poster #: 66 tions of the game. Name: Soma Samanta Title: Quantifying Elements of Ges- Background: The Meaningful Ac- Faculty Advisor: Ruchi Bajpai ture Copying in Children with Neu- Poster #: 63 tivity and Participation Assess- rodevelopmental Disorders Title: Using TALE Proteins to Iden- ment—Frequency (MAPA-F) is a Background: Neuroblastoma, a Name: Stefanie Bodison tify Protein Assemblies on Endog- valid and reliable tool used to evalu- highly heterogeneous pediatric tu- Faculty Advisor: Terence Sanger enous Enhancers ate how often older adults engage in mor, is derived from neural crest Name: Ankita Das different activities. However, there cells maturing into the adreno- Background: Motor learning is de- Faculty Advisor: Ruchi Bajpai is limited research on its measure- sympathetic lineage. Unique, lin- pendent upon our ability to imitate ment properties among different eage-restricted, gene expression or copy the movements of others. Background: The multipotent neu- ethnic groups. Furthermore, the patterns in developing cells are When we copy the movements of ral crest contributes to the cranio- associations of underlying activity determined by regulatory genomic others, we transform the sensory in- facial skeleton. Understanding the domains with self-perceived physi- regions called enhancers. Our stud- formation collected through our vi- molecular basis of neural crest dif- cal health in cultural subgroups ies, using recent advancements in sual, proprioceptive and tactile sys- ferentiation from the neural tube have not been examined. These genome wide identification of ac- tems into adaptive, controlled motor will allow for generation of cell to gaps in research are important to tive enhancers in different stem responses. The ability to imitate replenish injured craniofacial tis- address because culturally-based cell has revealed that the repertoire others allows us to learn new mo- sue. Genomic enhancer regions response patterns may invalidate of active enhancers is remarkably tor skills and develop the complex have been shown to be critical for cross-cultural comparisons of activ- distinct even in closely related and motor responses needed to indepen- lineage differentiation by integra- ity behaviors and their relationships morphologically indistinguishable dently engage in everyday activi-

THE EXPLORER 48 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc ties. According to the World Health aid recovery. Purpose: The primary were amenable to examination for secondary and tertiary structure of Organization, approximately 6% aim of this study was to determine the underlying genetic mutation by the protein. They are also being re- of all children have difficulty with the utility of the Active Movement “exome sequencing.” Identification evaluated within the raw sequencing motor learning causing significant Scale (AMS) to detect interlimb dif- of the genetic basis of these inher- data to determine if they are bona delays in the development of fine ferences in active motion in infants ited disorders will enable better di- fide changes. Those that pass these motor, gross motor skills, self-care, ≤ 7 months (mos) who sustain peri- agnosis and treatment in the future. tests will then be confirmed by the play & academic skills. Purpose: natal stroke. The secondary aims Purpose: Our goal is to identify the traditional method, namely Sanger The purposes of this research study were to compare reach-to-grasp mutation underlying the genetic dis- DNA sequencing. All members of were to 1) quantify the elements of (RTG) control in infants with BPI order in six families with a dental/ the family will then be examined gesture copying under various sen- or post-stroke against typically de- craniofacial anomaly and two large for the presence of the mutation and sory conditions in children with veloping (TD) controls at 4 and 6-7 families with rare neurological additional isolated cases with the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) mos; and determine if AMS scores diseases. Our hypothesis is that se- phenotype examined for variants and Developmental Coordination at < 3 mos would predict RTG con- quencing of all the genes in selected within the same gene to prove cau- Disorder (DCD), compared to same trol and hand preference at 6-7 mos. affected and unaffected individuals sality. Depending on the gene, fur- age typically developing peers; and Methods: 15 infants (5 BPI, 5 stroke, from these families should identify ther in vitro or in vivo studies will 2) explore the relationship between 5 TD) < 3 to 7 mos with BPI or post- mutations that are only evident in be needed to implicate the gene in performance on the test of gesture stroke and controls were seen for affected individuals but not in unaf- the particular disease phenotype. copying with performance on the 3 sessions at: < 3 mos; 4 mos; and fected ones or in any of the public assessments of sensory and motor 6-7 mos. The AMS was performed databases including dbSNP, 1000 Poster #: 69 function in the children with ASD at each session. At 4 and 6-7 mos genomes, and ESP6500 (6503 indi- Title: Mutation in FNIP2 associated and DCD. Methods: The sensory, infants performed 15 RTG trials vidual exomes) and will allow us to with hypomyelination and tremors motor and adaptive behavior of 60 (5 bimanual, 5 right, 5 left) while narrow our search for the disease- in Weimaraners children ages 4-12 was assessed us- bilateral kinematic and biceps sur- causing mutations. Methods: DNA Name: Sunju Choi ing standardized clinical tools and face electromyography (SEMG) from forty-five individuals from Faculty Advisor: Pragna Patel a newly developed test of imitation were collected. The Almli Test of eight pedigrees segregating various called the Test of Hang Gestures Hand Preference was performed forms of hypodontia, or supernu- Background: The normal myelina- (TOHG). Participants included 20 at 6-7 mos. Results: The AMS did merary teeth, or other rare dental tion of the central and peripheral children who were typically de- not predict interlimb differences in anomalies as well as two families nervous systems (CNS and PNS) re- veloping, 20 children with Autism infants post-stroke. All infants im- segregating frontotemporal demen- quires intricate interactions between Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and 20 proved RTG control from 4 to 6-7 tia and autoimmune myasthenia glial cells and axons during devel- children with Developmental Coor- months. SEMG differed signifi- gravis, respectively were subjected opment. The molecular control dination Disorder (DCD). Results: cantly between groups. The AMS to exome sequencing. Briefly, the of this process is complex and the Based on statistical analysis of the was predictive of RTG control and exomes were selected by hybridiza- genes involved must be expressed data obtained during the TOHG, hand preference for the infants with tion to custom arrays representing in the correct temporal sequence children with ASD and DCD BPI only. Conclusion: The AMS is the coding sequence of the human for proper glial cell differentiation, showed significant delays in imita- not a useful clinical tool for infants genome and the selected material migration and myelin production tion under certain sensory condi- post-stroke. Kinematics and SEMG used to construct libraries that were to occur. An important approach to tions when compared to same age are useful tools to examine recovery then subjected to sequencing on Il- unraveling the factors involved in typically developing peers. In addi- and outcome in infants at-risk. lumina HiSeq instruments. Using glial cell maturation and association tion, children with ASD and DCD the ANNOVAR algorithm, variants with axons is the study of naturally also demonstrated significant delays Poster #: 68 were filtered against all relevant occurring mutants in which the pro- across the standardized sensory, Title: Exome sequencing of families public databases to identify genes cess has gone awry. Collectively, motor and adaptive behavior scales. with inherited dental and neurologi- that had rare or novel protein-im- these animals have been called the Conclusion: The results of this study cal disorders pacting variants in all or most af- myelin mutants, some of which are suggest that children with ASD and Name: Sunju Choi fected but not unaffected individu- excellent models of human disease. DCD have poor ability to transform Faculty Advisor: Pragna Patel als and which corresponded to the An autosomal recessive disorder sensory data into controlled motor relevant inheritance model in each characterized by hypomyelination responses during imitation tasks. Background: Since the completion family, i.e. recessive or dominant. and tremors is widespread in the of the initial sequencing of the hu- Results: We have identified 146 Weimaraner breed. At 10-12 days Poster #: 67 man genome, there has been sig- genes in total amongst affected indi- of age, a tremor involving the trunk Title: Early Identification of Upper nificant refinement and optimiza- viduals in the eight families bearing and all four limbs that worsens on Limb Asymmetry in Infants At- tion of whole genome sequencing rare variants unique to the respec- ambulation is noted. The degree of Risk with the first major development tive families. The vast majority of tremor may vary between siblings in Name: Susan Duff being the ability to sequence the these are nonsynonymous single a single litter; likewise the recovery Faculty Advisor: Carolee Winstein, 'exome,' defined as 'the set of exons nucleotide variants which represent is seen more quickly in less affected Linda Fetters in a genome' or that portion of the an altered amino acid within the dogs, usually by 3-4 months, while genome that encodes proteins. We protein encoded by the gene while some severely affected dogs may Background: Infants who sustain have sampled families segregat- a few are frameshift mutations that retain a mild tremor for life. On perinatal brachial plexus injury ing various dental and neurological result in a shortened protein. Con- necropsy, a unique zone of non- or (BPI) or stroke are at-risk for pre- disorders. Several of these families clusion: The variants within each hypomyelination is seen around the hensile dysfunction. Early detection were not large enough for link- of the genes are being evaluated to periphery of the spinal cord, espe- of interlimb differences may pro- age analysis, the more traditional determine if they change a highly cially of the ventral and lateral col- mote timely referrals to therapy to approach for gene discovery, but conserved amino acid, or alter the umns. In the brain, there is a more

THE EXPLORER 49 USC | SRG subtle but generalized decrease in unrelated “control” dog was found cells in the palatal epithelium of are associated with the number and myelin compared to controls. Pur- to be heterozygous for the mutation. both β-catenin- and Fgfr2-mutant distribution of proliferating cells. pose: The cause of this myelin defect In addition, nine dogs out of 105 had mice compared to controls. The was heretofore unknown but it had a single copy of the I294L mutation. analysis of Sox2 expression showed Poster #: 71 been speculated to involve the early Conclusion: A single point mutation no change in the number of epithe- Title: Wnt signaling mediates tis- differentiation of oligodendrocytes, predicted to cause a frameshift and lial progenitors in the K14-Cre;β- sue-tissue interaction during tongue their migration throughout develop- result in a truncated protein was cateninfl/fl mice whereas it is slight- regeneration ing white matter or their early death. found within the gene encoding fol- ly reduced in the K14-Cre;Fgfr2fl/ Name: Zhe Zhong We hypothesized that a positional liculin-interacting protein (FNIP2). fl mice. Next we analyzed the main Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai cloning strategy could be used to The carrier frequency of this mu- components of the network regulat- identify the genetic defect in the af- tation in the Weimaraner breed is ing epithelial proliferation, i.e. FGF, Background: The canonical Wnt fected Weimaraners by using DNA the estimated to be 4.285% which BMP, SHH and WNT pathways. signaling pathway has emerged as from animals from available pedi- is pretty high. The function of this In wild type embryos, dpERK1/2, a critical regulator of stem cells grees as well as unrelated affected protein in myelination remains to be p-Smad1/5/8 and Gli1 are found in involved in wound healing and tis- and unaffected animals to scan their identified but it may be responsible the inter-rugae zones whereas the sue regeneration. Purpose: The aim genomes. There is a particular ad- for a delay in differentiation of a rugae are negative for these mark- of this project is to elucidate the vantage to genetic mapping in dogs sub-population of oligodendrocyte ers. This is consistent with the rugae function of the canonical Wnt sig- compared to humans given their progenitor cells (OPCs). Further being depleted of proliferating cells. naling pathway in muscle regenera- evolution from wolves followed by studies are underway in embryonic In contrast, β-catenin is expressed tion after tongue injury. Methods: domestication and inbreeding of the sstem cells induced to differentiate throughout the palatal epithelium. A Wnt1Cre;rtTA;Teto-H2BGFP mice domestic breeds. Methods: Towards into oligodendrocytes to confirm slight reduction in the expression of were used to detect the relation- positional cloning of the genetic de- that role of FNIP2 in this process. Fgfr2 and dp-ERK1/2 was detected ship between newly formed mus- fect leading to hypomyelination and In addition, carrier testing will be in the β-catenin-mutant mice com- cle fibers and cranial neural crest tremors in the Weimaraner, we gen- offered to breeders and other own- pared to controls, suggesting that (CNC) derived cells. Axin2-LacZ otyped 48 animals : 35 from three ers of Weimaraners and in the fu- WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway reporter mice were used to detect unrelated pedigrees – nine affected ture, this recessive disease could be is upstream of the FGF pathway canonical Wnt signaling activity animals, 18 known carriers, and eliminated. during rugae development. The dis- after tongue injury. Wnt10a ligand eight phenotypically normal (“unaf- tribution of p-Smad1/5/8- and Gli1- activity was analyzed after injury fected”) animals who may or may Poster #: 70 positive cells was compromised in with Realtime-PCR. Knockout and not be carriers – and 13 unrelated Title: FGF signaling controls the de- the epithelium of β-catenin-mutant overexpression models were used to animals (“singletons”) – five affect- velopment and patterning of palatal mice as well. This finding was also analyze the effects of inactivation ed animals, one known carrier, and rugae observed in the K14-Cre;Fgfr2fl/ and activation of canonical Wnt sig- seven phenotypically normal ani- Name: Carolina Parada fl mice. However, no change in naling in satellite cells after tongue mals. These data were analyzed us- Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai β-catenin expression was detected injury. Results: The recruitment of ing the programs EMMAX as well in the Fgfr2-mutant mice. In order CNC derived cells to the injured as PLINK to narrow the candidate Background: Palatal rugae are pe- to understand the specific function region preceded muscle fiber forma- genomic region within bearing the riodic ridges on the hard palate of of FGF signaling in the establish- tion. Wnt signaling activity is not mutated gene. All genes within this mammals that are mainly involved ment of rugae pattern, we generated only restricted to satellite cells but region were then subjected to DNA in sensing and holding food. Re- Shh-Cre;Fgfr2fl/fl mice. In these is also present in CNC cells from sequencing to identify the mutation. cently, it has been shown that dur- mice, Fgfr2 function is only lost in 3 days until 2 weeks after injury. All 48 animals used in the scan ing palate development, rugae are the rugae, whereas a normal Fgfr2 Wnt10a expression increased sig- were examined for the mutation as generated sequentially through an expression remains in the inter- nificantly in the tongue after injury. well as 105 additional Weimaraners activator-inhibitor system consistent rugae zones. In Shh-Cre;Fgfr2fl/ Newly formed muscle fiber was dra- and 102 dogs from different breeds with a Turing-type reaction-diffu- fl mice, rugae are present but the matically reduced in Pax7CreER;β- in order to determine the carrier sion mechanism. It is suggested that proximal-distal pattern is complete- cateninF/F mice compared to wild frequency. Results: Genome-wide the FGF pathway acts as the activa- ly disrupted. Instead of continuous type littermates. In Axin2LacZ/+ association mapping localized the tor and the Hedgehog pathway as the stripes, lines of separated spots are and Axin2LacZ/LacZ mice, no gene to a 5 Mb interval on chromo- inhibitor. Purpose: The main goal of generated. This finding is associated difference in the number of Pax7 some 15. Homozygosity mapping this study is to explore the specific with significant changes in the dis- positive cells was found. Yet, after further narrowed the interval to a functions of the FGF signaling path- tribution of proliferating cells in the injury, more Pax7 positive cells ac- 3.57 Mb region. Seventeen genes way in the development and pat- epithelium. The underlying mecha- cumulated proximal to or within the were examined for mutations and terning of palatal rugae as well as nisms are currently under study. injured region in Axin2lacz/lacz a deletion of a single A residue its interaction with WNT canonical Conclusion: Our data suggests that mice. Conclusion: As CNC derived was identified in the gene encod- pathway in these complex process- FGF plays a crucial role in the de- cells are initially recruited to an in- ing folliculin-interacting protein 2 es. Methods: We have studied K14- velopment and patterning of palatal jured region, they may secrete Wnt (FNIP2). All fourteen affected dogs Cre;Fgfr2fl/fl, Shh-Cre;Fgfr2fl/fl rugae being downstream of WNT/ ligands to regulate myogenesis. Ca- were homozygous for the mutation, and K14-Cre;β-cateninfl/fl mice. β-catenin signaling pathway. From nonical Wnt signaling plays an im- eight obligate and 15 predicted car- Results: Both K14-Cre;β-cateninfl/ our results, it is tempting to specu- portant role in adult myogenic cell riers were heterozygous for the mu- fl and K14-Cre;Fgfr2fl/fl mice- ex late that the dosage and location of proliferation and skeletal muscle tation, and four unaffected animals hibit a similar phenotype includ- activated FGF signaling is essential stem cell differentiation. from the two pedigrees as well as ing complete absence of rugae. to establish both the anterior-pos- seven of eight unrelated “control” Lack of rugae is associated with a terior and proximal-distal patterns Poster #: 72 dogs did not bear the mutation. One reduced number of proliferating during rugae development, which Title: Gingiva mesenchymal stem

