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The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia

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The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia UU.A..A. SSEMENOVEMENOV UMAR AUBEKIROVICH SEMENOV Candidate of Biological Sciences, author of more than 40 scientific papers and several monographs, including “Biological Monitoring in Karachay- Cherkessia”, “Wild Boar in the Teberda Nature Reserve”, “West Caucasian Tur in the Teberda Nature Reserve”. U. A. Semenov has developed and implemented the method of organizing and conducting systemic biological monitoring on protected natural areas. Since 2010, U. A. Semenov has been the head of the Persian Leopard Breeding TTHEHE WWISENTSISENTS and Rehabilitation Centre of the Sochi National Park Federal Governmental Budgetary Institution. Research interests: ecology and ethology of the ungulates and predators of the Caucasus. OOFF KKARACHAY-CHERKESSIAARACHAY-CHERKESSIA E-mail: [email protected] Photo by R. Tekeev U.A. SEMENOV THE WISENTS OF KARACHAY-CHERKESSIA Proceedings of the Sochi National Park Issue 8 KMK Scientifi c Press Moscow 2014 UDC 599.735.51(470.63) Semenov U.A. The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia. Proceedings of the Sochi National Park. Issue 8. Moscow: KMK Scientifi c Press. 2014. 171 p. This study represents the history of wisent reintroduction (Bison bonasus L.) in the Teberda State Nature Biosphere Reserve, its historical expansion and occurrence in Karachay-Cherkessia between the 18th and the 20th centuries. The book describes and analyses the population dynamics, changes in the migration patterns and social structure of the species in the mountain environmental system. The author has summarized the records of the Teberda Nature Biosphere Reserve since 1968 and shown the results of the fi eld observations: diurnal activity, spread within the habitats, diet, reasons for extinction, wisent behaviour in the course of adaptation and further exploitation of the upper part of the Kizgych Valley of Arkhyz. The book is advisable for specialists in the area of protection and management of wild ungulate populations, as well as for other readers interested in different environmental, ethological and biological issues related to wisents. Science Editor: B.S. Tuniev, Merited Environmental Specialist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Biological Sciences Reviewers: T.P. Sipko, Head of the Wisent, Bison and Muskox Research Committee in Russia of the Russian Mammalogist Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Researcher of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Candidate of Biological Sciences N.V. Treboganova, Head of the Wisent Nursery of the Prioksko-Terrasniy State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Candidate of Biological Sciences The study is published upon the decision of the Council for Science and Engineering of Sochi National Park Federal Governmental Budgetary Institution, Minutes No. 6, dated June 6, 2013 This publication was supported by WWF-Russia © U.A. Semenov, text, illustrations, 2014 © Sochi National Park, 2014 ISBN 978-5-87317-984-8 © KMK Scientifi c Press, 2014 In loving memory of my father Introduction The problem of wisent reintroduction in Karachay-Cherkessia remains acute even 44 years upon their release in the Arkhyz area of the Teberda Nature Biosphere Re- serve; moreover, it has become tragic. In the 1990s, extinction threatened local popula- tions of the Caucasian region again. The economic and political instability in Russia nearly whittled down a splendid example of sophisticated and coherent policy of popu- lation recovery within its historical habitat, as well as monumental efforts of several generations of scientists and nature reserve workers. The wisents as very large animals became easy prey for poachers. It resulted in a critical drop of the wisent population in some areas and in their complete extinction in the other areas. The fate of the wisent population of Karachay-Cherkessia was not different… The wisent as a species of the archaic epoch has managed to survive until our days and is extraordinarily valuable as an element of the fauna diversity of the Karachay- Cherkess Republic. The wisent came into the spiritual life of local people as an element of tales of the powerful natural forces many centuries ago, and now it remains a na- tional treasure. Its example contributes into development of the environmental culture of the modern society and national nature protection policy. Most unfortunately, the native wisent extinguished from the Caucasian fauna for- ever, but consolidated efforts of the global nature protection society of the 20th century allowed for the species preservation for the future generations. Therefore, the animals are being returned to their initial habitats, including Karachay-Cherkessia. This publication is focused on the analysis of the wisent reintroduction history in the Kizgych Valley of Arkhyz since their release and until 2012, inclusively. Various environmental and biological issues are analysed on the base of the Nature Records of the Teberda State Nature Biosphere Reserve from 1968 to