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Ethiopian Media Th E Ethnicifi Cation of the Ethiopian Media

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Ethiopian Media Th E Ethnicifi Cation of the Ethiopian Media Terje Skjerdal and Mulatu Alemayehu Moges The ethnifi cation of the Ethiopian media Th e ethnicifi cation of the Ethiopian media A research report By Terje Skjerdal and Mulatu Alemayehu Moges Addis Ababa, November 2020 Th is report was commissioned by Fojo Media Institute and International Media Support. Th e authors are responsible for the content. Th ey can be contacted at [email protected] and [email protected]. Contents Acronyms . .4 Executive summary . .5 Research approach and methodology . .6 Terje Skjerdal: Media and ethnicity in Ethiopia in historical perspective . .9 Terje Skjerdal: Media and ethnicity during the current Ethiopian leadership . 14 Mulatu Alemayehu: A framing analysis of stories in selected media channels . 35 References . 56 Figures and tables List of informants for qualitative research interviews . 15 Figure 1: Occurrences of infl ammatory terms on Twitter. 17 List of researched cases for framing analysis . 35 List of researched media channels . 36 3 Acronyms AAPO All-Amhara People’s Organization APD Amhara Democratic Party AJA Amhara Journalist Association AMMA Amhara Mass Media Agency (cf. ATV) ASRAT Amhara Satellite Radio and Television ATV Amhara Television (belongs to AMMA) CARD Center for Advancement of Rights and Democracy DW Dimtsi Weyane Tigray EBA Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority EBC Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (belongs to ERTA) EFFORT Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray EJA Ethiopian Journalist Associaction ENA Ethiopian News Agency EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front ERTA Ethiopian Radio and Television Agency (cf. EBC) ESAT Ethiopian Satellite Television and Radio ETV Ethiopian Television (now: EBC) FBC Fana Broadcasting Corporate NGO Non-governmental organization OBN Oromia Broadcasting Network (belongs to ORTO) OBS Oromia Broadcasting Service OFC Oromo Federalist Congress OJA Oromia Journalist Association OLF Oromo Liberation Front OMN Oromia Media Network ORTO Oromia Radio and Television Organization (cf. OBN) PP Prosperity Party SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region TJA Tigray Journalist Association TMMA Tigray Mass Media Agency (cf. TTV) TPLF Tigray People’s Liberation Front TTV Tigray Television (belongs to TMMA) WJS Worlds of Journalism Study 4 Executive summary Th is report looks into the issue of media and frames of reference in the current Ethiopi- ethnicity in contemporary Ethiopia. As any- an media discourse. Ethnicity is being em- one can witness, there have been immense ployed as a key to interpret media messages, changes in the local media situation sin- and it outlines a frame for classifying media ce Dr. Abiy Ahmed assumed leadership in channels and personalities. We identify two April 2018. In just two years, the country has major frames, annihilation and othering, improved its ranking on Reporter Without which are indicative of the tendency of jour- Borders’ Press Freedom Index by 51 places, nalists to align with their ethnic background. which is the greatest leap of any country We also fi nd that many media practitioners anytime – by far. Th ere is a lot to celebrate. are deeply concerned about the develop- At the same time, the press situation in the ments. Research data point towards a more country is deeply disconcerting. Th e reason pluralistic media society in Ethiopia (albeit for this is that the media landscape is as po- segmented pluralism), but also signifi cantly larized as never before, and that parts of the more polarization. Th e polarization is fuel- media are being blamed for playing a pivotal led by ethno-nationalistic media of diff erent role in the turbulence which have erupted in origin and ownership, vis-à-vis pan-Ethio- various parts of the country since 2019. Th e pianist channels. Th e previous stronghold of suspicion of many people is that the media the federal state media (EPRDF-supportive) are being exploited to propagate an ethnic has been overtaken by a fragmented state agenda. media structure with growing signifi cance Towards this backdrop, the intention of of regional mass media agencies. Journalists the study is to examine the role of the media are beginning to form alliances along regi- in ethnic tensions in contemporary Ethio- onal and ethnic fault lines, as illustrated by pia. Th e methodology is twofold, combining the launch of Amhara Journalists Associati- in-depth interviews with framing analysis. on, Oromia Journalists Association, Tigray For the interview part, we have met appro- Journalists Association, and so forth. Jour- ximately 25 persons with key positions in all nalists are highly inclined to use sources major parts of the media in the country. For which support their own ideological inte- the framing analysis, we have scrutinized rest, and avoid quoting sources from other the media coverage of eight crucial incidents ethnicities which could balance the story. between 2018 and 2020 in ten diff erent me- When it comes to professional ideals, vario- dia outlets. us channels practice a hybrid reporting style We argue that the tendencies we’re ob- which blends acknowledged standards with serving in the media can be described as an interventionist or activist agenda. We ar- an intensifi ed ethnifi cation process. By this gue that ethnic and political agendas are at we mean that ethnic belonging and identity risk of being at odds with media professio- politics are gaining signifi cance as central nalism. 