THE EXPLORER 50 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc cells from different origins show and non-canonical signaling, re- Title: miRNA Regulate Skeletogen- different characteristics graduate pre- spectively. esis of the Craniofacial Complex Name: Xingtian Xu doctoral candidate Name: Ryan Roberts Faculty Advisor: Songtao Shi Poster #: 74 Faculty Advisor: Amy Merrill Poster #: 73 Title: Effects of scaffolds tethering Background: Organ and tissue de- Title: An Intracellular Role for chimeric Anti-BMP-2 mAb in bone Background: Craniofacial bones velopment in the craniofacial re- FGFR2 in Bent Bone Dysplasia bioengineering are formed through the process gion derives from different origins, Syndrome Name: Sahar Ansari of intramembranous ossification with cranial neural crest cells being Name: Cynthia Neben Faculty Advisor: Homa Zadeh whereby the cranial neural crest one of important sources that gives Faculty Advisor: Amy Merrill cell (CNCC) progenitors differenti- rise to mesenchymal structures Background: We have recently dis- ate directly into osteoblasts. Defects such as bone and teeth. Gingiva Background: Fibroblast Growth covered that specific anti-BMP-2 in the timing of CNCC osteoinduc- is another important tissue func- Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a murine mAb’s bound to a solid scaf- tion lead to human disorders with tioning as the supportive structure crucial regulator of bone forma- fold can mediate in vivo bone repair, premature or delayed bone forma- for the teeth and bone, which also tion during development. While it termed antibody mediated osseous tion like craniosynostosis and mi- shows low inflammation and quick is known that FGFR2 coordinates regneration (AMOR). Purpose: To crognathia respectively. While it wound healing profiles compared osteoprogenitor cell proliferation investigate the translational appli- is known that CNCC autonomously with the other soft tissue. Purpose: and differentiation, it remains un- cations of AMOR, we generated a control the timing of their differen- To investigate the different role of clear how the receptor couples these chimeric anti-BMP-2 mAb (cmAb), tiation into osteoblasts, the molecu- the mesenchymal stem cells in gin- distinct cellular processes. Purpose: where the murine constant Ig region lar identity of the osteogenic clock giva (GMSCs), which come from Analysis of the pathophysiology of was replaced with that of human. within these cells remains unclear. the neural crest and mesodermal the recently described skeletal disor- The purpose of this study was to Purpose: The goal of this project is origin, in maintaining the tissue der Bent Bone Dysplasia Syndrome examine the role of various scaf- to test our hypothesis that miRNAs homeostasis. Methods: We isolate (BBDS; MIM 614592) suggests folds used in conjunction with anti- within CNCC regulate the timing the gingiva mesenchymal stem cells that in addition to its activities at BMP-2 cmAb in AMOR. Methods: of osteogenic induction in the man- from the Wnt1-Cre; Zsgreen mouse the plasma membrane, FGFR2 acts Anti-BMP-2 cmAb or isotype con- dible. Methods: To test the potential model, using green fluorescence to within the nucleus to regulate bone trol Ab were incubated with four of miRNAs to alter the timing of separate the cells. Western blotting, formation. We previously showed different scaffolds (Ti microbeads, osteoinduction we overexpressed immunocytochemistry staining, that the dominant FGFR2 mutations MBCP, alginate, and collagen Dicer, an RNA III endonuclease es- Real Time PCR and Fluorescence- in BBDS reduce receptor levels at sponge), followed by implantation sential for miRNA processing, in Activated Cell Sorting were used to the plasma membrane and markedly into rat calvarial defects. After chick CNCC via electroporation in test the difference of the cells in vi- diminish responsiveness to extra- 8 weeks, dissected calvaria were ovo. To identify specific miRNAs tro. We use Wnt-1-Cre, R26R mice cellular FGF2. Despite decreased scanned by Micro-CT followed by involved in mandibular osteogenic to have in vivo staining to trace canonical FGF signaling, mutant histological and histomorphometric induction, we will perform microar- the cells. An induced mouse colitis FGFR2 retains nuclear localization analysis. Results: The specificity of ray analysis on the miRNA isolated model was used to test the in vivo where it exhibits enhanced localiza- anti-BMP-2 cmAb was examined from chick mandibles during the es- immunomodulation capability. Re- tion with FGF2. We will determine by flow cytometric and western tablished stages of osteoinduction. sults: Cranial neural crest derived the cellular and molecular effects blot analysis, which showed cross- Results: Overexpression of Dicer in GMSC shows similar potential of of the BBDS mutations on FGFR2 reactivity of anti-BMP-2 cmAb CNCC leads to abnormalities in the osteogenesis and adipogenesis ca- signaling. Methods: In this study we to BMP-2, -4, and -7. Micro-CT shape and size of the nasal, maxil- pacity, but enhanced neural differ- define how dual activities of FGFR2 and histomorphometric analyses lary, and mandibular skeleton. His- entiation ability in vitro. They also at the plasma membrane and in the showed significant bone regenera- tological stains for bone and carti- showed a different expression of nucleus regulate bone formation tion within calvarial defects im- lage show delayed skeletogenesis ECM components, and displayed a by employing the mutant receptor planted with chimeric anti–BMP2 in these structures. We have suc- better immunomodulation and anti- in vitro using an osteoblast culture mAb immobilized on each of the cessfully isolated mandibular miR- inflammation function compared system and in vivo utilizing the scaffolds, compared with isotype NAs and are preparing to conduct with the non-neural crest derived chick embryonic system. Results: control Ab (p<0.05). Ti microbeads a microarray analysis. Conclusion: GMSC. Also, the cranial neural We show that mutant FGFR2 ac- and MBCP alloplastic graft main- We conclude that miRNAs within crest derived GMSC exhibited an tivates the JAK/STAT, p38/JNK, tained the bone volume at a higher CNCC regulate the timing of skel- important role in mucosa wound re- and MAPK/ERK pathways in re- degree. Conclusion: All 4 scaffolds etogenesis in the craniofacial com- pairing process in vivo. Conclusion: sponse to intracellular FGF sig- investigated mediated bone repair plex. Our future microarray studies The composition of the cells from naling. Mutant FGFR2 activation when functionalized with anti- will identify the specific miRNAs different origins may function as a increases proliferation and delays BMP-2 cmAb. They differed with involved in this process. This proj- synergy leading to the distinct char- differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. respect to their ability to maintain ect will help us understand the mo- acter of the gingiva tissue. Finally, targeted expression of mu- bone volume with Ti and MBCP. lecular mechanism that regulates tant FGFR2 in osteoprogenitor cells Results also demonstrated cross-re- the timing of bone formation in the in chick causes BBDS-like defects. activity between anti BMP-2 cmAb face. Conclusion: Together our findings and BMP-2, -4 and -7, suggesting a support a distinct role for nuclear possible mechanism for bone repair Poster #: 76 FGFR2 during bone formation. involving in vivo capture of these Title: Telomerase Governs Immu- By executing activities at the plas- BMPs by anti BMP-2 cmAb. nomodulatory Properties of MSC ma membrane and in the nucleus, by Regulating FasL Expression FGFR2 balances proliferation and Poster #: 75 Name: Chider Chen differentiation through canonical

THE EXPLORER 51 USC | SRG

Faculty Advisor: Songtao Shi treat SS mice. Conclusion: Taken to- Poster #: 79 gether, these findings identify a pre- occ. science & Title: Fathering Occupations: An Background: Telomerase reverse viously unrecognized role of TERT occ. therapy Ethnographic Study transcriptase (TERT) is a nucleo- in improving the immunomodulato- student Name: Aaron Bonsall protein that functions to preserve ry capacity of BMMSCs, suggesting Faculty Advisor: Mary Lawlor chromosomal integrity and quell that aspirin treatment is a practical Poster #: 78 p53-dependent DNA damage, as approach to significantly reduce cell Title: Finding the Fun in Daily Oc- Background: Current research on well as perform DNA repair activity dosage in BMMSC-based immuno- cupation: An Investigation of Hu- fathers of children with disabilities at telomere ends. It has been report- therapies. mor lacks focus on what fathers are do- ed that telomerase plays important Name: Michelle Elliot ing with their children and why they roles in stem cell self-renewal and Poster #: 77 Faculty Advisor: Mary Lawlor are doing it. Studying fathering oc- stem cell-based tissue regenera- Title: Epigenetic Regulation of cupations provides insight into how tion, and is highly expressed in pro- TSP1/TGFβ/SMAD3 Autocrine Background: Humor and its per- men perceive their experiences with spectively isolated BMMSC from Loop in Ossifying Fibroma ceived therapeutic benefits and util- children. Purpose: The aim of this aspirates of human bone marrow. Name: Cunye Qu ity in clinical encounters have been research is to examine the experi- However, the mechanisms that gov- Faculty Advisor: Songtao Shi widely investigated across multiple ences of fathers of children with dis- ern the immunomodulatory proper- disciplines. Occupational therapy’s abilities as they engage in fathering ties of BMMSCs are still not fully Background: Tumorigenesis may contribution to this exploration how- occupations. Methods: In order to elucidated. Purpose: To address be attributed by abnormal stem cell ever has been primarily peripheral. examine experience and the enact- whether TERT plays a role in regu- function. To date, the role of stem The findings from the neuroscien- ment of fatherhood, I have employed lating BMMSC-mediated immuno- cells in benign tumor formation tific examination of humor suggest what Mattingly (2010) calls narra- modulation, we isolate BMMSCs remains elusive. Purpose: With os- exciting new directions which oc- tive phenomenology, a type of eth- from TERT null mice, B6.129S- sifying fibroma (OF) as a model, we cupational therapy can adopt in the nographic research based on narra- Terttm1Yjc/J (TERT-/-) and exam- hypothesized that the benign tumor promotion of meaningful engage- tive that allows examination of near ine their function both in vivo and contains stem cells which contrib- ment in life. Purpose: Humor as a level experiences along with cul- in vitro. Methods: We used in vitro ute to the disease development and biologically, socially, and contextu- tural, social, and historical contexts. and in vivo approaches, including correction of abnormal regulatory ally grounded aspect of the human Data collection included interviews histological staining, flow cytom- network of stem cells in OF would experience which can influence the and observations of men engaging etry, inductive differentiation, mo- direct them into normal differentia- subjective nature of participation in in occupations with their children. lecular biological assays, and West- tion. Methods: Mesenchymal stem occupation was explored. By decon- Results: In this poster I explore the ern blot analysis to assess BMMSC cells from OF were isolated and structing humor from its affective experience of fathering occupations functions. In addition, we utilized functionally characterized. Results: representations to its neural founda- for men with children with disabili- systemic stem cell therapy to treat We show that OF contains mesen- tion, humor as an intrinsically hu- ties. Themes that emerged are: the a Fbn1+/- SS mouse model. Results: chymal stem cells (OFMSCs) with man phenomenon was investigated. importance of play and playfulness, Here we show that telomerase-defi- upregulated TGFβ activity capable Methods: Literature on the scien- moments of accomplishment, the cient BMMSCs lose their capacity of generating OF-like tumor xeno- tific basis and benefits of humor and influence of disabilities on father- to inhibit T cells, activate Foxp3- graft. Mechanistically, enhanced laughter from an interdisciplinary ing occupations, occupations as positive regulatory T cells (Tregs), TGFβ signaling activates Notch perspective was reviewed. The in- connections to family and commu- and ameliorate disease phenotype pathway and suppresses BMP path- terpretation of these findings and a nity, and the co-creation of father- in systemic sclerosis (SS) mice. way, leading to aberrant prolifera- proposal for the translational poten- ing occupations. Conclusion: The Restoration of telomerase activity tion and deficient osteogenesis, two tial of humor and fun in daily activi- themes presented illuminate the by TERT transfection in TERT-/- major characteristics of the OF ty as well as clinical settings to erect importance of fathering occupa- BMMSCs rescues their immuno- phenotype. The elevated TGFβ sig- social, emotional, and behavioral tions in the lives of men, both on a modulatory functions, suggesting nal is tightly regulated by histone change was completed. Results: Hu- daily basis and through significant that telomerase activity controls demethylase JHDM1D-mediated mor in therapeutic and social prac- experiences. Fathering occupations the immunomodulatory properties epigenetic regulation of throm- tice pertains to the following: how can be influence by diverse factors of BMMSCs. Mechanistically, we bospondin-1 (Tsp1) to establish a humor is present or absent in daily such as connections to families and reveal that TERT, combined with JHDM1D/TSP1/TGFβ/SMAD3 life, how humor can be accessed communities, child's disability, and beta-catenin and BRG1, serves as autocrine loop. Inhibition of TGFβ/ and nurtured, the role of humor as the experience of co-creating the a transcriptional complex which SMAD3 pathway can rescue nor- a coping strategy or tool for social occupation. binds the FAS ligand (FASL) pro- mal osteogenic differentiation and connection, and methods by which moter to upregulate FASL expres- suppress stromal cell proliferation humor can be a motivating force in Poster #: 80 sion, leading to an elevated immu- in OFMSCs. Interestingly, normal creating change. Conclusion: Tak- Title: Mirror neuron system and nomodulatory function. To test the MSCs can be converted to OF- ing humor seriously invites a larger motor-network differences in DCD translational value of these findings like MSCs by chronic activation translation of its therapeutic utility and dyspraxia in the context of potential clinical of TGFβ via the JHDM1D/TSP1/ beyond the clinical realm into ev- Name: Julie Werner therapy, we used aspirin treatment TGFβ/SMAD3 loop. Conclusion: eryday life. Occupational therapists Faculty Advisor: Lisa Aziz-Zadeh to upregulate telomerase activity in These results reveal a novel mecha- have much to contribute both to the BMMSCs, and found a significant nism that epigenetic regulation of study and integration of humor in Background: Many individuals with improvement in the immunomodu- the JHDM1D/TSP1/TGFβ/SMAD3 practice with the perspective of how developmental coordination disor- latory capacity of BMMSCs, which autocrine loop in MSCs contributes humor may alter the experience of der demonstrate imitation impair- was associates with a reduction in to the benign tumor phenotype in occupational engagement. ments, or dyspraxia. One neural the number of BMMSCs required to OF lesions. network important for imitation is

