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On the Relations Among Temporal Integration for Loudness, Loudness Discrimination, and the Form of the Loudness Function

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On the Relations Among Temporal Integration for Loudness, Loudness Discrimination, and the Form of the Loudness Function Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 17, 2017 On the relations among temporal integration for loudness, loudness discrimination, and the form of the loudness function. (A) Poulsen, Torben; Buus, Søren; Florentine, M Published in: Acoustical Society of America. Journal Link to article, DOI: 10.1121/1.415616 Publication date: 1996 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Poulsen, T., Buus, S., & Florentine, M. (1996). On the relations among temporal integration for loudness, loudness discrimination, and the form of the loudness function. (A). Acoustical Society of America. Journal, 99(4), 2490-2500. DOI: 10.1121/1.415616 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. PROGRAM OF The 131st Meeting of the AcousticalSociety of America Hyatt RegencyIndianapolis Hotel © Indianapolis,Indiana © 13-17 May 1996 NOTE: All Journalarticles and Letters to the Editor are peer reviewed before publication.Program abstracts,however, are not reviewedbefore publication,since we are prohibitedby time and schedule. MONDAY MORNING, 13 MAY 1996 CELEBRATION B, 8:00 TO 11:50 A.M. Session laAO AcousticalOceanography: Inversions for Surface, Volume, and Bottom Properties Nicholas C, Makris, Chair Naval ResearchLaboratory, 4555 OverlookAvenue, N. W., Washington,DC 20375 Chair's Introduction--8:00 ContributedPapers 8:05 8 km along a 40-kin tomographytransect showed that the frequencyre- sponsewas mostlyflat with high transmissionloss at selectedfrequencies. laAO1. Estimating surface orientation from sonar images. Nicholas This differs from often observedfrequency dependence in other shallow- C. Makris (NavalRes. Lab., Washington, DC 20375) water environmentswhere there is some low frequencywith minimum Sonar imagesof remote surfacesare typically corruptedby signal- loss,suggesting an optimumfrequency of propagation.Range-dependent dependentnoise known as speckle.This noisearises when wavelength geoacousticand seismicdata along the transectand wa•er sound-speed scaleroughness on the surfacecauses a randominterference pattern in the data measuredduring the acoustictransmissions permitted the develop- soundfield scattered from it by an activesystem. Relative motion between ment of a realisticenvironmental model. Normal-mode modeling results source,surface, and receiver cause the received field to fluctuate over time with C-SNAP indicatedthat the presenceof a soft clay top layer with a with complexGaussian statistics. Underlying these fluctuations, however, speedless than the watercolumn was a decisivefactor in the observed is the expectedradiant intensity from the surface,from which its orienta- frequencydependence, since it actedas an alternativewaveguide to lower- tionmay be inferred.In manycases of practicalimportance, Lamberfs law order modes.The modeledfrequency dependence and absolutelevel of is appropriatefor suchinference because variations in the projectedarea of transmissionloss closely agreed with the measurementsobtained at the a surfacepatch, as a functionof sourceand receiverorientation, often differentranges and depths,resulting in a validationof theoreticalargu- causethe predominantvariations in its radiance.Therefore, maximum mentsinvolving selected frequencies of hightransmission loss as a major likelihood estimators for Lambertian surface orientation are derived. These featureof this type of environment. are asymptoticallyoptimal when a sufficientlylarge numberof indepen- dent samplesare available,even thoughthe relationshipbetween surface orientationand measuredradiance is generallynonlinear. Here, the term 8:35 optimalmeans that the estimateis unbiasedand its meansquare error equalsthe Cramer-Raolower bound,which is alsoderived. The requisite laAO3. Inversion techniques for characterizing a coupled mode numberof independentsamples necessary for asymptoticoptimality of the acousticwaveguide. Daniel Rouseff and Martin Sideflus (AppLPhys. maximumlikelihood estimate is givenfor somespecial cases. Lab.,Univ. of Washington,Box 355640,Seattle, WA 98105) 8:20 A methodfor characlerizinga range-dependentacoustic waveguide by remotesensing is examined.The approachis to transmitfrom a limited laAO2. Broadbandfrequency response modeling for inversionof a numberof sourcelocations and measurethe propagatingfield along a