the present day, archive records, scientifi c studies, and own observations between 2000 and 2012. The space- time analysis of the population dynamics allows for objective assessment of the popu- lation development sustainability within 44 years by means of defi nition of the most important factors infl uencing the wisents in the mountain environmental systems of the North-Western Caucasus. The data are arranged chronologically in order to analyse the animals’ adaptation to the new conditions and understand the problems they faced af- terwards. In studying such issues as population dynamics, migration habits within the nature reserve and its surroundings, social structure, habitat location, reasons for ex- tinction, etc., we also tried to fi nd out biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic factors mostly infl uencing the Arkhyz wisent population inhabiting the highlands that are deemed most complicated for living. 6 U.A. Semenov The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia Our country has been dealing with the wisent population reintroduction for more than 60 years now: special nurseries have been built, and programs and strategies of wisent release to new areas have been developed. Still, the wisent (Bison bonasus bonasus Linnaeus, 1758) as an endangered fauna species remains on the IUCN Red List of the Russian Federation. Now Russia has different economic conditions and principles of interrelation between the Federation and its subjects, as well as access to the resources of the other countries; thus, the wisent preservation strategy in Karachay- Cherkessia shall be developed with regard to the species reintroduction analysis of the Teberda Nature Biosphere Reserve. The Arkhyz population was unable of independent reproduction and development in 2012. The fi ve remaining wisents were living their last years, and Karachay-Cher- kessia could have lost again a most important element of its fauna diversity. However, upon several complicated discussions of the new wisent preservation strategy in Russia (including the expediency to release new species in Arkhyz), eight new wisents were again delivered to the Kizgych Valley from the Okskiy State Nature Biosphere Reserve. It was the achievement of the supporters of the Kizgych group recovery. Herewith the initiative put forward by WWF in Russia and supported by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation was of great importance. Therefore, the release of new animals became a new milestone in the wisent history of Karachay-Cherkessia. It also gave us a unique opportunity to carry out comparative analysis of the wisent adaptation and their further life in the new environmental condi- tions. We hope that it will be the fi rst step of a long-term program, the development and implementation of which is required for sustainable development and qualitative management of the Arkhyz wisent population. Now that the book is fi nished the author has the honour to thank everyone who has helped him in the course of writing this study. I would like to sincerely thank the family of Madzhir Lokmanovich Khubiev who had worked for the nature reserve for more than 30 years and passed untimely. His principles that sometimes used to expose him to the direst dangers have played the key part in confrontation with poachers and illegal deforestation. I would like to thank his son Ramazan Khubiev who continued the famous traditions of protection of the unique Kizgych Valley as a forester and did his best to help me working in the mountains. His professionalism, understanding of the wisent reintroduction importance and sincere desire to preserve wisents contributed to making a positive decision on the wisent re- lease in Arkhyz in 2012. I am very grateful to Seitbiy Akhmatovich Dzhanibekov, a state inspector of the Kizgych Forestry, as well as my guide and companion, who has spent so many hours and days on this research so far from his family and home. His incredible anxiety for knowledge and unconditional love for the mountains helped me so much in compli- cated expeditions and collection of data on the environmental and biological issues of the Kizgych Chine. Introduction 7 The data given to me by Grigory Yakovlevich Bobyr, who had worked in the moun- tains for a long time and dedicated his life to research of the Karachay-Cherkessian fauna, helped me a lot in writing the study. Our fi eld observations played a signifi cant part in understanding several environmental and biological aspects of wild animals in the course of cooperation at fi rst in the Teberda Nature Biosphere Reserve and then in the Sochi National Park. I would also like to thank Nikolay Dmitrievich Penkovskiy, the Director of the Sochi National Park, who has always supported me in successful researches and publication of this study. I also am sincerely grateful to B.S. Tuniev, N.V. Treboganova, E. Tsibizova, and T.P. Sipko, who agreed to edit the study and gave me most valuable remarks. I deeply appreciate the monumental patience of my family and their efforts to create the conditions required for my long-term stay in the mountains and my favourite job! Umar Semenov Chapter 1.
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