THE EXPLORER 52 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc the mirror neuron system, which in- Background: Oral health is integral ASD. cleaning to assess children’s distress volves frontal and parietal regions. to both physical and psychologi- behaviors. Inter-rater reliability was Purpose: Using fMRI, we sought to cal well-being, yet is particularly Poster #: 82 high for CDBRS ratings of each of determine if functional differences challenging for certain populations Title: Developing an Instrument to the videos (K’s=.73-.98). Selected exist in this neural network dur- such as children with autism spec- Assess Distress Behaviors at the behavior items and external factors ing the imitation of novel gestures. trum disorders (ASD). One fac- Dentist were significantly correlated with Methods: fMRI was performed on tor reported by dentists to be the Name: Leah Stein both the parent-report CFSS-DS 13 young adults with DCD with greatest barrier in treating these Faculty Advisor: Sharon Cermak (r’s=.43-.63) and the dentist-report dyspraxia and 14 age- and gender- children is negative and uncoop- A&C Scale (r’s=.56-.85). Rasch matched control subjects (22.0 +/- erative behaviors. These problems Background: Oral health is integral analysis of the CDBRS data sug- 3.3 years old). DCD was confirmed may be caused by over-responsivity to physical and psychological well- gested that 5 items produced maxi- with an initial screening, the Adult to sensory stimuli, which are well- being yet is particularly challenging mum reliability, fit the measurement DCD/Dyspraxia checklist, and the documented in children with ASD. for children with autism spectrum model and formed an item hierarchy BOT-2; dyspraxia was confirmed Sensory processing is most com- disorders (ASD). One important as- that made clinical sense (validity) of with the SIPT Postural Praxis test monly measured by parent-report sociation has been found between children’s distress behaviors during (which we have previously used to or observation; however, external oral care difficulties and sensory a dental cleaning. Additionally, the assess imitation impairments in distress due to exposure to sensory over-responsivity, a problem re- revised scale successfully discrimi- young adults). During functional stimuli may not always mirror inter- ported frequently in these children nated between DD/ASD and typical imaging acquisition, participants nal physiological stress. Electroder- that may contribute to uncoopera- groups. Conclusion: Refinement of imitated novel gestures of the bilat- mal activity (EDA), a psychophysi- tive behaviors in the dental office. the CDBRS using Rasch analysis eral hands, performed simple hand ological measure of the autonomic The Sensory Adapted Dental Envi- allowed researchers to develop the actions, or simply watched videos of nervous system, is an objective way ronment (SADE) Study, a currently clinical construct of dental distress novel gesture. This design allowed to measure arousal, sensory respon- funded NIH study, is an occupation- and to accurately and quantitatively us to examine blood-oxygenation- sivity, and stress, allowing research- al therapy intervention that adapts compare changes in children's be- level dependent (BOLD) signal dur- ers to potentially validate parent- the dental sensory environment, haviors across dental environments. ing imitation. Results: Whole brain report and observational measures hypothesized to reduce anxiety and This rating scale will benefit future functional imaging data reveals of sensory responsivity and stress as negative behaviors. A valid and reli- research analyzing children’s be- numerous regional differences be- well as better understand children’s able observational measure is need- havior in the dental setting. tween the DCD and control groups. responses to stimuli. Purpose: The ed to detect changes in children’s Greater activity was found in the purpose of this proposed project is behavior in order to examine the Poster #: 83 control group as compared to the to investigate arousal, sensory re- efficacy of this intervention. This Title: Relationship Between Life- DCD group in many regions of the sponsivity, and stress in children study describes the development style Changes and Development of brain, including regions in the MNS with and without ASD, as measured and testing of this measure. Pur- Pressure Ulcers (right inferior frontal gyrus, ven- by physiological, behavioral, and pose: To create a psychometrical- Name: Samruddhi Ghaisas tral premotor cortex, bilateral infe- parent-report questionnaire mea- ly-sound rating scale of children’s Faculty Advisor: Erna Blanche rior parietal lobule) as well as the sures. Methods: Data were based challenging behaviors during dental supplementary motor area, superior on dental cleanings of 16 children care, the Child’s Dental Behavior Background: Pressure Ulcers (PrU) temporal gyrus/sulcus, and anterior in which both behavioral and physi- Rating Scale (CDBRS). Methods: represent a major burden to patients cingulate cortex. The DCD group ological measures were collected. Participants: 22 children aged 6-11 with spinal cord injuries (SCI), showed greater relative activity in Behavioral measures included par- years (n=14 DD/ASD; n=8 typical) negatively impacting health, well- the left inferior parietal lobule and ent-report, dentist-report, and obser- receiving routine dental cleanings being, and quality of life. In-depth bilateral prefrontal regions. Conclu- vational assessments; physiological at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. studies of the interplay between sion: Group differences include re- measures included EDA recordings. Procedure: Dental cleanings were lifestyle choices and the develop- gions indicated as part of the mirror Participants were 16 children aged videorecorded and parent-report and ment of PrU are necessary for plan- neuron system, including the IFG, 6-12 years (n=8 ASD; n=8 typical). dentist-report measures of anxiety ning PrU prevention interventions. IPL, and vPMC. In addition, other Results: Data analyses are currently were completed. The CDBRS was Purpose: To explore the relation- regions differing between the two underway. It is hypothesize that: developed using these videorecord- ship between lifestyle changes in groups include a number of areas (1) children with ASD will exhibit ings and existing behavior observa- response to intervention, and PrU related to motor function (SMA) significantly higher arousal and tion measures. Inter-rater reliability development during a Lifestyle Re- and the perception of biological mo- anxiety, as measured by EDA, in the and validity analyses were assessed design® (LR) program for adults tion (STS). Finally, the differential dental office compared to typically and Rasch analysis was used to crit- with SCI. Methods: This study was involvement of prefrontal regions developing children, and (2) mea- ically examine the items and rating a secondary cross-case analysis of between groups may relate to mo- sures of EDA will correlate with scale categories to maximize the in- electronic treatment notes from the tor planning and response inhibition parent-report, dentist-report, and strument’s usability and precision. USC/Rancho Los Amigos Pressure required to complete the experiment observational measures of sensory Data was analyzed for adjustments Ulcer Prevention Study 2 (PUPS task conditions. processing and anxiety. Conclusion: in scoring, item reduction, and the 2), a randomized controlled trial in- This study will highlight the role of number of coding intervals. Results: volving 170 participants with SCI. Poster #: 81 occupational therapists as scientists The initial version of the CDBRS In the study presented in this poster, Title: Behavioral and Physiological and potential key players in the oral included 11 behavior items (eg, head the researcher examined treatment Measures of Arousal/Sensory Re- health setting and will increase un- movement, block/hit/kick) and 3 notes of a subset of 47 intervention sponsivity at the Dentist derstanding of physiological arous- external factor items (eg, restraint) participants, identified four pat- Name: Leah Stein al, sensory responsivity, and stress observed during every one-minute terns of relationships between PrU Faculty Advisor: Sharon Cermak during oral care in children with interval of a child’s routine dental development and lifestyle changes,

THE EXPLORER 53 USC | SRG categorized each of the 47 partici- observations of younger children, control group for all three measures pants among those patterns, select- however, revealed their readiness for biokinesiology & (TTAC: PD=56.7, control=22.1, ed four exemplary cases, and wrote learning. Preschool-aged children physical therapy p=0.05; RTAC: PD=45.3, con- a detailed case summary for each were active and curious, engaged in student trol=24.1, p=0.16; MTAC: PD=75.1, of those cases. Results: The four creative play with few toys. Their control=18.9, p=0.01). Conclusion: patterns that evolved were: (a) posi- play revealed motor, social, cogni- Poster #: 85 The results suggest that people with tive lifestyle changes with positive tive, and sensory capacities which Title: Context-Dependent Learning PD demonstrate greater CDL than PrU changes (e.g. healing a PrU); are important for school readiness. in People with Parkinson’s Disease healthy adults. (b) positive lifestyle changes with Conclusion: Our occupational per- Name: Ya-Yun Lee negative or no PrU changes; (c) no spective sheds light on a missed Faculty Advisor: Beth Fisher Poster #: 86 lifestyle changes with positive PrU opportunity for Common Hope to Title: Impact of Varying Light Ex- changes; and (d) no lifestyle chang- engage young children to improve Background: It is often observed posure during Incubation on Loco- es with negative or no PrU changes. educational outcomes. We recom- that people demonstrate superior motor Navigtation Components affecting lifestyle mend that Common Hope provide performance in the context in which Name: Jay Porterfield changes included motivation, sense more formal learning opportunities they originally learned a motor task Faculty Advisor: Nina Bradley of urgency, goal setting, existence for preschool-aged children, capital- and do not perform as well if the of social support, and understand- izing on their readiness to learn and task is carried out in a novel con- Background: Light intensity and ex- ing the importance of skin health. facilitating more successful transi- text. This behavior is called context- posure have been shown to modify Conclusion: The results of this study tions into the classroom. This in- dependent learning (CDL). Clinical incubation length and locomotor de- can aid practitioners in clinical de- sight can have further policy impli- observations suggest that people velopment in chicks. Chicks begin cision making and the identification cations, supporting Common Hope with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have walking hours after hatching, so in of lifestyle components associated to make a case for early education at difficulty generalizing learned this study we asked if light condi- with PrU risk. this crucial moment in Guatemala. motor skills to different contexts. tions during embryogenesis effect However, it is not known whether locomotor navigation during over- Poster #: 84 this observation represents CDL. ground walking on the day of hatch- Title: Observing occupational ca- Purpose: The purpose of this study ing. Purpose: Our goal was to deter- pacities and school readiness of was to investigate whether people mine if the magnitude and direction Guatemalan preschool-aged chil- with PD demonstrated greater CDL in path trajectory during forward dren compared to healthy subjects. Meth- locomotion varied with difference Name: Amber Angell ods: Nine people with idiopathic PD in light exposure during embryo- Faculty Advisor: Gelya Frank and 9 age-matched healthy controls genesis. We predicted that veering participated in this study. The par- angles would be greater and more Background: Guatemala is undergo- ticipants were required to practice variable for hatchlings incubated in ing an educational transition, part three finger sequences embedded in continuous darkness, because they of widespread post-civil war efforts specific display contexts (colors and exhibited greater step width during to build society. Common Hope, a locations). Retention tests, 1-day locomotion than chicks incubated in non-government organization, aims post practice, were given under light. Methods: We performed new to contribute to this national agen- SAME and SWITCH conditions. In analyses on published kinematic da by providing support for 8,000 the SAME condition, the sequence- data from a study of locomotor per- sponsored families who live in pov- context (S-C) associations remained formance in chicks incubated under erty, focusing on improving chil- the same as practice, while the S-C 1 of 3 light conditions: continuous dren’s educational outcomes. Com- associations were changed for the light (24L), cycled light 12 hr on/ mon Hope has targeted the problem SWITCH test. The primary out- off (12L), and continuous darkness of high first grade failure rates (typi- come was total time accuracy cost (24D). Chicks (N=30, 10 per con- cally the first year children enter (TTAC), calculated as the time for dition) were trained to walk along school) through social work home a subject to complete the sequence a darkened tunnel prior to the first visits to monitor and support first- task divided by the proportion of of two video recording sessions graders’ academic progress. Pur- accurate trials. The TTAC was de- on the day of hatching. A MAT- pose: The purpose of this study was composed into reaction time accu- LAB® function was developed to to bring an “occupational lens” to racy cost (RTAC) and movement calculate foot placement angles for home visits, observing the occupa- time accuracy cost (MTAC). Switch consecutive steps from digitized tions (meaningful, purposeful activ- cost was calculated as (SWITCH - 2D coordinates. Performance of ities) of young children in the home SAME) / SAME test × 100%; with the function highly correlated with and their relation to school readi- a larger switch cost indicative of protractor measurements. Results: ness. Methods: The methods were greater CDL. Repeated measures Two Way ANOVA results indi- qualitative and naturalistic. The ANOVA and independent t tests cated that veering magnitude and design was a rapid ethnographic as- were used to calculate the group variability decreased from the first sessment. Participant observation differences. Results: All partici- to second session. Veering param- was utilized, wherein researchers pants improved over practice (p < eters also varied across conditions. observed home visits without inter- 0.01) with no significant group dif- There was a significant interaction vening. Results: During home visits, ferences at the end of practice. At was observed for variability of both social workers focused on students’ retention, the switch cost for the PD magnitude and direction. Post hoc school performance. Occupational group was higher than that of the comparisons indicated 24D condi-

