Aviation Takes Off
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
California BECOMING AN ECONOMIC POWER The Agriculture Culture AVIATION TAKES OFF From Potatoes to Chips IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Cal_Becoming_FC.indd 1 2/24/17 10:34 AM 2 Connecting East and West Imagine it‘s 1860. You’re moving to East and West. Not to worry – wherever California! Maybe your folks are look- people go, technology and business are ing for work or starting a new business. sure to follow. Thousands of people are There’s a lot of unsettled land between making California their home. Trains, you and California. How will you get stagecoaches, telegrams, and mail carri- there? How will you keep in touch with ers are linking the East and West Coasts family and friends still on the East Coast? more tightly together every day. Because of Communication, or the exchange of infor- people like you, the country now stretches mation and news, is limited between the from sea to shining sea. d STAGECOACHES brought travelers, goods, and money safely across the continent. Henry Wells and William George Fargo started Wells, Fargo & Company. It shipped gold and goods by sea. Then, they set up the largest stage- coach empire in the world. They even owned the Pony Express for a time. Wells Fargo was famous for its service and for making deliveries, no matter the obstacles. u HOW DID PEOPLE them farther. The get news in far- Pony Express cov- away places before ered nearly 2,000 telephones or miles in about 10 computers? At first, days. It closed stagecoaches took when the Western mail from Missouri Union Telegraph to California. Then Company built the Pony Express the first telegraph started. The Pony line connecting Express was a the East and West relay system: rid- Coasts. Messages ers passed bags sent by telegraph of mail to other arrived within riders, who carried hours! Becoming_An_Economic_Power_2-3.indd 16 2/24/17 10:37 AM 3 l HOW DID LARGE together. The wag- groups travel ons formed tight west? By wagon circles at night for train! Merchants protection. Wagon with large ship- trails became ments and lots famous. The of wagons rolled Oregon-California and rode their way Trail split in Idaho. across the United Some travelers States along with went to California, whole groups of while others went families. It was to Oregon. safer to travel u NOTHING MOVED is to spend money the West. They goods and peo- with hopes of gain- met in the middle, ple faster than ing more money, at Promontory, u THE CENTRAL grants. Around Charles Crocker trains. The Pacific or other benefits. Utah, in 1869. As Pacific Railroad 12,000 Chinese were called the Railway Act of The Union Pacific a result, California needed many people worked Big Four. They ran 1862 allowed the railroad started businesses grew, workers. The for the Central the Central Pacific government to laying tracks from partly because they promise of jobs Pacific Railroad at Railroad. Theodore invest in a trans- the East. The could finally send brought people to one time. Leland Judah, an engineer, continental railroad Central Pacific goods shipped California, includ- Stanford, Collis P. planned the route. from one coast to Railroad started from Asia to the ing thousands of Huntington, Mark the other. To invest laying tracks from East Coast. Chinese immi- Hopkins, and THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD Would you rather JUNE 28, 1861: OCTOBER 27, 1863: JULY 1865: MAY 10, 1869: take a stagecoach, Theodore Judah The Central Pacific The Union Pacific The “Last Spike” a wagon train, or and the Big Four Railroad lays Railroad lays track is driven at a the railroad from form the Central track eastward westward from ceremony at the East Coast to Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, Omaha, Nebraska. Promontory, Utah. California? Why? Company. California. Becoming_An_Economic_Power_2-3.indd 17 2/24/17 10:37 AM 4 Towns and Cities of California What’s the biggest city you’ve ever visited? What’s Railroad Companies, Late 1880s 0 300 mi different about big cities and Seattle NORTH DAKOTA 0 300 km small towns? Which are there WASHINGTON more of? Many big cities MONTANA Portland actually started out small. The SOUTH DAKOTA cities and towns in California Eugene IDAHO started out small, too. People OREGON Pocatello WYOMING from all over the country NEBRASKA began to travel long distances Promontory Cheyenne to build a life in California. Great Salt Towns and cities grew quick- Reno Lake Denver ly. So did the economy . Lake Tahoe Sacramento UTAH and so did new problems. NEVADA COLORADO San Francisco r Fresno MODERN CITIES more places easy to Santa Fe grow in places that reach. The Southern CALIFORNIA are easy for people, Pacific