California BECOMING AN ECONOMIC POWER

The Agriculture Culture AVIATION TAKES OFF

From Potatoes to Chips

IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Cal_Becoming_FC.indd 1 2/24/17 10:34 AM 2 Connecting East and West Imagine it‘s 1860. You’re moving to East and West. Not to worry – wherever California! Maybe your folks are look- people go, technology and business are ing for work or starting a new business. sure to follow. Thousands of people are There’s a lot of unsettled land between making California their home. Trains, you and California. How will you get stagecoaches, telegrams, and mail carri- there? How will you keep in touch with ers are linking the East and West Coasts family and friends still on the East Coast? more tightly together every day. Because of Communication, or the exchange of infor- people like you, the country now stretches mation and news, is limited between the from sea to shining sea.

d STAGECOACHES brought travelers, goods, and money safely across the continent. Henry Wells and William George Fargo started Wells, Fargo & Company. It shipped gold and goods by sea. Then, they set up the largest stage- coach empire in the world. They even owned the Pony Express for a time. Wells Fargo was famous for its service and for making deliveries, no matter the obstacles.

u HOWDIDPEOPLE them farther. The get news in far- Pony Express cov- away places before ered nearly 2,000 telephones or miles in about 10 computers? At first, days. It closed stagecoaches took when the Western mail from Missouri Union Telegraph to California. Then Company built the Pony Express the first telegraph started. The Pony line connecting Express was a the East and West relay system: rid- Coasts. Messages ers passed bags sent by telegraph of mail to other arrived within riders, who carried hours!

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_2-3.indd 16 2/24/17 10:37 AM 3 l HOWDIDLARGE together. The wag- groups travel ons formed tight west? By wagon circles at night for train! Merchants protection. Wagon with large ship- trails became ments and lots famous. The of wagons rolled Oregon-California and rode their way Trail split in Idaho. across the United Some travelers States along with went to California, whole groups of while others went families. It was to Oregon. safer to travel

u NOTHINGMOVED is to spend money the West. They goods and peo- with hopes of gain- met in the middle, ple faster than ing more money, at Promontory, u THE CENTRAL grants. Around Charles Crocker trains. The Pacific or other benefits. Utah, in 1869. As Pacific Railroad 12,000 Chinese were called the Railway Act of The Union Pacific a result, California needed many people worked Big Four. They ran 1862 allowed the railroad started businesses grew, workers. The for the Central the Central Pacific government to laying tracks from partly because they promise of jobs Pacific Railroad at Railroad. Theodore invest in a trans- the East. The could finally send brought people to one time. Leland Judah, an engineer, continental railroad Central Pacific goods shipped California, includ- Stanford, Collis P. planned the route. from one coast to Railroad started from Asia to the ing thousands of Huntington, Mark the other. To invest laying tracks from East Coast. Chinese immi- Hopkins, and

THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD Would you rather JUNE 28, 1861: OCTOBER 27, 1863: JULY 1865: MAY 10, 1869: take a stagecoach, Theodore Judah The Central Pacific The Union Pacific The “Last Spike” a wagon train, or and the Big Four Railroad lays Railroad lays track is driven at a the railroad from form the Central track eastward westward from ceremony at the East Coast to Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, Omaha, Nebraska. Promontory, Utah. California? Why? Company. California.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_2-3.indd 17 2/24/17 10:37 AM 4 Towns and Cities of California What’s the biggest city you’ve ever visited? What’s Railroad Companies, Late 1880s 0 300 mi different about big cities and Seattle NORTH DAKOTA 0 300 km small towns? Which are there WASHINGTON more of? Many big cities MONTANA Portland actually started out small. The SOUTH DAKOTA cities and towns in California Eugene IDAHO