THE EXPLORER 54 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc tions yielded the greatest variabil- Title: Adaptation of Contact Dy- tensor moment. Recent literature ity. Conclusion: Results suggest that namics Following a Transition to Background: The Fulkerson proce- suggests that trunk posture can have light during embryogenesis acceler- Barefoot Running dure is an intervention utilized in an influence on sagittal plane knee ates vestibular development for lo- Name: Rami Hashish persons with persistent patellofemo- kinematics and kinetics. As such, comotion at hatching. Faculty Advisor: George Salem ral pain and patella instability. The modifying sagittal-plane trunk pos- procedure involves moving the tibi- ture may be a potential strategy to Poster #: 87 Background: An increasing number al tuberosity antero-medially which reduce PFJ stress during running. Title: Movement duration effects on of runners are transitioning to bare- is thought to decrease the laterally Purpose: To examine whether al- hand choice in patients with stroke foot (BF) on the premise that the directed forces acting on the patella. tering sagittal plane trunk posture Name: Sujin Kim associated forefoot initial contact Although good clinical outcomes leads to changes in PFJ stress dur- Faculty Advisor: Nicolas Sch- (IC) reduces the loading rate (LR), have been reported with this sur- ing overground running. Methods: weighofer and potential for overuse injuries. gery, the influence of this procedure Twenty recreational heel-toe run- However, the spatiotemporal char- on patella cartilage loading remains ners participated. Subjects ran at Background: The participants with acteristics of novice BF running are unclear. Purpose: To assess the influ- a velocity of 3.4 m/s under 3 trunk stroke nearly equally used their af- also associated with an increase in ence of the Fulkerson procedure on conditions: self-selected, forward fected or unaffected hand to reach leg stiffness, which is a risk factor lateral patella cartilage hydrostatic lean and backward lean. Trunk and the target when there was no time for knee injury. Purpose: The pur- pressure using finite element analy- knee kinematics, ground reaction constraint. On the contrary, they pose of this exploratory investiga- sis. Methods: One person with a di- forces and EMG signals from the showed different hand choice pat- tion was to examine the effect of agnosis of PFP participated in this knee musculature were obtained. A terns (e.g., relying more on the un- an eight-week transition from SH to study. This individual underwent previously described biomechani- affected hand, thus decreasing the BF running on this paradox. Meth- MRI assessment and biomechanical cal model was used to estimate use of the affected hand) under a 1.2 ods: Three-dimensional dynamics testing (squatting task). A subject PFJ stress during the stance phase second movement time-constraint were collected on two habitually SH specific finite element model was of the running cycle. The peak PFJ condition. In this study, we are try- distance runners performing over- created using previously described stress was identified and compared ing to understand how patients with ground SH and BF running. These methods. The initial model was then across the 3 running conditions us- stroke respond to different move- runners were measured again fol- modified to simulate the Fulkerson ing a repeated-measures ANOVA. ment duration constraints. Purpose: lowing an eight-week transition to procedure. Specifically, the tibial tu- Results: When compared to self- The aim of this study is to clarify BF running consisting of a weekly berosity was moved 5 mm medially selected trunk condition (11.4º), the effect of movement duration incremental increase in BF running and 10 mm anteriorly. Models were the forward lean condition (17.6º) on hand choice during a target- percentage. Absolute change and the run using Abaqus software during resulted in a significant reduction in reaching task conducted with pa- associated effect sizes (ES; Cohen’s a simulated squat task at 15° knee peak PFJ stress (19.2 vs. 21.1 MPa). tients with stroke. Methods: Four d) between the two conditions are flexion. Mean hydrostatic pressure In contrast, running with a back- patients with stroke were enrolled in reported for the various measures. at the lateral patella chondro-osse- ward trunk lean (8.0º) increased two-day testing sessions. We used Results: Relative to SH running, ous interface was the primary vari- peak PFJ stress compared to the the Bilateral Arm Reaching Test novice BF runners demonstrated able of interest. Results: Following self-selected condition (22.4 vs. 21.1 (BART) system, including three dif- an increase in ankle plantar flexion the Fulkerson procedure, there was MPa). Conclusion: A small increase ferent movement time constraints: (-23.7o; ES 2.52), a reduction in LR a decrease in mean hydrostatic pres- in trunk forward lean appears to be no time constraint, medium (around (-65.6BW.s-1; ES 4.05), yet an in- sure at the lateral patella chondro- effective in reducing PFJ stress dur- 1 second), and fast (around 0.5 sec- crease in leg stiffness (1.0; ES 2.18). osseous interface (2.22 MPa vs. 1.94 ing running and may be utilized as ond). The participants were asked Following the transition, there was MPa). Conclusion: The Fulkerson a rehabilitation or injury prevention to reach the target as many times as a reduction in plantar flexion at IC procedure appears to be effective strategy. possible by either moving quickly (2.2o; ES 1.027), LR (-57.4BW.s- in reducing patella cartilage stress. or switching hands. The percentage 1; ES 1.08) and leg stiffness (-4.4; The observed changes in cartilage Poster #: 91 of affected arm use was measured ES 1.36). Conclusion: Despite be- stress may, in part, explain the im- Title: Coordination Variability is across different conditions. We used ing able to adapt a forefoot IC and proved clinical outcomes associated Higher in Non-Dancers Than Danc- one-way ANOVA to clarify the a reduction in LR, novice BF run- with this surgery. ers During Jumping change in hand choice as the condi- ners presented with an increase in Name: Danielle Jarvis tion speeds increased. Results: Be- leg stiffness during ground contact. Poster #: 90 Faculty Advisor: Kornelia Kulig cause of the small sample size used, However, following the transition, Title: Modifying Sagittal-Plane we failed to have statistically signif- there was a marked reduction in Trunk Posture Affects Patellofemo- Background: The study of coor- icant differences among conditions. both LR and leg stiffness, suggest- ral Joint Stress during Running dination patterns across multiple However, there was a tendency that ing that these runners adapted their Name: Hsiang-Ling Teng segments provides an in-depth ap- the patients with stroke showed a movement strategy and contact dy- Faculty Advisor: Christopher Pow- proach to the examination of skilled decreased amount of affected hand namics—potentially reducing their ers athletic movements. Movement use as the conditions become faster. injury risk. variability across repeated trials is Conclusion: Task difficulty can be Background: Patellofemoral pain related to athletic skill and plays modulated by changing movement Poster #: 89 (PFP) is a common knee injury in an important role in sports perfor- duration. Moreover, task difficulty Title: Finite Element Analysis of the runners. A widely accepted cause mance. Characterization of coor- can be one of the factors influencing Fulkerson Procedure for Patella In- of PFP is elevated patellofemoral dination patterns and variability in stroke patients’ hand choice during stability joint (PFJ) stress. An increase in persons of varying athletic skill will reaching. Name: Jennifer Bagwell PFJ stress could be the result of an indicate qualities associated with Faculty Advisor: Christopher Pow- increase in the knee flexion angle elite task performance. Purpose: Poster #: 88 ers and/or an increase in the knee ex- To examine trunk and lower ex-

THE EXPLORER 55 USC | SRG tremity (LE) kinematics and coor- cartilage stress may be higher than tion. To determine the influence of also largely uninvestigated in pros- dination variability in dancers and patella cartilage stress. Purpose: To groove parameters on COF, shoe tate cancer patients. Furthermore, non-dancers during rate-controlled compare hydrostatic pressure in pa- outsoles were manufactured using 3 WPS alone may increase concen- sautés (bipedal vertical dance tella and femoral cartilage during a widths (3, 6 and 9 mm), 3 depths (2, trations of glutathione (GSH), an jumps). Methods: Twenty healthy squat task using finite element mod- 4 and 6 mm) and 3 orientations (par- antioxidant and anti-carcinogen. females, ten with no formal dance eling. Methods: Seven females with allel, perpendicular and oblique). To Purpose: To examine the effects of training and ten professional danc- PFP underwent magnetic resonance determine which groove parameter high-intensity RT with or without ers, performed 20 consecutive sau- imaging (MRI) and biomechanical had the greatest impact on COF, WPS on LBM, physical function, tés at a controlled rate. Kinematic testing. Subject-specific finite ele- an analysis of effect size was per- quality of life, and lymphocyte variability was assessed using the ment models of the patellofemoral formed using the eta-squared values GSH levels in prostate cancer pa- mean standard deviation of angular joint were created using previously obtained by a 3-way factorial ANO- tients receiving ADT. Methods: displacement for individual joints described methods. Models were VA. To determine which groove Men with minimally symptomatic or trunk segments, and the angular run using Abaqus software during a combination produced the greatest prostate cancer receiving ADT will deviation of the coupling angle be- simulated squat task at 15° and 45° slip resistance, the COF of all 27 be randomized to RT+WPS (50 g/ tween segments was used to assess of knee flexion. Peak hydrostatic groove combinations was ranked day), WPS (50 g/day), RT, or con- coordination variability. Results: pressure at the cartilage-bone in- from highest to lowest. Results: The trol groups. The RT+WPS and RT Kinematic profiles were similar terface was compared between the eta-squared analysis revealed that groups will engage in a 12-week pe- between the two groups, indicating patella and femur at both knee flex- orientation had the greatest impact riodized, high-intensity, total body that both groups were successful in ion angles using a 2x2 mixed model on COF, explaining 81% of the vari- RT program 3 times/week. Body performing the jumping task. Kine- ANOVA (α=0.05). Results: There ance in COF. The most slip resistant composition, physical function, matic variability was higher for non- was no interaction between carti- groove combination was obliquely muscular endurance and maximum dancers (3.2±1.8°) than for dancers lage location and knee flexion an- oriented, 3 mm wide and 2 mm voluntary strength will be assessed (2.3±1.6°) in the LE joints (p<0.01), gle, however there was a significant deep. The least slip resistant groove at baseline, week 6 and week 12. but there was no difference be- main effect for cartilage location. combination was parallel oriented, 6 Results: Expected outcomes include tween groups for the trunk (p=0.16). When averaged across knee flexion mm wide and 6 mm deep. Conclu- increases in LBM, physical function When looking at coordination vari- angles, the mean peak hydrostatic sion: Our results indicate that of the and lymphocyte GSH levels, and ability between joints, non-dancers pressure in the femoral cartilage 3 tread groove parameters, orienta- decreases in fat mass and fatigue. had higher variability (38.0±8.9° was higher than that observed in tion has the greatest impact on COF. These changes should be greatest in trunk; 21.5±16.8° LE) than dancers the patella cartilage (2.87 MPa vs. Data from this study may be used the RT+WPS group. Conclusion: n/a (31.8±8.5° trunk; 16.4±15.6° LE) for 2.14 MPa, p<0.05). Conclusion: In in the development of slip resistant both lower extremity (p<0.001) and persons with PFP, femur cartilage footwear. Poster #: 95 trunk (p=0.009) couplings. Conclu- stress was greater than patella car- Title: Does insertion of intramus- sion: Trained dancers demonstrate tilage stress. Thus, is it conceivable Poster #: 94 cular EMG electrodes affect trunk similar kinematics but lower coordi- that PFP symptoms may originate Title: Exercise and Whey Protein kinematics? nation variability compared to non- from the femur subchondral bone Supplementation in Prostate Cancer Name: Jo Armour Smith dancers during a simple jumping layer as opposed to patella subchon- Patients Faculty Advisor: Kornelia Kulig task. Examination of coordination dral bone layer. Name: Jacqueline Kiwata between joints may allow for a more Faculty Advisor: Todd Schroeder Background: Intramuscular EMG is thorough understanding of skilled Poster #: 93 widely used in low back pain (LBP) athletic movements than kinematic Title: The Influence of Footwear Background: Prostate cancer is the research. As healthy subjects have analysis alone. Tread Groove Parameters on Avail- most prevalent new cancer among altered postural control in response able Friction men in the United States. Andro- to anticipated experimental back Poster #: 92 Name: Mark Blanchette gen deprivation therapy (ADT) is pain, the anxiety and discomfort Title: Comparison of patella and fe- Faculty Advisor: Christopher Pow- an important component of pros- associated with insertion of EMG mur cartilage stress in symptomatic ers tate cancer treatment that aims to electrodes into the paraspinal mus- females impede testosterone-driven tumor cles may result in altered control of Name: Tzu Chieh Liao Background: Footwear tread affects progression. However, the reduc- the trunk in healthy subjects, and Faculty Advisor: Christopher Pow- contaminant dispersion, available tion of endogenous testosterone this may occur to a greater degree in ers friction (COF), and ultimately slip to castrate levels adversely affects persons with a history of LBP. Pur- potential. To date, no study has si- lean body mass (LBM), compro- pose: The purpose of this study was Background: Excessive patellofem- multaneously evaluated the influ- mising muscle strength, physical to compare trunk kinematics during oral joint stress has been hypothe- ence of groove width, depth and function and quality of life. To date, anticipated walking turns in per- sized to contribute to patellofemoral orientation using actual shoes and the limited resistance training (RT) sons with a history of LBP (RLBP) pain (PFP). Although cartilage is with a common outsole material. interventions in prostate cancer pa- and healthy controls (CTRL) pre- aneural, PFP is thought to be the Purpose: To evaluate how various tients have served to reduce, rather and post-insertion of intramuscular result of abnormal loading of the combinations of tread groove width, than enhance, ADT-associated loss EMG electrodes. Methods: 9 sub- subchondral bone which is highly depth and orientation influence of LBM. Thus, the potential for jects performed walking turns at innervated. Previous studies have COF. Methods: Twenty-seven pairs muscle hypertrophy may be under- self-selected and controlled speed, shown that cartilage thickness in- of men’s size 10 shoes were assessed estimated for these patients. Whey before and after insertion of intra- fluences cartilage stress and bone for COF using the SATRA STM protein supplementation (WPS) muscular EMG electrodes into the stress, and that femoral cartilage 603 whole shoe tester. Each shoe’s with RT is a successful method paraspinal musculature (RLBP n=5, is 23-40% thinner than the patella tread differed in the combination for increasing muscle hypertrophy CTRL n=4). Anticipated and ac- cartilage. This suggests that femur of groove width, depth and orienta- in older adults, yet this method is tual pain during and after electrode

THE EXPLORER 56 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc insertion was recorded. Results: protein) expression of P-FOXO3a, the EMG and the vertical ground The degree of agreement between Anticipated and actual pain dur- MURF1, Mafbx, Myostatin, IL- reaction force was determined as dissection and MR-based volume ing insertion was higher in CTRLs 6, and TNF-α will be determined preactivation of the Gastrocnemius measurements was calculated using than subjects with RLBP (antici- from muscle biopsies. Results: It muscle. Results: Tendinotic sub- ICC(2,1) (P<0.05), and relative error pated: CTRL 3.4 (2.3); RLBP 2.2 is hypothesized that atrophic gene jects showed prolonged EMD on the through average percent difference (0.6) Effect size 0.7, actual: CTRL expression, soreness, and plasma involved side. The difference be- (APD). Results: Linear measure- 3.9 (2.0); RLBP 2.8 (2.5) Effect size creatine kinase will increase and tween sides in tendinotic subjects is ment errors for the two phantoms 0.5). Self-selected walking speed strength will decrease after each greater than that in healthy subjects. were 1% at maximum. There was increased by 0.2m/s in CTRLs after eccentric bout. Changes in gene Gastrocnemius muscle activity was good agreement between the mea- electrode insertion. Peak amplitude expression, strength, soreness, and premature on the involved side, as surement techniques: Abductor hal- of trunk motion, relative motion be- plasma creatine kinase will be at- compared to the non-involved side. lucis ICC(2,1) = 0.91, APG 3.6%; tween the trunk and pelvis and vari- tenuated during the luteal compared Conclusion: These preliminary re- Abductor digiti minimi = 0.92, ability of trunk/pelvis motion was to the menstrual phase. Conclusion: sults suggest that accompanying 4.5%; Quadratus plantae = 0.80, not systematically affected in either If hypotheses are observed this will Achilles tendinosis, the EMD of the 6.4% and Flexor digitorum brevis group. Conclusion: Insertion of fine- be the first report of endogenous es- Gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit = 0.74, 9.2%. Test-retest reliability wire EMG electrodes was associ- trogen attenuating muscle damage is prolonged. During hopping, the for a single examiner was excel- ated with low levels of anticipated via functional proteins, providing Gastrocnemius muscle is activated lent (ICC(2,1) = 0.98, APD 2.2%). and actual pain in healthy subjects preliminary data for investigation of earlier to stiffen the joint in prepara- Conclusion: Valid and reliable mea- and persons with RLBP, but this did the long-term mechanistic influence tion of landing. Further studies are surements of intrinsic foot muscle not result in substantial adaptations of endogenous and/or exogenous warranted to investigate the impact volumes in-vivo can be made using in trunk kinematics. estrogen on muscular adaptation to of Achilles tendinosis on its agonist MRI. This study will encourage the exercise. and antagonist muscle activities. design of prospective studies that Poster #: 96 measure muscle volume changes. Title: Acute Estrogen Influence Poster #: 97 Poster #: 98 on Muscle Atrophic Proteins after Title: Impact of Achilles tendinosis Title: Validity and Reliability of Poster #: 99 Muscle Damage on Triceps Surae muscle activities Foot Muscle Volume Determination Title: Postural strategies for running Name: Lindsey Anderson Name: Yu-Jen Chang by MRI termination: comparison between Faculty Advisor: Todd Schroeder Faculty Advisor: Kornelia Kulig Name: Sachithra Samarawickrame children and adults Faculty Advisor: George Salem Name: Guilherme Cesar Background: Skeletal muscle dam- Background: Achilles tendinosis is Faculty Advisor: Susan Sigward age up-regulates atrophic (catabolic a common disorder among runners Background: Muscle volume is used and inflammatory) processes which and sedentary people. When degen- to determine the effects of strength Background: An understanding of trigger anabolic/regenerative pro- erated, the Achilles tendon stiffness training, effects of pathologies like the development of postural strate- cesses that are beneficial for muscle decreases, which may lead to an diabetic neuropathy and plantar gies through childhood for control hypertrophy. Estrogen may at- alteration of muscle-tendon perfor- fascitis, adaptations to space flight, of momentum during running will tenuate this atrophic response after mance, presented as prolonged de- effects of aging, and for force esti- allow for the identification of chil- damage. It is unknown whether at- lay of the force transmission, from mation in biomechanical models. dren who are not achieving age ap- tenuation of muscle damage is ben- the triceps surae to calcaneus. We While Magnetic Resonance Imag- propriate motor skills for physical eficial for muscle hypertrophy as further hypothesize that during ing (MRI) is the most suitable tool activity participation. Mature gait changes in muscle mass are largely single legged hopping, the Gas- for in-vivo volume measurement, is achieved by the age of 7 years; determined by regulation of both trocnemius muscle activation will there is no current data on the va- however, it is not known if children atrophic and anabolic pathways. be premature to achieve an optimal lidity and reliability of using MRI utilize mature postural strategies to Purpose: To determine the acute stiffness of the ankle joint at land- to determine foot intrinsic muscle control forward momentum of the influence of endogenous estrogen ing. Purpose: To investigate the ef- volume. Purpose: To quantify the body’s center of mass (COM) dur- on skeletal muscle atrophic pro- fect of Achilles tendinosis on the validity and reliability of MRI for ing running tasks. Purpose: To de- teins. Methods: 12 women (18-30 neuromechanical characteristics of in vivo volumetric analysis of in- termine if children utilize a stereo- years; BMI 18-27) will perform a the triceps surae muscle. Methods: trinsic foot muscles. Methods: Five typical extension strategy employed maximal eccentric exercise bout EMG signal was recorded from bi- cadaveric feet were scanned in a 3.0 by adults to terminate running. on the dominant leg extensors dur- lateral medial Gastrocnemius mus- T MRI system using a 3D FSPGR Methods: Three adults and two ing the luteal (high estrogen) and cle on 2 tendinotic and 4 healthy T1 weighted sequence. Two water 8-year-old children ran 13m at max- menstrual (low estrogen) phase of subjects. The electromechanical de- phantoms were scanned to quan- imum effort and stopped in a pre- their menstrual cycle. Outcomes for lay (EMD) was tested isometrically tify distortions in the field of view. determined area. Approach velocity, comparison between each eccentric on a dynamometer. Gastrocnemius Two scans were obtained 10 weeks horizontal position COM, and lower bout will include: muscle biopsy EMG and ankle torque were record- apart on the foot of a human subject extremity and trunk angles were immediately pre and 1-hour post ex- ed while a transcutaneous electrical in order to quantify test-retest reli- calculated across the deceleration ercise; maximal strength and sore- stimulation was applied to the tibial ability. Muscle volumes of the ab- phase of termination. Three trials ness pre, immediately post, 1-hour nerve. The time interval between ductor hallucis, quadratus plantae, were averaged and effect sizes were post, 48-hours post, and 5-days post the onsets of EMG and torque was abductor digiti minimi, and flexor used to detect group differences. exercise; plasma creatine kinase defined as EMD. Preactivation was digitorum brevis were measured Results: Children decelerated at immediately pre and 5-days post. measured while the subject per- from 3D image sets manually using a faster relative approach velocity Estrogen and progesterone will be formed single-legged hopping task SliceOmatic® software. The feet (ES=2.08) than adults. Compared assessed for cycle phase confirma- on a force plate at 132bpm. The were then dissected, each muscle to adults, children positioned their tion. Atrophic gene (mRNA and time interval between the onsets of weighed and its volume calculated. COM less posteriorly throughout