shallow-water waveguide with a range-dependentsoft clay bottom verticalarray. Characterization of the environmentis castas an inverse (Yellow Shark '95 experiment). RaymondI. Soukup (Naval Res.Lab., problemwhere the goal is to determinethe mode couplingcoefficients Washington. DC 20375-5320), Jean-Pierre Hemand, and Enzo from the acousticalmeasurements. Ideally, measurementsfrom the source Michelozzi (SACLANT UnderseaRes. Ctr., 19138La Spezia,Italy) at a single location should suffice to characterizethe medium when the During the Yellow Shark '95 experimentthe broadbandfrequency re- propagationis adiabatic.When thereis coupling,the problemis underde- sponse11200-800 Hz) of a shallow-waterwaveguide was measured for the refrained and unstable if the number of source locations is less than the purposesof performingmultimodal inversion of itsacoustic and geoacous- numberof propagatingmodes. Tikhonov regularization is usedto build tic properties.Measurements from vertical receiving arrays deployed every stability into the inversionalgorithm. The numberof measurementsre- 2449 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., VoL 99, No. 4, Pt. 2, April 1996 131st Meeting:Acoustical Society of America 2449 Downloaded 27 Jun 2010 to 192.38.67.112. Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://asadl.org/journals/doc/ASALIB-home/info/terms.jsp quiredis shownto be directlyrelated to the natureand extent of the mode problem.An analyticexample is givenin whichboth maximum and mini- coupling.The methodis demonstratedby numericalsimulation for two mum traveltime eigenraysexist. Conditions for ray chaosin the analytic shallowwater scenarios: a slopingbottom and a randomlyrough bottom. exampleare derived and related to theoccurrence of maximumtravel time [Worksupported by ONR.] eigenrays.[Work supported by NRL.] 8:50 9:35 laAO4. Time-domain shallow-water environmental inversion using laAO7. Computer modeling of the process of the ocean stream unknown broadband sources. lacob Roginsky (Naval Res. Lab., velocity remote acoustics sensing in Fram Strait environmental Washington,DC 20375) condition. Igor B. Esipov (N. AndreyevAcoust. Inst., 117036,Moscow, Inversionfor environmentalparameters using both simulatedand ac- Russia),Ola M. Johannessen(Nanecn Environ. and RemoteSensing Ctr., tualexperimental data was performed based on thepropagation results for N-5037 Solheimsviken-Bergen,Norway), KonstantinA. Naugolnykh presumablyunknown broadband sources. The environmentis a shallow- (CIRES/Environ.Technol. Lab., Boulder,CO), Oleg B. Ovchinnikov, waterenvironment and all computationsare performed in thetime domain. Yury 1. Tuzilkin, and Viktor V. Zosimov (N. AndreyevAcoust. Inst., The inversionis basedon the least-squarecomparison between the results 117036,Moscow, Russia) of a sourcedeconvolution for each of severalreceivers. Because single- An importantpart of the generalproblem of globalclimate change is receiversource deconvolution in underwateracoustics is an intrinsically the measurement of the heat inflow from the Atlantic ocean to the Arctic ill-posedproblem, the Tichonor-Philips regularization is incorporatedinto basin.An effectivetool to measureit is the acousticmethods application. the currentprocedure. The methodis madeefficient by the useof a new Someaspects of this problemconnected with the averagewater tempera- deeouvolutionalgorithm that specificallytakes advantage of the triangular rare measurementswere consideredpreviously [Naugolnykh et al., J. Tocplitzstructure of thepropagation matrix [J. Roginskyand G. W. Stew- Acoust.Soc. Am. 97, 3264(A) (1995)]. In the presentpaper the resultsof art, J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 97, 3290 (A) (1995)]. The advantagesof this computermodeling of theocean stream velocity remote acoustical sensing methodare: (a) The processcan be performedwith asfew astwo receivers; with respectto the Fram Straitenvironment are presented.The computer (b) noa priori sourceinformation is required;(c) dueto one'sability to simulationof the random environmentcharacterized by the 3-D sound- work with shortertime windows,the procedurecan be madefaster than a speedfield wasperformed. This processhas been done with the assump- correspondingfrequency domain approach. [Work supported by ONR.] tion of bothregular temperature changing in the crosssection of the Fram Straitand isotropicrandom sound-speed variation distribution in the plane in each horizon.Spatial spectra of simulatedinbomogeneities can be cor- 9:05 rectedin the courseof modeling.Simulated fields of environmentalinho-
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