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Biological Activities of Various Extracts and Chemical Composition of Trigonella Monantha C

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Biological Activities of Various Extracts and Chemical Composition of Trigonella Monantha C Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2012), 11 (4): 1127-1136 Copyright © 2012 by School of Pharmacy Received: September 2011 Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Accepted: Juanary 2012 Original Article Biological Activities of Various Extracts and Chemical Composition of Trigonella monantha C. A. Mey. subsp. monantha Grown in Iran Akbar Esmaeili,a* Bahareh Rashidia and Shamsali Rezazadehb aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. bIranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Institute of Medicinal Plant Research, Tehran, Iran. Abstract The objective of this research was to study the biological activities of various extracts and the chemical composition of the essential oil Trigonella monantha C. A. Mey. subsp. monantha by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), from the compounds derived from the aerial parts. The overall results of T. monantha tests allow us to conclude various extracts [hexane extract (HE), methanol extract (ME) and chloroform extract (CE)] of the test total phenolic, ABTS and DPPH while also testing β-carotene largest property antioxidant. The property antioxidant shows the extracts of both mechanisms of electron transfer and the hydrogen transfer it has gone through. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of both samples was determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The strongest activity exhibited by the T. monantha of ME was determined to be 49.58 µg/mL and was exhibited by ME. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; Essential oil; Total phenolics; Various extracts. Introduction antitumor, mutagenic and osmoregular properties. (8-10). Free radicals were a major Trigonella (Fabaceae), antiaromatic interest for early physicists and radiologists and herbaceous plant is widely cultivated in much later were found to be a product of normal Mediterranean countries and Asia (1). The metabolism. Today, we well know that radicals literature records a variety of therapeutic actions cause molecular transformations and gene of T. monantha including hypocholesterolaemia mutations in many types of organisms. Oxidative (2), hypoglycaemia (3), antibacterial (4), stress is well-known to cause many diseases antiviral (5), anti-inflammatory activities (6), (11), and scientists, in many different disciplines, antioxidant and appetite stimulant (7), etc. have become more interested in natural sources Phytochemically, different parts of the plant which could provide active components to contain several constituents such as alkaloids, prevent or reduce its impact on cells (12, 13). proteins, flavonoids, saponins, etc. Several Antioxidants can inhibit or delay the oxidation reports focus on trigonelline, a major active of an oxidizable substrate in a chain reaction constituent having hypoglycemic activity, and therefore, appear to be very important in the hypocholesterolemic, antiseptic, antimigraine, prevention of many diseases (13). The number of antioxidant compounds synthesized by plants as * Corresponding author: secondary products, mainly phenolics, serving in E-mail: [email protected] plant defence mechanisms to counteract reactive Esmaeili A et al. / IJPR (2012), 11 (4): 1127-1136 oxygen species (ROS) in order to survive, Isolation of the oil is currently estimated to be between 4000 The seeds and aerial parts were mixed with and 6000 (14-17). The phenolic content and hexane macerated and extracted to get the composition of plants and the products produced HE, then again extracted with chloroform and from them depend on genetic and environmental concentrated by means of vacuum evaporation factors, as well as post-harvest processing in order to get CE. The remaining marc was conditions (18, 19). The antioxidant activities then treated with methanol to get ME. The of phenolics are related to a number of different extracts were then subjected to preliminary mechanisms, such as free radical-scavenging, phytochemical evaluation. hydrogen-donation, singlet oxygen quenching, metal ion-chelation, and acting as substrates Qualitative and quantitative analyses for radicals such as superoxide and hydroxyl. A Most constituents were identified through direct relationship has been found between the the gas chromatography by the comparison of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of retention indices with either those of the literature plants. Antioxidants have been widely used as or with those of authentic compound samples food additives to provide protection against the available in our laboratories. The retention indices oxidative degradation of foods by free radicals. were determined in relation to a homologous series Since ancient times, spices