THE EXPLORER 57 USC | SRG deceleration with more profound extensor alternation in all embryos. of cuff deflation. Blood will also game receiver. The Kinect device differences noted during initial de- Rhythmic bursting persisted, how- be drawn at these times. Results: captured kinematic data: jumping celeration (7%, ES=1.08 and 14%, ever burst frequency increased in Specific cell signaling pathways height, distance, velocity, and trunk ES=1.68 less posterior, respective- 5 embryos (p<0.05). Alternating probed will be stress response and displacement. Conclusion: Children ly). Children utilized more trunk flexor-extensor activity and initial catabolic pathways. Conclusion: with ASD exhibit gross motor defi- flexion (ES=1.33) and ankle plan- burst frequencies were gradually We hope to discover future thera- cits. However, it is often difficult to tarflexion (ES=0.91) than adults reestablished within 2 hours after peutic methods that induce cellular encourage them to participate in throughout deceleration. Conclu- strychnine application. Conclusion: resistance to ischemia-reperfusion improvement activities. We have de- sion: A less posterior position of the Our data suggest that glycinergeic injury induced by tourniquet use veloped the interactive virtual game COM and greater trunk flexion indi- inhibition is required for ankle during knee surgery that will help to encourage them to jump and col- cate that children were not using an flexor-extensor alternation during to prevent and/or significantly re- lected the kinematic data to evalu- extension strategy to decelerate sug- locomotion. Glycinergic inhibition duce the impact and better preserve ate its effectiveness on gross motor gesting that they have not developed does not appear to be essential for muscle cells. skills. a mature postural strategy to control rhythm generation, but may modu- forward momentum. However, the late rhythm frequency. It remains to Poster #: 102 Poster #: 103 strategy employed by children was be determined if locomotor pattern Title: Development of an interac- Title: Whole Body Posture for Run- successful and may have been nec- circuitry is selectively mediated by tive virtual game for children with ning Change of Direction Tasks essary given the differences in ap- glycine, or also GABA, in late stage Autism Name: Kate Havens proach velocity. chick embryos. Name: Na-hyeon Ko Faculty Advisor: Susan Sigward Faculty Advisor: Francisco Valero- Poster #: 100 Poster #: 101 Cuevas Background: The ability to change Title: Strychnine Alters Ankle Flex- Title: Ischemia-Reperfusion and directions quickly is essential for or-Extensor Muscle Activity Pattern Tourniquet Use During Knee Sur- Background: Autism spectrum participation in multi-direction in Chick Embryos gery disorder (ASD) is the most com- sports; however, cutting is also as- Name: Soo Yeon Sun Name: Brian Wu mon neurodevelopmental disorder sociated with knee injury. Changing Faculty Advisor: Nina Bradley Faculty Advisor: Todd Schroeder in children. Children with ASD direction involves braking, transla- exhibit atypical communication tion and rotation, which is accom- Background: During late stage em- Background: During TKA, ACL, skills, social interaction, and motor plished through changes in whole bryogenesis in chicks, spontaneous and knee scope surgeries a tour- behaviors. They also display motor body posture. Specifically, the repetitive kicking is produced by a niquet is applied to the proximal deficits such as hypotonia, motor whole body center of mass (COM) leg muscle pattern of flexor-extensor thigh to stop blood flow and main- apraxia, and coordination problems. and under-foot center of pressure alternation at rhythmic frequencies tain a clear surgical field. Following Studies have reported that children (COP) separate for deceleration in comparable to locomotion in hatch- surgery, the tourniquet is released with ASD interact better in virtual the original direction and accelera- lings. A widely-regarded model and blood flow is re-established. environments. However, research tion towards the new path. Under- for control of locomotion suggests Muscle cells are particularly sensi- in this realm has primarily focused standing the control of this separa- that the pattern and rhythm of tive to tourniquet use with damage on improving communication and tion is critical to our interpretation leg muscle activity are separately to tissue beds increasing relative social interaction skills but not on of segmental mechanics, thus knee controlled. Purpose: One aim of to the duration of ischemia. By far gross motor skills. Purpose: We will injury. Purpose: To characterize the our current investigations is to de- the most significant clinical bar- develop a virtual game to encourage effects of cutting angle and speed termine if the muscle pattern and rier following TKA, ACL and knee jumping skills in children with ASD on whole body posture. Methods: rhythm for kicking in chick em- scope surgery is persistent muscle and show the skill improvement 22 healthy soccer players performed bryos are separately controlled. It is atrophy and weakness. Purpose: with kinematic data. Methods: An 45˚ and 90˚ sidestep cuts as fast hypothesized that glycine mediates We hypothesize that post-operative onscreen character interacted with as possible and at 80% speed. 2D reciprocal inhibition between flexor muscle atrophy that occurs follow- children by copying their jumps and COM-COP separation distance was and extensor motor neurons to pro- ing surgery is directly attributable rewarding them with virtual coins. quantified relative to the lab’s global duce the locomotor pattern. In this to the degree of muscle tissue in- Sensors were attached to the chil- coordinate system and relative to study we asked if administration of jury and cell death that occurs due dren’s trunk to detect acceleration the individual’s anatomical position, strychnine, a glycine receptor an- to tourniquet-induced ischemia- when jumping. Wireless telecom- and was normalized to height. To tagonist, would convert alternating reperfusion injury occurring during munication between accelerometer determine the effects of speed and flexor-extensor bursting of ankle and after tourniquet use. Methods: sensors and game receiver was ac- angle on the dependent variables, muscles to synchronous bursting. We will study men and women (18 complished using a custom-built 2x2 repeated measured ANOVA Methods: Embryonic day 20, ankle years old and older) who are sched- Bluetooth device. We used a Kinect was used (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Main muscles were implanted bilaterally uled to undergo TKA, ACL recon- (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, effects for angle and speed were for electromyographic recording, struction, or a knee scope at the WA) to collect kinematic data while found for global posterior, global and spontaneous muscle activity orthopedic medicine clinic at Keck jumping to evaluate the effective- medial and anatomical medial sepa- was recorded for 2 hours. Strych- School of Medicine at USC with an ness of the virtual game on gross ration distances (p<0.001). In all nine was then given by intraperito- orthopedic surgeon. Use of tourni- motor skills. Results: Typically de- cases, more severe cuts and faster neal injection and recording con- quet will be determined by the or- veloping children and children with speeds resulted in larger COM-COP tinued for an additional 2-3 hours. thopedic surgeon and recorded. A ASD played the interactive virtual separation. An angle x speed inter- Several burst parameters for muscle total of two (2) muscle biopsies will game wearing a belt with sensors action was found for both medial activity before and after strychnine be performed utilizing the surgical and practiced jumping. The ac- COM-COP distances. Conclusion: were compared (n=7 embryos). Re- incision prior to cuff inflation (tour- celeration data from the box were Differences were found in the indi- sults: Strychnine disrupted flexor- niquet group) and after 5 minutes transmitted wirelessly to the video viduals’ body position for braking

THE EXPLORER 58 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc in the original direction of progres- Further work is needed to identify Poster #: 106 Name: Yi-An Chen, Yu-Chen sion but not towards the new travel appropriate tasks for assessment of Title: White Matter Tract Integrity Chung path. Body posture to allow greater loading asymmetries during acute and Dose of Rehabilitation after Faculty Advisor: Carolee Winstein medial translation was found with rehabilitation. Stroke greater angle and speed, with the ef- Name: Matthew Konersman Background: Previous studies re- fects of speed more pronounced in Poster #: 105 Faculty Advisor: George Salem ported that participants show higher the 45˚ cut. Title: Rest Interval Influences Ad- engagement while performing tasks aptations to Resistance Training in Background: Upper extremity mo- under virtual reality (VR) than re- Poster #: 104 Older Men tor impairment after stroke has been al-world conditions. Up until now, Title: Comparison of loading pat- Name: Matthew Villanueva related to motor tract integrity, as this finding has been supported terns: ACL reconstructed versus Faculty Advisor: Todd Schroeder measured by diffusion tensor imag- exclusively using self-report ques- uninvolved limb ing (DTI). It is unknown how well tionnaires and interviews. Little to Name: Kristamarie Pratt Background: Short-term resis- initial DTI measures can predict: (1) no research has directly compared Faculty Advisor: Susan Sigward tance training (RT) induces muscle baseline impairment and (2) func- attentional demands using an objec- growth and strength enhancements tional motor changes in response to tive measure of engagement. Pur- Background: Persistent asym- in older men; these adaptive re- dose of therapy. This project is part pose: The aim of this study was to metrical loading patterns follow- sponses may be partly attributed of a larger phase I clinical trial that use a more quantitative method to ing anterior cruciate ligament re- to acute resistance exercise- (RE-) aims to determine prospectively understand participants’ engage- construction (ACLR) contribute to induced increases in endogenous the dose of therapy that will lead ment level under VR-based condi- risk for re-injury. Early detection anabolic hormones. Purpose: To to continued improvement of upper tions. Methods: Thirty participants and correction of asymmetries may determine: i) if 8 weeks of strength extremity use after completion of performed a standing and a stepping minimize long-term impairments. RT with 60-second RI (rest interval) therapy for individuals with chronic reaching-task under two conditions: However, information regarding (SSRT) induce greater improve- stroke. Purpose: The purpose of this a virtual target and a real target con- early asymmetries is limited to gait ments in body composition (BC) study is to investigate the relation- dition. Using a dual-task probe par- mechanics. Purpose: Identify load- and muscular performance (MP), ship between white matter charac- adigm, participants were instructed ing asymmetries between ACLR compared to the same RT program teristics associated with initial upper to respond to an unanticipated au- and uninvolved limbs during func- with 4-minute RI (SLRT); ii) if extremity (UE) function and motor ditory tone as soon as possible on tional tasks in individuals 12-16 strength RE (SRE) with 60-second performance changes after therapy. 27% of the reach trials. Response weeks post-ACLR. Methods: One rest interval lengths between sets Methods: Six subjects with chronic time was measured to characterize male, 12-weeks post-ACLR was (SS) elicit greater increases in total stroke completed DTI and motor participants’ attentional demand. assessed performing: gait (GAIT), testosterone (TT) and growth hor- impairment assessments before and Participants’ subjective engage- running (RUN), and stop-and-go mone (GH), compared to SRE with after UE training. We examine fiber ment level was also measured via (GO) tasks at self-selected speeds. 4-minute RI (SL). Methods: 22 men tract integrity, measured by whole- using standard a questionnaires and Using 3D motion analysis, stance were assigned to one of two groups, brain tractography, and fiber coher- a post-task interview. Results: Our phase hip, knee and ankle peak following 4 weeks of hypertrophic ence of the corticospinal tract, mea- results showed a significantly longer angles, net joint moment impulse RT (SSRT: n=11, 65.6±3.4years; sured by fractional anisotropy (FA) response time in the virtual target and average power (absorption and SLRT: n=11, 70.3±4.9years). 18 of and mean diffusivity (MD). Results: condition compared to the real tar- generation) in the sagittal plane 22 participants completed 1 hyper- Larger regional FA and MD value get condition. Comparison of catch were compared between ACLR and trophic RE protocol (HRE) and 2 asymmetry are predictive of more trials and probe trials showed that uninvolved limbs. Results: When SRE, at Week 0, 4, and 12, respec- severe baseline upper extremity im- these results were not due to a trade- compared to the uninvolved limb, tively; blood was drawn pre- (PRE), pairment. Decreases in FA and MD off between the primary and probe ACLR had similar sagittal ankle immediately post- (POST), 15 min- asymmetry after task oriented upper task, but instead suggest greater and hip angles for all tasks. During utes post- (15 MIN), and 30 minutes extremity training are associated attentional demand in the virtual GAIT, RUN and GO tasks ACLR post-exercise (30 MIN). Results: with improvement in upper extrem- target condition compared with the exhibited decreased knee flexion Across the 8-week strength RT ity function. Reduced asymmetry real target condition. This finding (17.9%, 16.7% and 2.5%, respective- phase, compared to SLRT, SSRT between lesioned and non-lesioned was independent of the posture de- ly), smaller knee (27.0%, 62.2% and experienced greater increases in hemispheres indicates a structural mand (standing or stepping). Fur- 28.4%, respectively) and larger hip lean body mass (p=0.001) and MP neuroplastic effect attributable to ther, participants reported not only (58.2%, 107.2% and 19.6%, respec- (p<0.01). HRE increased TT and the task oriented UE training. Con- being more engaged but also more tively) extensor impulse than the GH from PRE to POST, 15 MIN, clusion: DTI measures of structural challenged in the virtual target uninvolved limb. During RUN and and 30 MIN (p≤0.05). In response white matter integrity may be used condition. Conclusion: This is the GO tasks ACLR exhibited on aver- to SS, the acute change (POST– as a predictor of motor impairment first study to use a dual-task probe age a 17.2% decrease in power at the PRE) in TT (p<0.001) and percent after stroke. Intensive task oriented paradigm to measure and compare knee and a 25% increase in power change ([POST–PRE]/PRE) in TT UE training can attenuate the hemi- the attentional demands between at the hip and ankle. Conclusion: and GH (p<0.005) were greater, spheric asymmetries due to brain VR and real-world conditions. Our Despite kinematic similarities be- compared to SL. Conclusion: In old- damage. This line of research may findings suggested that VR-based tween the involved and uninvolved er men, short RI enhance the acute help to predict recovery potential games are more than just fun; they limbs, differences in loading pat- TT and GH response to strength RE after stroke. also require participants to attend terns were observed between limbs. and induce greater enhancements more to the task. In the future, we A trend to shift loading away from in body composition and muscular/ Poster #: 107 can use VR-based games as a tool to the knee toward the hip and ankle functional performance following Title: Measuring attentional de- engage and motivate individuals to was most pronounced during the short-term periodized strength RT. mand in healthy elders under virtual participate in posturally challeng- more dynamic RUN and GO tasks. reality condition ing exercises.