started out small, too. People OREGON Pocatello WYOMING from all over the country NEBRASKA began to travel long distances Promontory Cheyenne to build a life in California. Great Salt Towns and cities grew quick- Reno Lake Denver ly. So did the economy . . . Lake Tahoe Sacramento UTAH and so did new problems. NEVADA COLORADO San Francisco r Fresno MODERNCITIES more places easy to Santa Fe grow in places that reach. The Southern CALIFORNIA are easy for people, Pacific Railroad, for goods, and services example, connected Albuquerque ARIZONA to reach. After the Stockton and Los TERRITORY NEW MEXICO transcontinental Angeles. Cities Los Angeles TERRITORY railroad was com- like Bakersfield, Yuma PACIFIC San Diego Tucson El Paso plete, the Big Four Modesto, Fresno, TEXAS started building and Merced grew OCEAN

other railroads quickly, partly N that connected because they were Central Pacific Railroad Southern Pacific Railroad California’s cities near the railroad W E and towns. These tracks. Santa Fe Railroad Union Pacific Railroad new railroads made S

THE RAILROADS selves. More cheaper goods to helped cities people needed California. Some grow even bigger, more goods local businesses as thousands of and services, so couldn’t com- people who had more businesses pete and had to worked on the opened. The rail- close down. San railroads moved roads also brought Francisco and to the cities. Even in competition. other cities went more arrived on Companies back through an eco- the trains them- East shipped nomic depression.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_4-5.indd 16 2/24/17 10:40 AM 5 Routes to California

NORTH

AMERICA

Ogden Chicago Sacramento New York San Salt Lake City Cleveland Philadelphia Francisco Los Angeles Pittsburgh ATLANTIC

Gulf of OCEAN Mexico 18, 000 m i le Caribbean s Sea 6,0 PACIFIC 00 miles OCEAN Isthmus of Panama

SOUTH AMERICA All-water route

Panama route Rio de Janeiro Transcontinental Railroad Montevideo

N

Scale at equator 0 1,000 mi. W E u THEGOVERNMENT’S country with ads, Strait of Magellan Railroad Acts gave pamphlets, and even 0 1,000 km. S the land on either a book. These mate- side of the railroad rials presented the Cape Horn tracks to the railroad state’s beauty and companies. The the health benefits u FROM 1860 TO railroads owned of its climate. Los 1920, California’s about 11 percent of Angeles real estate population all land in California. took off! Here’s how increased more Because they big it got: In just one than ninefold, from wanted to attract year in the 1880s, 380,000 to 3.5 more people, they land sales brought in million. In 1887 promoted California $200 million. alone, more than to the rest of the 200,000 people came to Southern California. Many l THE BIG FOUR’S They could charge people migrated railroads were whatever they from states in the called “The wanted, and if busi- East. They often Octopus” because nesses didn’t pay, came to find work. of the tentacle-like they were unable to However far they train tracks that ship their goods. The traveled, they reached across all monopoly wasn’t almost all landed in of California. The broken until 1910. one of California’s Big Four built some growing cities. railroads and bought Some stayed in others. No one was those cities, help- able to compete with Do you think the ing them grow them, because they owners of the even bigger. Others had a monopoly, or Southern Pacific found opportunity complete control, Railroad were fair elsewhere in the over the California to the people of state. railroads. Even California? Why the land along the or why not? tracks was theirs.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_4-5.indd 17 2/24/17 10:40 AM 6 California Wheat Production The Rise of 1850–1890 40,000,000 Agriculture 35,000,000 Milk, almonds, grapes, beef, let- 30,000,000 tuce, strawberries, and tomatoes. 25,000,000 What do these things have in common? Not only are they all 20,000,000 foods, but they’re all foods that 15,000,000 you can find in homes across the

country. They have something Number of Bushels 10,000,000 else in common, too. These 5,000,000 foods are some of California’s biggest farming exports – prod- 0 ucts from one place that are 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 sold in another place. The farm- Year ing industry grew quickly in u IMAGINETHESMELL Valley was perfect they began grow- California. An industry is a col- of warm, fresh for growing wheat. ing crops only lection of similar businesses. The bread. Bread is People moving to to sell. This is state’s fertile valleys made a nat- made from wheat, California needed called commercial one of our major fresh food. So did farming. California ural home for large farms, while food sources. Food others around the wheat was sold the warmth and sunshine that processing chang- country and world. across the country es ingredients into California farmers and even in places covers much of the state made it the food we eat. were able to meet like France and possible to farm year-round. California’s Central this need because Italy.