Railroad, for goods, and services example, connected Albuquerque ARIZONA to reach. After the Stockton and Los TERRITORY NEW MEXICO transcontinental Angeles. Cities Los Angeles TERRITORY railroad was com- like Bakersfield, Yuma PACIFIC San Diego Tucson El Paso plete, the Big Four Modesto, Fresno, TEXAS started building and Merced grew OCEAN other railroads quickly, partly N that connected because they were Central Pacific Railroad Southern Pacific Railroad California’s cities near the railroad W E and towns. These tracks. Santa Fe Railroad Union Pacific Railroad new railroads made S THE RAILROADS selves. More cheaper goods to helped cities people needed California. Some grow even bigger, more goods local businesses as thousands of and services, so couldn’t com- people who had more businesses pete and had to worked on the opened. The rail- close down. San railroads moved roads also brought Francisco and to the cities. Even in competition. other cities went more arrived on Companies back through an eco- the trains them- East shipped nomic depression. Becoming_An_Economic_Power_4-5.indd 16 2/24/17 10:40 AM 5 Routes to California NORTH AMERICA Ogden Chicago Sacramento New York San Salt Lake City Cleveland Philadelphia Francisco Los Angeles Pittsburgh ATLANTIC Gulf of OCEAN Mexico 18, 000 m i le Caribbean s Sea 6,0 PACIFIC 00 miles OCEAN Isthmus of Panama SOUTH AMERICA All-water route Panama route Rio de Janeiro Transcontinental Railroad Montevideo N Scale at equator 0 1,000 mi. W E u THE GOVERNMENT’S country with ads, Strait of Magellan Railroad Acts gave pamphlets, and even 0 1,000 km. S the land on either a book. These mate- side of the railroad rials presented the Cape Horn tracks to the railroad state’s beauty and companies. The the health benefits u FROM 1860 TO railroads owned of its climate. Los 1920, California’s about 11 percent of Angeles real estate population all land in California. took off! Here’s how increased more Because they big it got: In just one than ninefold, from wanted to attract year in the 1880s, 380,000 to 3.5 more people, they land sales brought in million. In 1887 promoted California $200 million. alone, more than to the rest of the 200,000 people came to Southern California. Many l THE BIG FOUR’S They could charge people migrated railroads were whatever they from states in the called “The wanted, and if busi- East. They often Octopus” because nesses didn’t pay, came to find work. of the tentacle-like they were unable to However far they train tracks that ship their goods. The traveled, they reached across all monopoly wasn’t almost all landed in of California. The broken until 1910. one of California’s Big Four built some growing cities. railroads and bought Some stayed in others. No one was those cities, help- able to compete with Do you think the ing them grow them, because they owners of the even bigger. Others had a monopoly, or Southern Pacific found opportunity complete control, Railroad were fair elsewhere in the over the California to the people of state. railroads. Even California? Why the land along the or why not? tracks was theirs. Becoming_An_Economic_Power_4-5.indd 17 2/24/17 10:40 AM 6 California Wheat Production The Rise of 1850–1890 40,000,000 Agriculture 35,000,000 Milk, almonds, grapes, beef, let- 30,000,000 tuce, strawberries, and tomatoes. 25,000,000 What do these things have in common? Not only are they all 20,000,000 foods, but they’re all foods that 15,000,000 you can find in homes across the country. They have something Number of Bushels 10,000,000 else in common, too. These 5,000,000 foods are some of California’s biggest farming exports – prod- 0 ucts from one place that are 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 sold in another place. The farm- Year ing industry grew quickly in u IMAGINE THE SMELL Valley was perfect they began grow- California. An industry is a col- of warm, fresh for growing wheat. ing crops only lection of similar businesses. The bread. Bread is People moving to to sell. This is state’s fertile valleys made a nat- made from wheat, California needed called commercial one of our major fresh food. So did farming. California ural home for large farms, while food sources. Food others around the wheat was sold the warmth and sunshine that processing chang- country and world. across the country es ingredients into California farmers and even in places covers much of the state made it the food we eat. were able to meet like France and possible to farm year-round. California’s Central this need because Italy. l WOULD YOU WANT to eat a sour orange full of seeds? That’s what the oranges native to California were like. Then, two orange farmers, Eliza and Luther Calvin Tibbets, received a gift. It was a Brazilian orange tree.