THE EXPLORER 59 USC | SRG

Poster #: 108 Development to investigate the effects of binding Title: Accelerated Arm Recovery dds student - Name: Chase Judd anti-BMP-2 mAb with different ori- after Stroke through Cortical Mod- basic sciences Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai entations to solid scaffolds, which ulation can participate in AMOR. Meth- Name: Yu-Chen Chung Poster #: 109 Background: The tongue is a mus- ods: In vitro binding of anti-BMP-2 Faculty Advisor: Beth Fisher Title: Three-dimensional X-ray cular organ that has important mAb/rhBMP-2 immune complexes Computed Tomography Atlas of physiological functions in suckling to C2C12 cells was compared to Background: A stroke-induced Mouse Craniofacial Structures and swallowing, assisting in speech, that of protein G (PG)/anti-BMP-2 change in interhemispheric inter- Name: Moshe Eizdi, Shawn Ebra- tasting, and chewing. Myogenic and mAb/rhBMP-2 immune complexes action (IHI) may increase the in- himpour cranial neural crest cells interact by flow cytometry. To determine the hibition of the lesioned hemisphere Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai in the tongue throughout develop- in vivo effects of the orientation of from the non-lesioned side, thereby ment. We have recently found that mAb, ACS was incubated with or impeding recovery of the paretic Background: Craniofacial muscles ablation of Smad4 in myogenic without PG, followed by incubation extremities. One plausible method are highly complex, organized cells in mice (Smad4fl/fl;Myf5-Cre) with anti-BMP-2 mAb or isotype to improve recovery of function is structures. Although previous X-ray results in microglossia and fewer control mAb. The resultant ACS to decrease the excitability of the computed tomography (microCT) tongue muscle fibers. However, it with immune complex of PG/anti- non-lesioned hemisphere and re- studies have been conducted on var- is still unknown to what extent the BMP-2 mAb were implanted into store some degree of IHI balance ious organs in mice at a thickness of Smad4-dependent pathway contrib- critical size rat calvarial defects. by applying low frequency repeti- 35 microns, we are unable to visu- utes to tongue muscle development. After 8 weeks, dissected calvaria tive transcranial magnetic stimula- alize details of craniofacial muscle Purpose: To assess the contribution were scanned by Micro-CT fol- tion (rTMS). Purpose: The purpose structures in these images. A high- of the Smad4-dependent pathway lowed by histological and histomor- is to determine the effect of rTMS resolution three-dimensional (3D) in tongue muscle development, we phometric analysis. Results: Flow applied over the non-lesioned hemi- atlas will further the study of the compared tongue muscle volume cytometric analysis showed that sphere on paretic hand movement in anatomy of craniofacial muscles and in Smad4fl/fl;Myf5-Cre and litter- PG/anti-BMP-2 mAb/rhBMP-2 im- individuals with acute and sub-acute will help with diagnosis and pheno- mate control mice. Methods: We mune complexes bound with higher stroke. Methods: The study design is type analysis. Purpose: To generate performed 3-D MicroCT imaging intensity to C2C12 cells than those within-subjects comparison. Partici- a 3D atlas of craniofacial muscles and volumetric analyses of tongue without PG (p<.05). The micro-CT pants received two rTMS conditions using 10 µm microCT scans of new- muscles at 10 µm resolution to label and histomorphometric analyses separately on two consecutive days: born wild-type mice. Methods: Four and compare tongue muscle struc- showed increased bone formation active and sham rTMS. The order of newborn wild-type (C57BL/6J) tures in E18.5 Smad4fl/fl;Myf5-Cre within calvarial defects implanted rTMS condition is counterbalanced mice were scanned by microCT and littermate control mice. Avizo with ACS/PG/anti-BMP-2 mAb between participants. In the active (Scanco V1.28) at 10 µm thickness 7.0 software was used to measure than those without PG. Conclusion: rTMS condition, 1 Hz rTMS is ap- to generate 3D reconstruction im- intrinsic tongue volumes. Samples The results of this study showed plied for 25 minutes at 90% resting ages using Avizo 7.0 software. We from each genotype were measured that when PG was used as a linker motor threshold over the hotspot of developed a CT scanning protocol three times each. Averages and t- to bind to anti-BMP-2 mAbs, the extensor digitorum communis mus- for soft tissues in the craniofacial re- tests were calculated to compare the binding to target cells was enhanced cle in the non-lesioned hemisphere. gion. Human anatomical landmarks tongue volumes of each genotype. in vitro, and higher degree of bone Hand opening kinematics was mea- were used in labeling intrinsic and Results: We found a significant repair occurred in vivo. Since PG sured pre and post rTMS when par- extrinsic muscles of the tongue and reduction in the volume of the in- binds to the Fc region of antibod- ticipants grasped different sizes of the soft palate. Reproducibility was trinsic tongue muscles of Smad4fl/ ies, it is likely that binding of anti- dowels at a self-selected speed. Re- tested between two researchers and fl;Myf5-Cre mice compared to lit- BMP-2 mAbs to PG preferentially sults: One participant was recruited variability was analyzed between termate controls. Conclusion: The exposes their antigen-binding sites. 2-months post-stroke onset. Across scans of individual muscles by sta- tongues of Smad4fl/fl;Myf5-Cre dowel sizes, the pre-post changes tistical analysis. Results: Using 10 mice exhibited microglossia, indi- Poster #: 112 in reaction time, movement time µm microCT scans, we were able cating that the Smad4-dependent Title: Canonical and Non-canonical and peak aperture of index-thumb to distinguish extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathway is crucial for TGFβ Signaling during Craniofa- finger were similar between active muscles of the tongue and soft palate tongue myogenesis. cial Bone Development and sham rTMS conditions. The muscles, suggesting that microCT Name: Hoang-Anh Ho maximal extension angle and peak images are useful for the study of Poster #: 111 Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai extension velocity of the index fin- craniofacial muscle development. Title: Orientation of anti-BMP-2 ger increased after real-rTMS. Con- Intra- and inter-observer analysis mAb applied in antibody mediated Background: Craniofacial skel- clusion: Preliminary data from one showed reproducibility and accept- osseous regeneration etal elements are primarily formed participant with sub-acute stroke able variability between scans of Name: Justin Raanan by intramembranous ossification suggested the effect of 1 Hz rTMS individual muscles. Conclusion: We Faculty Advisor: Homa Zadeh through a mechanism that remains may accelerate hand recovery, espe- successfully generated a complete relatively uncharacterized. The ma- cially in finger extension excursion 3D atlas of the tongue and the soft Background: Recent data in our lab jority of osteoblasts and chondro- and peak extension speed. palate of newborn mice. Our 3D at- have demonstrated that anti-BMP-2 cytes in the craniofacial region are las may be useful as a reference in mAbs complexed to a scaffold such derived from cranial neural crest the study of craniofacial defects in as absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) (CNC) cells, which produce the fa- various mouse models. can mediate bone repair in a pro- cial skeleton. TGFβ signaling plays cess referred to as antibody medi- a crucial role in craniofacial devel- Poster #: 110 ated osseous regeneration (AMOR). opment, and loss of Tgfbr2 in CNC Title: Smad4-Dependent TGFβ Sig- Purpose: The present study sought cells results in craniofacial skeletal naling Regulates Tongue Muscle

THE EXPLORER 60 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc malformations. We have recently re- vising patients about their care. quantify the contribution and dis- cells isolated from E16 fetal mice ported that both diminished canoni- Methods: Data were collected from tribution of TGFβ signaling during (Term 18.5 days). Cells were trans- cal and upregulated non-canonical the ADA and AAO libraries and mandibular development. Methods: fected with either a p66Shc specific TGFβ signaling cause craniofacial online databases. Consumer health We performed microCT analysis siRNA or a nonsilencing control deformities in Tgfbr2 mutant mice. information regarding NSAIDs to compare the size and volume siRNA. Cells were also infected Purpose: The aim of this study is to was collected from the FDA, Slone of mandibles in control, Tgfbr2fl/ with either a p66Shc adenovirus describe to what extent canonical Epidemiology Center surveys and fl;Wnt1-Cre, and Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1- or a GFP control virus. Cells were and non-canonical TGFβ signaling American College of Preventa- Cre;Alk5fl/+ mice. We generated maintained in culture for four days, cascades contribute to CNC-derived tive Medicine. Results: Scientific three-dimensional computerized then lysed, total protein contents intramembranous ossification. articles were used to research the images and compared the pro- were equalized and the resulting Methods: We compared the size and effects of NSAIDs on orthodon- portion of craniofacial structures expression of surfactant proteins volume of CNC-derived craniofa- tic tooth movement. All data were between the different mice. In ad- assessed by Western blot. The re- cial bone structures (frontal bone, consistent with the following: Tra- dition, we compared the size and sults of the four conditions used premaxilla, maxilla, and palatine ditional NSAIDs (ibuprofen and volume of specific areas in the man- in the experiments are as follows: bone) from E18.5 control, Tgfbr2fl/ aspirin) decreased orthodontic dible derived from endochondral siCtl (No knockout)/GFP (No over fl;Wnt1-Cre (diminished canoni- tooth movement. Acetaminophen or intramembranous ossification. expression) = Control; siCtl (No cal and upregulated non-canonical (a non-NSAID analgesic) had no ef- Results: We found that size and knockout) / Ad66 (Overexpression) TGFβ signaling), and Tgfbr2fl/ fect. The ability of NSAIDs to in- volume of the body and the ramus = Increased p66Shc; si66 (Decrease fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5fl/+ (diminished hibit tooth movement results from of the mandible are smaller in Tgf- p66Shc) / GFP (No overexpression) canonical and restored non-canoni- the inhibition of prostaglandins, br2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mice compared to = Decreased p66Shc and si66 (De- cal TGFβ signaling) mice. The mi- which are critical mediators of the control, and this decrease is rescued creased p66Shc) / Ad66 (Increased croCT images were collected using inflammatory process during tooth in Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5fl/+ p66Shc) = Return to Control. Re- microCT (Scanco V1.28) with reso- movement. Conclusion: NSAIDs mice. Endochondral bone forma- sults: The results revealed that si- lution at 10 μm from E18.5 embryos can affect orthodontic tooth move- tion of the condylar and coronoid lencing p66Shc reduced the expres- and reconstructed in 3D using Avi- ment and prolong orthodontic treat- processes of the mandible was com- sion of surfactant protein C, thereby zo 7.0 software. Results: We found ment. Practitioners must be aware promised in Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre suggesting that p66Shc regulates that the size and volume of CNC- of all medications taken by patients mice and not restored in Tgfbr2fl/ epithelial maturation in the develop- derived craniofacial bone structures during orthodontic treatment. Acet- fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5fl/+ mice. Conclu- ing lung. Conclusion: In conclusion, were significantly reduced in Tgf- aminophen, an inactive inflamma- sion: Our data indicate that the size p66Shc is required for lung matura- br2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mice compared tory agent, does not inhibit tooth and volume of the mandible body tion and the development of alveolar to wild-type control mice. The re- movement and should be considered and ramus are primarily regulated type II, SP-C producing cells. duction of the size and volume of as the analgesic drug of choice for by non-canonical TGFβ signaling, CNC-derived maxillary bones (pre- patients undergoing orthodontics, whereas the size and volume of the maxilla, maxilla, palatine, and fron- unless contraindicated by the pa- condylar and coronoid processes tal bone) were partially restored in tient’s medical history or physician. are regulated by canonical TGFβ Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5fl/+ mice. signaling through endochondral os- Conclusion: Our data indicate that Poster #: 114 sification. intramembraneous bone formation Title: Transforming Growth Factor is mainly regulated by non-canoni- Beta (TGFβ) Signaling in Mandible Poster #: 115 cal TGFβ signaling. Development Title: Silencing p66Shc in Type II Name: Ronald Chung cells decreases surfactant protein Poster #: 113 Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai expression. Title: The effects of nonsteroidal Name: Kenneth Smith anti-inflammatory drugs on orth- Background: The mandible forms Faculty Advisor: Matt Lee odontic tooth movement through intramembranous and en- Name: Kristina Sakas dochondral ossification. TGFβ sig- Background: The p66Shc adapter Faculty Advisor: Dennis Tartakow naling regulates cranial neural crest protein mediates antimitogenic, (CNC) cell–derived bone and carti- apoptotic, and oxidative stress sig- Background: The practice of ortho- lage development. We have recently naling by many different pathways. dontics is based on tooth movement reported that non-canonical TGFβ It is highly expressed in the early through bone in response to me- signaling is activated in the ab- fetal lung, but is dramatically down- chanical forces. Bone remodeling sence of Tgfbr2 (Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1- regulated with maturation. Levels of occurs through an inflammatory Cre mice). A haploinsufficiency of p66Shc begin to decrease on the last process involving prostaglandins. Tgfbr1 largely rescues craniofacial day of gestation and are silenced at By inhibiting prostaglandin synthe- deformities in Tgfbr2 mutant mice birth. Its function in the develop- sis, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5fl/+ ) via ing lung is unclear. Purpose: We drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the rate of reduction of ectopic non-canonical hypothesized that p66Shc regulates orthodontic tooth movement. Pur- TGFβ signaling. However, the rela- the maturation of alveolar type II pose: This research explains the tive contribution and distribution cells. These cells produce surfac- methodology of how analgesics af- of canonical and non-canonical tant proteins that are necessary for fect the rate of orthodontic tooth TGFβ signaling during intramem- lung function at birth. Methods: movement, and may help clinicians branous and endochondral ossifi- To test this hypothesis, p66Shc ex- during treatment planning and ad- cation remain unclear. Purpose: To pression was modulated in Type II