l WOULD YOU WANT to eat a sour orange full of seeds? That’s what the oranges native to California were like. Then, two orange farmers, Eliza and Luther Calvin Tibbets, received a gift. It was a Brazilian orange tree. The fruits were sweeter, with fewer seeds. They also soon got Spanish varieties, which ripened at a different time of year. Growers start- ed growing sweet oranges all year round.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_6-7.indd 16 2/24/17 10:50 AM 7 r THE SOUTHERN land! The farmers Pacific Railroad were angry. Many Company owned refused to pay or a lot of land. The to leave the land. company promised Fighting broke out to sell it to farmers in Mussel Slough, for $2.50 an acre. and seven people Then the railroads died. The railroad raised the prices took over the land. to anywhere from Some farmers left, $17 to $40 an but others paid acre – after farm- rent to the rail- ers had already roads and became started farming the tenant farmers.

What’s your favorite fruit? Where is it grown?

l MANY FRUITS IN the wild are small and not very filling. Luther Burbank stud- ied plants and learned how to combine differ- ent kinds of plants by cross-pollinating them, or using the pollen of one plant to change the fruit of another plant. As plants grew more and bigger fruit, they became more profitable for farmers. Burbank developed more than 800 new plants, including 100 different kinds of plums.

r NO ONE WANTS to eat rotten fruit and vegetables. For most of human history, farmers could only sell their crops locally. Food would rot before it reached people far away. The refriger- ated railcar changed that. Finally, railcars could be kept cold long enough to keep fruits and vegetables fresh. It was expen- sive to ship crops that way, but grow- ers advertised, so they could sell more in the East.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_6-7.indd 17 2/24/17 10:50 AM 8 l A CALIFORNIA walnut farmer named Harriet Water Russell Strong rev- It takes a lot of work to bring water olutionized water use. She became to where people need it. It can known as the take just as much work to keep “Walnut Queen of water away from where it shouldn’t Whittier.” Walnuts need constant be. As the farming industry grew moisture. She in California, so did the need for invented an irriga- tion, or watering, water. Many areas of California are system to help dry. Farms need a lot of water to walnuts grow. She grow crops. Other industries also also patented sys- tems for dams and need water, and so do growing cit- reservoirs. A reser- ies. People depend on clean water voir is a large lake for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. used as a water supply. Strong held In other areas, heavy rains can flood five patents and the land. How people use water can was one of 300 change how water flows in other women inventors to present at the places. As an important resource, World Columbian water has led to conflict and struggle Exposition in in California more than once. Chicago in 1893.

r WHENRIVERS levees. Chinese flood regularly, workers who had nearby land can’t helped build the be used for farm- transcontinental ing. A levee stops a railroad helped. river from flooding, A Japanese man and it reclaims, or named George takes back, land Shima also built from the river. A levees. He became levee makes the a successful potato riverbank higher. In farmer, using land California, people reclaimed with started building levees.

l PLANTSAND seasonal wetlands. animals made These areas were California wetlands way stations for their home long migrating birds before farmers and homes for began working the other animals. land. Levees, res- Changing the riv- ervoirs, canals, and ers also reduced other changes to salmon populations. waterways affected Farming grew, the local wildlife. but local wildlife Regular yearly in many areas flooding had made suffered.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_8-9_v2.indd 16 2/24/17 10:52 AM 9 Hydroelectric Power d DID YOU KNOW that people can build a lake? It starts with a dam, or a structure that stops a river from flowing. The water backs Dam Electricity up and makes a lake. Californians began building Transformer dams as early as 1859. Those dams Water 3 made large lakes. reservoir The lakes became reservoirs. They 1 provide water to Generator people all over the state. There Downstream are dams and outlet reservoirs all over Turbine 2 California. The 1 Water moves through the dam state’s two largest reservoirs are 2 The water turns a turbine Shasta Lake and Lake Oroville in 3 The turbine creates electricity Northern California.

Why do you think laws are passed to protect individuals’ rights to water? What would happen if these laws didn’t exist?