added in different of n-alkanes (C8-C28) under the same operating types of food to improve flavours, have been conditions. Further identification was made by the well known for their antioxidant capacities (20- comparison of their mass spectra on both columns 22, 17). In this research, we studied antioxidants with either those stored in NIST 02 and Wiley 275 and antibacterial activities of various extract libraries or with mass spectra from the literature ME, HE and CE and chemical composition of the and our home made library. Component relative essential oil of Trigonella monantha C. A. Mey. concentrations were calculated based on GC peak Subsp. monantha by gas chromatography (GC) areas without using correction factors (30, 31). and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), from the compounds derived from the Preparations of the various extracts (ME, HE aerial parts. and CE) A portion of plant material (40 g) was Experimental successively extracted with 400 mL of ME, CE and HE (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) by using a Soxhlet extractor (Isolab, Wertheim, Germany) Plant material for 72 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling The aerial parts of Trigonella specie was point of the solvent. The methanol extracts were collected during the flowering stage at the filtered using Whatman filter paper (No: 1) and following places: Trigonella monantha C. A. then concentrated in vacuum at 40°C using a Mey. subsp. monantha (Voucher No.7796), Rotary Evaporator (Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland). was collected in August 2010 from Karaj The residue obtained was lyophilized in a Province of Iran. Voucher specimens have been Modulyo freeze-dryer (Edwards, Crawley, deposited at the Herbarium of the Research Sussex, UK) and the resulting powdered material Institute of Forests and Rangelands (TARI), was stored at -80°C until tested. Tehran, Iran. Antimicrobial assay Extraction of the oils The antibacterial activity was evaluated by Air-dried parts of T. monantha were using the broth dilution method (32, 33). Nine separately subjected to hydrodistillation using a bacteria species selected as representative of the Clevenger type apparatus for 3 h. The essential class of Gram-positive or Gram-negative were oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate tested: Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus antracila and stored at 2°C in the dark before the analysis (PTCC 1274), Bacillus cereus (PTCC 1247), (40). Bacillus subtilis (PTCC 1023), Staphylococcus 1128 Biological Activities of Various Extracts and Chemical Composition epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Staphylococcus I% = (Ablank - Asample / Ablank) × 100 aureus (ATCC 25923) and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Here, Ablank is the absorbance of the control Pseudomonas sp. (ATCC 85327), Salmonella reaction (containing all reagents except the test typhi (ATCC 1231), and Shikla fleksheneri compound), and Asample is the absorbance of the (ATCC 1042), were identified by the Research test compound. Extract concentration providing Center of Science and Industry, Tehran, Iran. 50% inhibition (IC50) was calculated form the Microorganisms (obtained from enrichment graph plotted of inhibition percentage against culture of the microorganisms in 1 mL of the extract concentration. Tests were carried out Mueller-Hinton broth, incubated at 37°C for in triplicate. 12 h) were cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar medium. The following method was used to β-Carotene-linoleic acid assay measure the antibacterial activity: 40 µL of In this assay, antioxidant capacity is diluted essential oil (40 µL oil in 2 mL DMSO determined by measuring the inhibition of the (Dimethyl sulfoxide) 10%) was added to a 200 volatile organic compounds and the conjugated µL microbial suspension (1 loop from medium diene hydroperoxides arising from linoleic acid in physiological serum was compared with a oxidation (36). A stock solution of β-carotene/ 0.5 McFarland standard) in the 1st well of a linoleic acid mixture was prepared as follows: microplate and 100 µL from this well was added 0.5 mg of β-carotene was dissolved in 1 mL of to a 100 µL microbial suspension in the 2nd chloroform (HPLC grade); 25 µL of linoleic acid well, and this was continued until 8 wells in the and Tween 40 were added. Next, chloroform microplate were filled. The microplate was then was completely evaporated using a vacuum incubated at 37°C for 24 h (39). evaporator. Then, 100 mL of distilled water saturated with oxygen (30 min, 100 mL/min), Antioxidant activity was added with vigorous shaking. This reaction Chemicals mixture (2500 μL) was dispensed to test tubes β-carotene, linoleic acid, DPPH and 350 µL portions of the extracts prepared (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl), BHT were at 2 g/L concentrations were added and the purchased from Sigma
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