5 Research approach and methodology Th is research study consists of two main parts: an analysis of the media environment and an analysis of media content. Both parts make use of qualitative rese- arch methodologies. Th e analysis of the media environment is part of the study are visited in the framing based on observations plus interviews with analysis, plus a few print publications. Th e key actors in the local media. Approximate- methodological approach for the framing ly 25 in-depth interviews were conducted. analysis is explained more in detail in the 20 of the informants agreed to be named in fi rst part of that analysis. this report, and are listed on page 15. A few Part one of the study is conducted by Ter- more informants from diff erent parts of the je Skjerdal, while part two is conducted by media sector (federal, regional and private) Mulatu Alemayehu. However, the two parts were interviewed on condition of anony- should be seen in conjunction. Together, mity. Th ose who appear with name are iden- they intend to give insights into the increa- tifi ed in the discussion only in cases where singly important role of ethnicity in the Et- it has been explicitly agreed that they will be hiopian media confi guration and in the co- quoted. For the most part, the information untry’s media debate. in the report is not attributed to a specifi c Th e report also includes an introductory person. Th is is to secure openness in the in- discussion of ‘Media and ethnicity in Et- terview situation and to underline that the hiopia in historical perceptive’ which shows interpretation of the research data is entirely how some of the current tendencies have the responsibility of the researchers. deeper roots in the history of the media in Th e interviews were mainly conducted in the country (p. 9). Th e review is primarily March 2020 (in Ethiopia), with follow-up based on known literature, but it also con- interviews until November 2020 (online). tains extracts of research fi ndings of ethni- Several of the informants were arrested in city in Ethiopian newsrooms which have not July 2020 following the unrest aft er the as- been published before. sassination of Hachalu Hundessa, and are Th e study has needed to make various still detained at the time of completion of choices regarding which terminology to use, this report (November 2020). Th e intervi- for example in relation to the term ‘ethnic ews with these informants were conducted media’, which is oft en seen in the current de- prior to the recent turbulence. bate. Th us, the following section will contain Th e second part of the research consists of a discussion of key terms. analysis of selected media stories published between 2018 and 2020. Th e methodology The term ‘ethnic media’ for this part is framing analysis. Altogeth- Th e term ‘ethnic media’ is oft en used to re- er eight stories have been studied, each of fer to the newly established media channels which illustrates a particular perspective on with ethnic affi liation (such as Asrat TV and ethnicity in the media debate. All the major OMN), but the phrase can be misleading 6 broadcasting networks discussed in the fi rst and might give the wrong connotations. Th e Ethiopian Broad- In the global research literature, ‘ethnic as ethnic media. ESAT, for example, which casting Corporation media’ is generally used to refer to a diff e- was established as a diaspora channel with (EBC) is offi cially a rent type of media than some of the most studios in Amsterdam, London and Was- public broadcaster, vocal and popular outlets on Ethiopia’s me- hington DC, aspired to oppose the Ethiopi- but in global research dia scene. ‘Ethnic media’ is a category which an government’s offi cial narratives through terms the company denotes media outlets targeting immigrant satellite broadcasts reaching local audiences would more appropria- communities in societies where such groups back in Ethiopia and had global distribution. tely be defi ned as a stand out as a minority vis-à-vis the rest of Th e station has never had the limited geo- state broadcaster. the population (Deuze, 2006; Matsaganis et graphical outreach which is typically associ- (Photo by Terje al., 2011). Th e term is mostly used to des- ated with ethnic media. Skjerdal) cribe immigrant media cultures in the US On this basis we prefer not to use ‘ethnic and Western Europe, and has given birth to media’ to point to the current media chan- a distinct reporting style, ‘ethnic journalism’ nels operating in Ethiopia, even if they are (Yu, 2019).
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