California Water Rights

WHOHASRIGHTS as they mined for to water? In gold. They started Water Right What it Means California, water a first-come, first- rights changed right system for RIPARIAN RIGHTS If you own the land next to it, you have a right to it. with the state’s water use. Later, needs. Early on, laws allowed APPROPRIATIVE RIGHTS If you got there first and need the water, you can use it. only people who farmers to form owned land next to irrigation districts. PRESCRIPTIVE RIGHTS If you use it, and no one objects, the right is yours. or around a water They built canals, source could use or manmade OVERLYING RIGHTS If you own land over groundwater, you have a right to it. it. Then, miners waterways, that started redirecting brought water to streams and rivers farmlands.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_8-9_v2.indd 17 2/24/17 10:52 AM 10 The Golden Gate Bridge

ENGINEER JOSEPH B. STRAUSS designed the Golden Gate Bridge. This flowing, graceful bridge crosses the Golden Gate Strait in San Francisco. It took four years to build and was the longest suspension bridge in the world in 1937. It held that record until 1964.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_10-11.indd 16 2/24/17 10:53 AM 11 “At last the mighty task is done; Resplendent in the western sun The Bridge looms mountain high; Its titan piers grip ocean floor, Its great steel arms link shore with shore, Its towers pierce the sky.”*

– from “The Mighty Task is Done” by Joseph B. Strauss

*From “The Mighty Task is Done” by Joseph P. Strauss. Golden Gate Bridge Highway & Transportation District, 2015.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_10-11.indd 17 2/24/17 10:53 AM OCTOBER 29, 1929, market. The stock Dishes are rattling. Walls are is known as Black market crash shaking. Dogs are barking. Tuesday. That’s brought on the Hard the day the stock Great Depression. Earthquake! A lot of buildings market crashed. A Companies lost today are made to survive an stock represents money, and people a tiny portion of a lost jobs. By 1934, Times earthquake, but that wasn’t always company. People 20 percent of the case. As the 20th century buy and sell those California’s workers shares in what is were unemployed, began, Californians faced dan- called the stock or out of work. ger and hardship of different kinds. Natural disasters like earthquakes, plus wars and lack of work, made life in California hard. Time and progress helped the state recover from these hard- ships. By the end of the century, California had emerged stronger and more important than ever to the nation’s economy.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_12-13.indd 16 2/24/17 10:54 AM 13 r ONEOFTHEMOST out and was fed by the city was left in powerful earth- leaking gas lines. ruins. But people quakes of all time The quake also began rebuilding. hit San Francisco broke water pipes, Food, money, and on April 18, 1906. so firefighters supplies were Sidewalks and couldn’t put out the shipped in from all pipes crumbled. fire. Buildings were over the country. A huge fire broke destroyed, and

r CALIFORNIA politics were full of corruption. Wealthy people paid politicians to do what they wanted. Californians didn’t put up with that for long. As the 20th century began, so did the Progressive Era. People called for reforms, or changes, like giving women the right to vote and protecting workers. In 1911, women in California got the right to vote in state elections.

l HIRAM JOHNSON was elected gov- ernor of California in 1911. He was part of the reform movement that worked to remove corruption from the state’s govern- ment. He passed the Stetson- Eshelman Act and the Public Utilities Act. Both acts helped end the Southern Pacific Railroad’s monop- oly. He also signed legislation to allow people to vote on u THE GOLDEN Building bridges B. Strauss and his laws, repeal laws, Gate Bridge and was dangerous workers built a and recall corrupt other construction work, though. safety net beneath Why would people officials. projects helped During construc- the bridge. The net want to get rid of a corrupt put many unem- tion of the Golden saved the lives of government? What kind of ployed Californians Gate Bridge, chief 19 falling workers. reforms would you support back to work. engineer Joseph in your government?

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_12-13.indd 17 3/3/17 2:07 PM 14 The Rise of Industry: Oil, Auto, and Air What do you think about when you think about the 20th century? Maybe you think of cars and airplanes, Neil Armstrong walk- ing on the moon, or just the old pictures of your parents you see around the house. In fact, the growth of industry and tech- nology define the 20th century. From the first wobbly airplanes to high-speed jets, and from early horseless carriages to the modern sports car, the 20th century was all about progress. California played an important role in that progress. It still does. Oil, automobiles, and aviation – the science of flight – helped transform California into the thriving modern state it is today.