THE EXPLORER 61 USC | SRG

Background: The maxillary ante- and compared it to an ideal coordi- of 4q . Methods: The result was ob- dds student- riors occupy the space between the nate system. The ultimate goal of tained by cytogenetic analysis and clinical sciences incisive papilla and the occlusal our research was to compare tooth confirmed by FISH assay. CGH mi- plane as dictated by esthetics and positions from a generated 2-D croarray was performed in order to Poster #: 116 phonetics. The incisive papilla re- panoramic image to a more ideal further characterize the rearranged Title: Population pharmacokinetic mains relatively constant, and is fre- Cone-Beam Computed Tomography chromosome 4 and to determine the and pharmacodynamic modeling quently used as an anatomic land- (CBCT) 3-D volumetric image. By breakpoints. Results: The results re- for assessing risk of BRONJ mark. Studies have been made using generating 3-D images of the teeth vealed that the rearranged chromo- Name: Peter Lee, Ronald Chung incisive papilla as guides to arrange and the maxillofacial structures, some 4 was a recombinant chromo- Faculty Advisor: Parish Sedghiza- maxillary anteriors for edentulous CBCT allows us to see the exact lo- some 4 consisting of a duplicated deh patients. Purpose: The aim of this cation of both crowns and roots and segment of 4p14->4pter and a delet- study was to determine the rela- their relation to the neighboring tis- ed segment of 4q34->4qter; accord- Background: Recent evidence tionship between the maxillary an- sues. This study will be looking at ingly, the abnormal karyotype was has shown that the common anti- teriors and the incisive papilla and 76 patients with interincisal angles designated as 46,XY,rec(4)dup(4p) resorptive bisphosphonate (BP) to compare this with the classical divided into 3 ranges to compare if inv(4)(p14q33)pat. Conclusion: The drugs may have toxic effects on oral estimate value. Methods: The hori- there is a trend in the mesiodistal follow-up study of the family re- soft and hard tissues by interfer- zontal distances between the labial angulations based on the changes vealed that the father had a balanced ing with wound healing. Purpose: surface of the central incisors and in interincisal angulation. Purpose: pericentric inversion of chromo- We hypothesized that patients with the incisive papilla (CPIP, CAIP, The objective of this study was to some 4, inv(4)(p14q33). The father’s BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and CCIP) and the size of incisive determine if there were differences chromosomal abnormality had been (BRONJ) accumulate higher levels papilla (SIP) were measured by a in the tooth mesiodistal angulation revealed by amniocentesis followed of BP in bone, which contributes to digital caliper on the stone casts measurements from the constructed by the early death of his sister due disease development, as compared formed from 103 dentate subjects. 2-D panoramic-like images as com- to congenital abnormalities. The to patients without BRONJ. Meth- The Pearson correlation coefficient pared to direct measurements from same inverted chromosome 4 in the ods: Using the Pmetrics package and was used to investigate and quantify 3-D volumetric images, and if there paternal grandmother revealed the published data, we designed for the the correlation, while simple linear is a trend based on the interincisal inheritance of this chromosome by first time a population pharmacoki- regression analyses were conducted angle. The hypothesis is that there the patient’s father. netic model of BP concentration in to determine the strength of the is a trend in distortions based on plasma and bone and derived a toxic association between the variables the interincisal angle. Methods: 2-D Poster #: 120 bone BP threshold of 0.2 mmol/L. (α=.05). Results: Pearson correla- panoramic images were constructed Title: Comparing Dental Needs With the model, and using patient tion coefficients for the SIP and the using the 3-D dicomm data on Dol- in the United Stated with Foreign individual BP duration and bone distance between the labial surface phin Imaging software. The long Countries mineral content estimated from lean of the central incisors and the inci- axis was drawn through each tooth Name: Nicole Ranney body weight, we calculated bone BP sive papilla (CPIP, CAIP, and CCIP) and the angle was measured against Faculty Advisor: Dennis Tartakow levels in 153 subjects. Results: Mean were significant (P<.05). A simple the occlusal plane. These measure- bone BP in 69 BRONJ cases was linear regression analysis was per- ments were compared to the true Background: USC Dental Humani- higher than in 84 controls (0.20 vs formed on the data and showed that mesiodistal angulations that were tarian Outreach Program (DHOP) 0.10 mmol/L, P < 0.001), consistent SIP contributed significantly to the measured directly from the 3-D vol- student members travel overseas with the toxic bone threshold of 0.2 prediction of the distances between umetric image. Results: There are each year to countries where resi- mmol/L. BRONJ was also associat- the labial surface of the central inci- definite distortions in the mesiodis- dents are underserved with their ed with longer duration BP therapy sors and the incisive papilla (CPIP tal angulations on the constructed dental needs. The 2011 and 2012 (5.3 vs 2.7 years, P < 0.001), older and CCIP) (P<.05). Conclusion: Us- panoramic images; however, the sta- abroad clinic locations assessed age (76 vs 70 years, P < 0.001), and ing regression methods within the tistics have not yet been completed. were Cartagena, Colombia and Nai- Asian race (49% vs 14%, P < 0.001). population tested, it was found that Conclusion: The final results have robi, Kenya. This study compares Conclusion: Our pharmacometric the distance between the labial sur- not yet been determined. the oral health statuses of under- model accurately discriminated face of the central incisors and the served individuals in the United BRONJ cases from controls among incisive papilla could be predicted Poster #: 119 States (U.S.) with underserved in- patients on BP therapy and identi- by the size of the incisive papilla. Title: Recombinant Chromosome 4: dividuals outside of the U.S. Pur- fied new risk factors for disease. Chromosome, FISH and CGH mi- pose: The aim of this study was Novel pharmacometric approaches Poster #: 118 croarray study to evaluate and compare the oral applied to the characterization Title: CBCT Pan-Like Images: A Name: Omid Hemmat health statuses of individuals from of drug-related diseases such as Trend In Mesiodistal Tooth Angula- Faculty Advisor: Morteza Hemmat three different regions: Cartagena, BRONJ provide significant insight tion Discrepancies Colombia; Nairobi, Kenya; and Los into disease pathogenesis and risk Name: Ammar Siddiqi Background: Recombinant chro- Angeles, California. Methods: At factors, allowing for application to Faculty Advisor: Hongsheng Tong mosome 4 is a very rare constitu- each dental clinic, all patients had clinical care and risk assessment. tional rearrangement. To date only their treatment planned by student Background: Although panoramic 11 cases have been reported which dentists, obtaining approvals from Poster #: 117 x-rays have been used throughout involve a recombinant chromosome USC dental school volunteer fac- Title: The correlation between inci- dentistry, there have been many 4 arising from pericentric inver- ulty. After proper data collection, sive papilla and maxillary anterior studies describing the distortions in sion. Purpose: We report a one year the need for specific dental care was teeth these 2-D images. However, to date old patient, carrying a recombinant determined. The patient’s plaque, Name: Andrew Kang there hasn’t been a study that has chromosome 4 resulting in partial calculus, and inflammation levels Faculty Advisor: Tae Hyung Kim looked at a trend in the distortions trisomy of 4p and partial deletion were measured as low, moderate,

THE EXPLORER 62 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc or severe, and then determined to able with treating infants and tod- detailed anatomical information derstanding of the regulatory mech- be either generalized or localized. dlers. Purpose: The purpose of this provides clinicians with relative anism of palatogenesis, the mecha- The severity of decay and restor- study was to determine the comfort landmarks rather than relying sole- nism of submucosal cleft palate is ability of each individual’s teeth level of senior dental students with ly on feel when performing local not well studied, in part because of were also determined. Dental treat- pediatric dentistry upon gradua- anesthetic injections. Clinicians the paucity of animal models that ment was limited to prophylaxis, re- tion. The survey seeks information frequently cite difficulty in locat- exhibit this phenotype. Purpose: storative treatment, and extractions. across a comprehensive range of ing the greater palatine foramen To analyze muscle development in Results: The results of each dental pediatric dentistry training includ- (GPF) as a primary reason for not mouse models with submucosal cleft clinic showed that individuals in ing behavior management and clini- utilizing the V2 (maxillary) nerve palate (Smad4flfl;K14-Cre;Irf6+/ underserved, third-world commu- cal procedures on infants, toddlers, block. Purpose: This study seeks R84C and Tgfbr2flfl;K14-Cre nities had varying degrees of need preschool and school age children to demonstrate that analysis of the mice). Methods: Littermate control, for dental care. Need for dental and adolescents. The information greater palatine canal (GPC) using Smad4flfl;K14-Cre;Irf6+/R84C, care within the three locations: (a) from this survey is being utilized CBCT scans helps clinicians to pre- and Tgfbr2flfl;K14-Cre mice were Cartagena, Colombia: Moderate to to improve the pediatric dentistry determine potential obstacles prior scanned at embryonic day 18.5 Severe; (b) Nairobi, Kenya: Severe; training received by dental students. to the procedure, and if necessary, (E18.5) using X-ray computed to- (c) Los Angeles, California: low to Methods: A 20-question written to modify their technique, making mography (microCT; Scanco V1.28) moderate. In Cartagena approxi- survey was administered to senior V2 nerve blocks safer and more at a 10μm resolution. Two muscles in mately 490 patients had treatment dental students when they signed successful. Methods: CBCT scans the soft palate, the levator veli pala- planned and were provided with out of pediatric dentistry. Results: taken with a Kodak CareStream tini (LVP) and the tensor veli palati- prophylaxis followed by quadrant The response rate for graduating 9300 CBCT machine of forty-seven ni (TVP), were manually delineated, dentistry. In Nairobi 187 patients seniors to the survey was 91%. Re- (n=47) patients were studied bilater- reconstructed, and analyzed in 3D had treatment planned and provided garding behavior management of ally to measure several parameters using Avizo 7.0 software. Anatomy with a full-mouth cleaning followed patients during the dental examina- sagittally and coronally. The sagit- and volume were compared to his- by quadrant dentistry. Proportional tion and treatment plan, the major- tal plane encompassed the majority tological slides at 7μm. Analyses of to the number of patients treated, ity of respondents were comfortable of the clinically relevant informa- the muscles were performed accord- more prophylaxes than restorative managing children throughout the tion including the location of GPF, ing to established protocols. Volume treatments were completed in Cart- age spectrum. Regarding behavior length of GPC, and curvature of analysis was calculated using t-tests. agena. The decreased number of pa- management of patients during op- GPC. Results: Antero-posteriorly, Results: MicroCT imaging resolu- tients treated in Nairobi was affect- erative procedures, two-thirds of re- GPF was located between the 1st tion was consistent with histologi- ed by limited power supply, delay in spondents were uncomfortable with and 2nd molar in 60% of cases. Me- cal images showing discontinuous supply arrival, and the time allotted treating infants and just less than dio-laterally, GPF was located in the muscle formation of the LVP and to each patient due to the severity of half (43.6%) of respondents were midpalatal third of the hemimaxilla. TVP in Smad4flfl;K14-Cre;Irf6+/ dental needs in Nairobi compared uncomfortable treating toddlers. The average length of the GPC was R84C and Tgfbr2flfl;K14-Cre to Cartagena and Los Angeles. The majority of respondents were 30.0mm. In 82% of patients, a cur- mice. The volume of the LVP and Conclusion: Regardless of whether comfortable to very comfortable vature of GPC was mostly found be- TVP in Tgfbr2flfl;K14-Cre and individuals live within underserved with treating preschool age, school tween 11 and 20 mm into the canal Smad4flfl;K14-Cre;Irf6+/R84C- communities or in Los Angeles age and adolescent children. Con- with an average angulation of 155 mice was significantly reduced com- there is always a need for dental clusion: Students responding with a degrees. Conclusion: Describing pared to wild-type controls. Con- care and maintenance. Alarmingly, high score (80% or above) on a base the anatomical location of the GPF clusion: MicroCT imaging reveals one does not have to visit a foreign knowledge quiz were most likely to and the 3-D structure of GPC accu- detailed information on the muscle country to see conditions similar to be comfortable with treating infants rately through CBCT may facilitate phenotype in mice with submucosal third-world oral health. As dental and toddlers. Also, students who success of the V2 nerve block as it cleft palate which recapitulates that professionals, it is our obligation attended mobile clinics and other provides information previously un- of humans with submucosal cleft to treat the dental needs of all in- community rotations responded that available to the clinician. Develop- palate. The use of microCT imag- dividuals in order to adhere to the they were comfortable with treat- ing a protocol for GPC analysis for ing modalities in animal models principles of social justice for the ing infants and toddlers. Most se- clinicians to use will be the future can supplement our studies of the well-being of our communities and nior dental students with pediatric of this research. molecular and cellular mechanisms society. dentistry experience upon gradu- underlying submucosal cleft palate. ation were proficient at providing other Poster #: 121 an initial dental examination and Poster #: 124 Title: Comfort of senior dental stu- treatment plan, but reported having Poster #: 123 Title: HLD Index Scores based on dents with pediatric dentistry upon difficulty with operative dental pro- Title: Soft Palate Muscle Devel- digital vs. plaster models graduation cedures with infants and toddlers. opment in Mice with Submucosal Name: Hussain Ebrahim Name: Dong-Gil Kang Cleft Palate Faculty Advisor: Stephen Yen Faculty Advisor: Julie Jenks Poster #: 122 Name: Thach-Vu Ho Title: V2 Nerve Block: Anatomical Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai Background: In California, the Background: This study aimed to and Clinical Study Using CBCT Handicapping Labio-Lingual determine the comfort level of se- Scans Background: Submucosal cleft pal- Deviation(HLD) Index is used by nior dental students with pediatric Name: George Jaber ate is one of the common cleft pal- MediCal/DentiCal to assess wheth- dentistry upon graduation. Stu- Faculty Advisor: Fariborz Farnad ate types in humans. Individuals er a malocclusion is severe enough to dents who attended mobile clin- with submucosal cleft palate often use state funds to pay for orthodon- ics and other community rotations Background: Cone-Beam Com- require long-term therapy. Although tic treatment. Currently, plaster responded that they were comfort- puted Tomography (CBCT) scans’ recent studies have advanced our un- study models are sent to Sacramento