California produced 6 percent of the nation’s oil in 2015. California refines around 10 percent of the nation’s crude oil each year.

d WHAT’SBETTER other in the nation ated. At the end of than riding in a car before World War the war, 3 million up the coast on II. There was cars were on the a beautiful day? about one car for roads in California. Cars have long every 2.3 people. Automobile fac- been important People saw cars tories opened in in California. The as a rejection of Fremont, California, state had more the corruption the after the war. cars than any railroads had cre-

u OIL! BLACK GOLD! Oil Field in 1892. Huge deposits of Five years later, petroleum, or oil, lie 500 wells were beneath California. operating there. In Some oil naturally Signal Hill, south of rises to the surface. Los Angeles, 900 Native Californians million barrels of had used it to oil were pumped waterproof their out between 1921 canoes. Oil drill- and 1980. Oil is ing started in the still being produced Central Valley in the in that small city, 1800s. Edward L. which is now sur- Doheny discovered rounded by the city the Los Angeles of Long Beach.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_14-15_v2.indd 16 2/24/17 10:57 AM 15 d LIKE WORLD Pacific. Dozens of and produced War I before it, new military bases more than 17 World War II put opened across percent of all war California to work. the state. Defense supplies. Jobs Its location on manufacturing attracted more the West Coast and development people to move to played a key tac- boomed. California California, and the tical role in the businesses economy became fight against the received govern- one of the world’s Japanese in the ment contracts largest.

l CALIFORNIA Angeles in 1910, countless military helps the world fly. California has been and civilian aircraft Today, California’s a leader in avia- have been built largest exports tion. In 1913, San in and flown from include airplanes, Diego became the California. Aviation engines, and parts. home of the U.S. has brought in tour- Since America’s Army’s 1st Aero ists, businesses, first International Squadron. Over and jobs. Air Meet in Los the last century,

r WITHMILLIONSOF around major cities. cars on the road, Throughout the California needed 1950s, California new highways. highways grew Lawmakers voted at an estimated to connect the 150 miles a year. state’s major cities The highways and with a 12,500-mile freeways that exist freeway system in today are known for 1947. The highways their heavy traffic. allowed people to They cost about go farther quicker. $3.6 billion each They could live year to maintain. farther from work, so suburbs grew up

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_14-15_v2.indd 17 2/24/17 10:57 AM 16 The Rise of Industry: High Tech and More In space exploration, rockets, computers, and movies, California leads the way. The state continues to be on the cutting edge of technology. California is involved in space exploration and in keeping the United States Armed Forces strong and on the cutting edge. Computer engineering, soft- ware development, and online businesses made huge leaps forward in California. The state’s economy is larger than that of many countries. It remains one of the most powerful creators of our nation’s future.

r CALIFORNIA u CAN YOU is important to imagine life with- defense in the out computers United States. It or smartphones? helped protect Personal com- American interests puters have throughout the developed incred- Cold War. The aero- ibly quickly since space industry of the mid-20th Southern California century. A comput- launched and er scientist from tracked satellites California was one and developed of the inventors missiles. Research of the first silicon facilities like the chip. That allowed Jet Propulsion computers to store Laboratory still more information lead the way in and run faster. scientific advance- Computers keep ment. In 2012, improving. Many 139,000 people of these improve- were employed in ments happen in California’s aero- Silicon Valley, an space industry. area around San Jose and Palo Alto, California. Its nick- name comes from the silicon in those chips that local companies design. These companies drive progress in the field.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_16-17.indd 16 2/24/17 10:59 AM 17

u IF YOU TAKE and DVDs. Today, a walk on the Hollywood feature Hollywood Walk of films help keep Fame, what names technology advanc- will you see? Movie ing. The movies producers first have brought us came to California digital filming, around 1909. By animation, and 1924, Hollywood computer-based employed 15,000 special effects. people and sold They’ve also $500 million in helped drive movie tickets. The progress in 3-D entertainment and high-definition industry helped movies. launch TVs, VCRs,

u CALIFORNIAISA l CALIFORNIA major gateway to California’s Top trades with coun- America. Large tries all over the shipping ports can $ Trading Partners, 2015 $ world. Its exports be found up and brought in $165.4 down its coast. billion in 2015. Ships from all over Rank Imports Exports That’s 11 percent the world dock in of the value of all California. Then, the 1 China Mexico U.S. exports. The goods they bring West Coast gives are shipped around 2 Mexico Canada California access the country and all to Asian trading over North America. 3 Japan China markets. Five of Other states rely on its top eight export California to ship 4 Canada Japan partners are coun- goods to the rest of tries in the Pacific the world, too. This 5 Malaysia Hong Kong Basin. Its imports, interdependence, or goods it brings or relying on each 6 South Korea South Korea in from other plac- other for resources es, rely on some of and products, has Germany Taiwan the same partners made California one 7 as well. of the main hubs of Taiwan Netherlands global trade. 8

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_16-17.indd 17 2/24/17 10:59 AM 18 Activities

MAKE A BROCHURE A brochure is a booklet with pictures and infor- mation about a service or product. It can be a great way to get the word out about a new business. Imagine you plan to open a business in California. Decide what kind of business you would start. Then research locations in California for your busi- ness. Finally, create a brochure. Describe the business and its loca- tion. Say why people should use your services or products.

WRITE A SPEECH Imagine the excitement: For the first time, a single set of railroad tracks join the East and West Coasts of the United States. How could you capture that excitement in a speech? What would you say to express the importance of the transcontinental railroad? How would you recognize the contributions of the people who built it? Put your ideas to work by writing a speech that someone in Promontory, Utah, might give on May 10, 1869.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_18-19.indd 18 2/24/17 11:00 AM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Gold Rush A Plan for Government Cultural Development Gold, how it glittered in the sunlight! Imagine if the U.S. had no national and Diversity What effect did this brilliant metal have laws and no president, and every state California is one of the most diverse on California? How did it change the had a different kind of money. This states in our country. This is your politics, the environment, and the lives is what life was like for Americans chance to explore the cultural his- of the people who came to live there? after the Revolution. The Constitution tory of California – why immigration Explore the effect of sudden wealth – changed all that. Learn about the and migration to California exploded and conflicts – the Gold Rush brought. Constitutional Convention, the key between 1840 and 1900 and how figures behind the document, and the cultural influences from the world over specific articles, sections, and clauses play out in California. that make up the Constitution of the United States.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 4.4 Students explain how California became an agri- cultural and industrial power, tracing the transformation of the California economy and its political and cultural devel- opment since the 1850s. 4.4.1 Understand the story and lasting influence of the Pony Express, Overland Mail Service, Western Union, and the building of the transcontinental railroad, including the contributions of Chinese workers to its construction. 4.4.3. Discuss immigration and migra- LEARN tion to California between 1850 and 1900, including the diverse composition of those who came; the countries of origin and their MORE relative locations; and conflicts and accords among the diverse ONLINE! groups (e.g., the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act). 4.4.4. Describe rapid American immigration, internal migration, settlement, and the growth of towns and cities (e.g., Los Angeles). 4.4.5. Discuss the effects of the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl, and World War • People have always want- needed to build a silk and II on California. 4.4.6. Describe the development and locations of new industries since the turn of the century, such as the aerospace ed their news now, Now, tea farm. industry, electronics industry, large-scale commercial agriculture NOW. Samuel F. B. Morse and irrigation projects, the oil and automobile industries, communi- invented the telegraph. • In the late 1800s, the cations and defense industries, and important trade links with the It was a way to send Colorado Desert seemed Pacific Basin. 4.4.7 Trace the evolution of California’s water system messages over long dis- like a very unlikely place into a network of dams, aqueducts, and reservoirs. tances almost instantly. to grow crops. In 1900, however, George Chaffey Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills: • Following the Boshin War led the work of building a in mid-19th-century Japan, canal from the Colorado Chronological and Spatial Thinking 22 samurai and their River to turn desert land 3. Students explain how the present is connected to the past, iden- families left Japan to start into farmland. Chaffey tifying both similarities and differences between the two, and how some things change over time and some things stay the same. a new life in California. renamed the newly irrigat- They brought with them ed area the Imperial Valley 5. Students judge the significance of the relative location of a place (e.g., proximity to a harbor, on trade routes) and analyze the plants and seeds they to attract settlers. how relative advantages or disadvantages can change over time.

Becoming_An_Economic_Power_18-19.indd 19 2/24/17 11:00 AM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: David Stienecker ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Amanda M. Gebhardt David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine PROOFREADER: Margaret Mittelbach

GRADE 4 TITLES (Wells Fargo & Co. stagecoach); Anthony Potter Collection: pp.14–15 top (B-17 Flying Fortress); Bettmann: p.13 middle right (suffragettes, California); Bill Ingalls: p.16 bottom California: Places and Regions Civil Rights left (Delta II rocket launch); Corbis Historical: p.7 middle left (Luther Burbank); Corbis/ David Pollack: p.5 top right (California Calls You); Emyu: p.14 bottom right (Bixby Pre-Columbian People of California Cultural Development and Diversity Creek Bridge); Filonmar: p.16 top right (microprocessor); Maybaybutter: p.15 top right (El Toro Marine Corps Station); Ralph Crane: p.17 top right (Warner Brothers Studios); Spanish Exploration and Colonization California: Becoming an Economic Spondylolithesis: p.8 bottom left (blue heron); SuperStock: p.7 bottom right (refrigerated Mexican Settlement and Rule Power freight train); Underwood Archives: p.13 left (construction of the Golden Gate Bridge). Bear Flag Republic: Road to Statehood A Plan for Government SHUTTERSTOCK: Eli Maier: p.19 top left (gold nuggets); Everett Historical: p.19 top right American Government: Federal, State, (Japanese Americans); Kostsov: p.18 top (blank sketchbook); Lynn Y: pp.10–11 (Golden Gold Rush Gate Bridge); Melpomene: p.15 bottom right (Los Angeles highway); Paulo Vilela: p.6 and Local bottom left (orange grove); Pung: p.9 middle right (Shasta Dam); Rvector: p.19 bottom (railroad tracks); Trekandshoot: p.17 middle left (Los Angeles port). THE BANCROFT LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY: G. Frederick Keller: p.5 bottom center (The Curse of California). U.S NATIONAL ARCHIVES: p.19 top center (U.S. Constitution). ON THE COVER: Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California. GETTY IMAGES: Bettmann. ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: BROBEL DESIGN: Map: Railroad Companies in 1880s, p.4; Map: Routes to California, p.5; PICTURE CREDITS: ALAMY: Everett Collection Historical: p.3 middle right (Chinese railroad Chart: California Wheat Production, p.6; Hydroelectric Power, p.9; California Water worker), p.13 bottom right (Hiram Johnson); Gregory Bergman: p.8 middle right (flooded Rights Table, p.9; Chart: California’s Top Trading Partners, p.17. field); Len Wilcox: p.7 top right (Mussel Slough Landmark); Mint Images Limited: p.14 middle left (Midway-Sunset oil fields); North Wind Picture Archives: p.2 middle left (Pony MICHAEL KLINE ILLUSTRATION: From Potatoes to Chips, Aviation Takes Off, cover. Express), p.3 middle left (transcontinental railroad), p.19 bottom (Samuel Morse); Photo Researchers, Inc.: p.3 top left (wagon train); Pictorial Press Ltd.: p.8 top right (Harriet TEXT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Russell Strong), p.13 top right (earthquake of 1906); Sueddeutsche Zeitung: p.12 Excerpt from “The Mighty Task is Done” by Joseph P. Strauss. Text copyright ©1937 by top left (hunger marches, California); World History Archive: p.4 bottom center (Los Joseph Strauss. Reprinted by permission of the Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Angeles, California). GETTY IMAGES: Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector: p.2 bottom right Transportation District.

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