THE EXPLORER 63 USC | SRG for evaluation and scoring in a blind Name: Matthew Yekikian portant component of human MEC nomic activity that result in proper fashion by a team of orthodontists. Faculty Advisor: Reyes Enciso tumorigenesis. Purpose: The goal of development. The recent paradigm In order to shorten the turn-around this research is to investigate CMV shift from genomic to epigenomic time, to ensure models are not lost Background: Periodicity of den- modulation of submandibular gland analysis adds complexity to the in the mail and to provide long-term tal visits and continuity of care for (SMG) tumorigenesis. With a better analysis of these patterns, which records of a case, digital models children is based on age and disease understanding of the pathology of requires computational methods made from laser scans were as- susceptibility. Frequently mobile CMV-induced SMG pathogenesis, to take advantage of existing data sessed and compared against HLD dental clinics are unable to provide we can develop new therapies to repositories such as the ENCODE scores made from plaster casts. follow-up care to the same children treat SMG tumors. Methods: New- Project. Purpose: To guide the dis- Purpose: The purpose of this inves- at < six-month intervals. Purpose: To born mouse submandibular glands covery process of novel develop- tigation was to evaluate the agree- compare the oral health of children were incubated with 1x105 PFU/ml mental mechanisms, we developed ment between digital vs. plaster cast who attended the Ostrow School of lacZ-tagged mCMV RM427+ on several bioinformatics techniques HLD scores. Methods: Under IRB of Dentistry of USC Mobile Clinic day 0 for 24 hours and then cultured for a variety of data types. Meth- approved protocols, thirty-two pre- (MC) at least twice with matched in virus-free media for 14 days with ods: We performed high-throughput treatment plaster study models of children attending the clinic for or without EGFR/ERK inhibitors sequencing of chromatin immuno- orthodontic patients were indepen- the first time. Methods: Over 1000 and/or the antiviral acyclovir start- precipitated DNA (ChIP-Seq) and dently scored by two orthodontists charts of children attending a MC ing on day 6. SMGs were analyzed coding RNA (RNA-Seq) to analyze at Children's Hospital Los Angeles in 2008-2012 were reviewed for re- with hematoxylin and eosin histol- the epigenome and transcriptome using the HLD index. The study peat visits. Two sets of controls were ogy, immunolocalization, or viral of several developmentally relevant models included Cl III, Cl II and identified: one matching the cases at distribution. Results: We report: stages of CNC and other similar cell Cl I malocclusions. Then 3-dimen- their first visit, and a second match- (1) CMV-induced upregulation of types. We developed a method for sional virtual models were produce ing the cases at their second visit. the EGFR/ERK signaling path- performing transcription factor mo- on a laser scanner(OrthoInsight3D Cases and controls were matched way; (2) kinase inhibitors, alone or tif profiling, which clusters active and Motion View Software, Hixson by age (±6 months), gender, race, in combination, fail to fully rescue genomic regions into classes based TN) and scored by the same ortho- and zip code. A total of 237 charts established SMG pathology but did on their chance to bind regulatory dontists. Data analysis consisted of were scored for decayed and filled promote tumor stability; (3) acy- molecules. Phylogenetic footprint- paired t-tests and weighted Kappa surfaces. Paired t-tests with Bonfer- clovir treatment alone improved, ing is used to identify gene-gene in- statistics by the USC Biostatistics roni correction were conducted. Re- but did not completely rescue, the teraction loci which can participate Department. Results: This study is sults: 79 children (49.4% females) abnormal SMG phenotype; and (4) in novel regulatory mechanisms. comparing the precision between had repeat MC visits. The mean age complete rescue occurs only with Results: Among active genomic re- the measurements of HLD index of the case group was 9.6±2.74 years combined treatment with the antivi- gions, we observed patterns of gene directly from models and digitized (range 5-20) with mean duration be- ral and ERK inhibitor. Conclusion: expression which were correlated models created with a laser scanner. tween visits being 1.5 years. Over- Our findings suggest that CMV with developmental timepoints. Having a kappa statistic of 0.711 all, 98.7% were Hispanic and 1.3% dysregulation of host cell signaling Transcription factor motif profiling indicates that there is a good agree- were African-Americans. Controls pathways results in SMG tumori- further subcategorizes enhancers ment between the measurements had significantly more decay in per- genesis. Our data also suggest that into functionally related classes. directly from the models and digi- manent teeth than cases (p<.001). continued SMG pathology is depen- Conclusion: These results suggest tized models created with a laser From 1st visit to 2nd visit, cases dent on active CMV infection. The that epigenetically marked, devel- scanner. To access whether there had lower deciduous decay, but results of our study will provide a opmentally regulated genes can be is any difference between the mea- larger numbers of filled permanent foundation for future clinical tri- tracked as prognostic devices for surements between these 2 methods, surfaces without recurrent decay at als using combination treatments proper tissue development. Using a paired t-test was performed. No the second visit (both at p<.001). of FDA-approved kinase inhibitors knowledge about these genes can statistically significant difference in Conclusion: Children attending a and antivirals. guide the design of disease pathway scores between the measurements second MC had lower rates of decay models for several common cranio- directly from the models and digi- than children visiting the clinic for Poster #: 127 facial conditions. tized models created with a laser the first time, and less decay than Title: Techniques for Discovery of scanner (p=0.2819) was observed. at the first visit. MCs can be effec- Regulatory Mechanisms of Cranio- Poster #: 128 Using dichotomous data (plaster vs. tive in preventing caries, even when facial Disease Title: Craniofacial Birth Defects: digital), the Kappa statistic shows the interval between visits is longer Name: Richard Pelikan Stem-cell approaches for prediction, strong agreement between the mea- than optimum. Faculty Advisor: Ruchi Bajpai prevention and therapy surements directly from the models Name: Mallory Holland and digitized models created with Poster #: 126 Background: Many craniofacial Faculty Advisor: Ruchi Bajpai a laser scanner (kappa=0.8672). Title: Cytomegalovirus and salivary pathological conditions, such as Conclusion: HLD scores for digital gland tumors cleft palate, arise as a result of Background: Craniofacial abnor- models correspond to scores made Name: Krysta Deluca dysfunction of cranial neural crest malities are among the most fre- from plaster models, though the dig- Faculty Advisor: Tina Jaskoll (CNC) cells during embryonic de- quently occurring birth defects, of- ital models do not provide the tactile velopment. The network of molecu- ten caused by aberrant development feel for how models occlude. Background: Mucoepidermoid car- lar interactions in CNC cells is far or differentiation of cranial neural cinoma (MEC) is the most common from completely understood, and crest cells (NCC). However, the Poster #: 125 malignant tumor arising from the increasing effort is being spent on genetic and environmental causes Title: Assessing Effectiveness of minor and major salivary glands. technology to analyze CNC cells at of these defects are not known in Care Delivered Periodically via Our laboratory has shown cyto- the epigenomic level, to determine the majority of cases. We have es- Mobile Dental Clinics megalovirus (CMV) to be an im- spatio-temporal sequences of ge- tablished a human pluripotent stem

THE EXPLORER 64 Ostrow school of dentistry of usc cell based differentiation model lines with the same enhancers, test- Poster #: 129 for this analysis. The participants that recapitulates multiple stages ing their activity in neural crest dif- Title: Validation of inter/intra ob- received individualized training in of neural crest development. Exten- ferentiation assays and potential use server reproducibility of three-di- craniofacial anatomy with emphasis sive transcriptome and epigenomic for drug screening, cell sorting and mensional craniofacial volume and on muscles of the soft palate and in- profiling has revealed at an unprec- cell transplantation. Results: Our anatomy using micro-CT modali- trinsic tongue. Six mice at the same edented scale, uniquely activated in vivo analysis of the activity of ties in wildtype mouse embryos. embryonic stage (P0) were imaged transcripts (potential candidates for epigenetically determined human Name: Pooyan Nasibi, Hamid Bark- at 10μm resolution using micro-CT genetic basis of human craniofacial neural crest enhancers revealed hordar scans and manually segmented to defects) along with their regulatory unique human regulatory elements Faculty Advisor: Yang Chai generate 3D reconstructions of the regions (likely mediators of envi- that that are utilized in (i) pre-mi- intrinsic tongue, tensor veli pala- ronmental influences). This raises gratory NCC, (ii) NCC undergoing Background: Morphometric stud- tine and levator veli palatini. The the need for a systematic and high- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transi- ies are essential in craniofacial three volumetric measurements for throughput analysis of effects of tions, (iii) cranial neural crest cells developmental biology for under- each sample were generated and mutation and environmental factors that populate individual branchial standing the 3D relationship of tis- analyzed for variance using ANO- on human neural crest development. arches and (iv) those that label spe- sue morphogenesis and the physi- VA calculations. Results: Statisti- Purpose: To develop a complemen- cific tissues within the craniofacial cal influences of genetic defects. cal analysis of the volumetric data tary set of transgenic zebrafish and region. Moreover these regulatory Micro-imaging has facilitated the obtained from manually segment- human embryonic stem cell based reporters showed a similar response detection and definition of many ing mice intrinsic tongue muscles resources for (i) high-throughput to candidate drugs in both trans- developmental abnormalities. In showed that variance in tissue vol- detection of environmental, drug genic zebrafish and human stem cell order to validate our data sets, in- ume within the same observer and and genetic causes of craniofacial lines. Conclusion: Our results have ter/intra-observer variance must be between observer A and B were abnormalities (ii) cell replacement reveled an inherent heterogeneity quantified and assessed. Purpose: insignificant. Conclusion: Our data therapies. Methods: 1. Generating among cranial neural crest cells The aim of this study was to assess shows that the differences in volume transgenic Zebrafish with human that is established very early during the inter/intra-observer reproduc- of the same sample from one trial to enhancer driven fluorescent report- development in an evolutionarily ibility of mice anatomy measure- the next are insignificant. Therefore, ers to shortlist a set of enhancers conserved manner. In our focused ments using images from 10μm inter/intra-observer reproducibility that mark different stages of neural analysis of candidate drugs these re- micro-CT scans, and to validate is achievable. This research dem- crest development and label dis- sources have proven to be powerful the utility of this method to define onstrates that this technique can crete elements of the craniofacial tools for the assessment of targeted and measure craniofacial morpho- be used in future studies to analyze complex. 2. Generating a matched effects of these drugs on different genesis. Methods: Data gathered craniofacial development. set of human pluripotent stem cell cranial neural crest sub-populations. by two dental students was used

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MARCH - JULY 2013

Porcelain Veneers: oPtimizing results aPPlied hyPnosis: treat Pain, tmd & adVanced soFt tissue and Bone graFting using suPra-gingiVal PrinciPles, and other dental conditions With cadaVer WorkshoP understanding adhesion and occlusion Sat - Sun, aPr 20 - 21 Fri - Sun, Jun 7 - 9 Fri, Mar 8 esthetic Periodontal surgery For the endodontics From a to z: hands-on uPdates in Periodontics: diagnosis and general Practitioner: a hands-on WorkshoP For the general Practitioner treatment decision-making course Part i: Fri - Sun, Jun 7 - 9 Fri, Mar 8 Module i: Fri, aPr 26 Part ii: Fri - Sun, Jun 21 - 23 Module ii: Sat - Sun, aPr 27 - 28 usc ruth ragland 27th dental hygiene simPliFying anterior restorations: symPosium common oral lesions: ProBlem solVing in the esthetic zone Sat, Mar 9 soFt & hard tissue diseases Part i: Fri, Jun 28 Fri, May 3 Part ii: Sat - Sun, Jun 29 - 30 imPlant theraPy in the esthetic zone Fri - Sun, Mar 15 - 17 learning imPlant dentistry For the clinical intraVenous sedation restoratiVe dentist Part i: thurS - Sun, Jul 12 - 14 esthetic Full-mouth imPlant Sat, May 4 Part ii: Fri - Sun, Jul 19 - 21 reconstruction: From treatment Planning to Fixed restoration atraumatic extraction and minimally las Vegas traVel & learn Program Module i: Fri, Mar 22 inVasiVe imPlant site deVeloPment Sat - Sun, Jul 13 - 14 Module ii: Sat, Mar 23 Module ia: Sat, May 11 Module iii: Sun, Mar 24 Module iB: Sat, May 11 esthetic Full-mouth imPlant reconstruction: adVanced Prosthodontic mastering Bone graFting For esthetic Physical eValuation techniques For challenging Patients imPlant site deVeloPment Mon, May 13 Module i: Fri, Jul 26 lecture & hands-on WorkshoP Module ii: Sat, Jul 27 Module i: Fri, Mar 23 emergency medicine Module iii: Sun, Jul 28 Module ii: Sat, Mar 24 tueS, May 14 adVanced clinical dental hygiene Fundamentals oF restoratiVe imPlant Pharmacology techniques dentistry For the general dentist Wed, May 15 Part i: Fri, Jul 26 Part i: Fri, Mar 29 Part ii: Sat - Sun, Jul 27 - 28 Part ii: Sat, Mar 30 monitoring and sim-man Part iii: Mon, Jul 29 thurS, May 16 oBstructiVe sleeP aPnea, snoring and dental adVancement “PrePless” Porcelain Veneers Fri - Sat, Mar 29 - 30 Sat - Sun, May 18 - 19

Basic Protocols in Bone a d soFt tissue temPoromandiBular disorders, graFting in imPlant theraPy arthrocentesis and Botox/ Fri - Sun, aPr 5 - 7 trigger Point injections Fri - Sat, May 31 - Jun 1

Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC Office of Continuing Education 2013 925 W 34th St Rm 201J Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641 t. 213.821.2127 COURSE SCHEDULE f. 213.740.3973 [email protected] www.uscdentalce.org

View more CE courses and register online at THE EXPLORER 66 USCDENTALCE.ORG

photo credit: christopher PPC_EJ_2012 1/18/12 10:54 AM Page 1

Pan Pacific CenterOstrow sch•oo lGlobalization of dentistry of usc for Continuing Oral Health Professional Education • Excellence MARCH - JULY 2013

Porcelain Veneers: oPtimizing results aPPlied hyPnosis: treat Pain, tmd & adVanced soFt tissue and Bone graFting using suPra-gingiVal PrinciPles, and other dental conditions With cadaVer WorkshoP understanding adhesion and occlusion Sat - Sun, aPr 20 - 21 Fri - Sun, Jun 7 - 9 • Diversity Fri, Mar 8 esthetic Periodontal surgery For the endodontics From a to z: hands-on uPdates in Periodontics: diagnosis and general Practitioner: a hands-on WorkshoP For the general Practitioner treatment decision-making course Part i: Fri - Sun, Jun 7 - 9 Fri, Mar 8 Module i: Fri, aPr 26 Part ii: Fri - Sun, Jun 21 - 23 Module ii: Sat - Sun, aPr 27 - 28 usc ruth ragland 27th dental hygiene simPliFying anterior restorations: symPosium common oral lesions: ProBlem solVing in the esthetic zone Sat, Mar 9 soFt & hard tissue diseases Part i: Fri, Jun 28 Fri, May 3 Part ii: Sat - Sun, Jun 29 - 30 imPlant theraPy in the esthetic zone Fri - Sun, Mar 15 - 17 learning imPlant dentistry For the clinical intraVenous sedation restoratiVe dentist Part i: thurS - Sun, Jul 12 - 14 esthetic Full-mouth imPlant Sat, May 4 Part ii: Fri - Sun, Jul 19 - 21 reconstruction: From treatment Planning to Fixed restoration atraumatic extraction and minimally las Vegas traVel & learn Program Module i: Fri, Mar 22 inVasiVe imPlant site deVeloPment Sat - Sun, Jul 13 - 14 Module ii: Sat, Mar 23 Module ia: Sat, May 11 Module iii: Sun, Mar 24 Module iB: Sat, May 11 esthetic Full-mouth imPlant reconstruction: adVanced Prosthodontic mastering Bone graFting For esthetic Physical eValuation techniques For challenging Patients imPlant site deVeloPment Mon, May 13 Module i: Fri, Jul 26 lecture & hands-on WorkshoP Module ii: Sat, Jul 27 Module i: Fri, Mar 23 emergency medicine Module iii: Sun, Jul 28 Module ii: Sat, Mar 24 tueS, May 14 adVanced clinical dental hygiene Fundamentals oF restoratiVe imPlant Pharmacology techniques dentistry For the general dentist Wed, May 15 Part i: Fri, Jul 26 Part i: Fri, Mar 29 Part ii: Sat - Sun, Jul 27 - 28 Part ii: Sat, Mar 30 monitoring and sim-man Part iii: Mon, Jul 29 thurS, May 16 oBstructiVe sleeP aPnea, snoring and dental adVancement “PrePless” Porcelain Veneers Fri - Sat, Mar 29 - 30 Sat - Sun, May 18 - 19

Basic Protocols in Bone a d soFt tissue temPoromandiBular disorders, graFting in imPlant theraPy arthrocentesis and Botox/ Fri - Sun, aPr 5 - 7 trigger Point injections Fri - Sat, May 31 - Jun 1

Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC Office of Continuing Education 2013 925 W 34th St Rm 201J Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641 t. 213.821.2127 COURSE SCHEDULE f. 213.740.3973 [email protected] www.uscdentalce.org Building a bridge between USC and oral View more CE courses heath care professionals worldwide. and register online at THE EXPLORER 67 USCDENTALCE.ORG For more information please visit http://www.uscdentalcepanpacific.org photo credit: christopher Division of Dental Public Health and Pediatric Dentistry Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences, and Dental Hygiene Division of Endodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics Division of Restorative Sciences Division of Biomedical Sciences Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy