^Danya Manusia Yang Menghuni ^ Eadaan Geografi Sekitarnya Sudah

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^Danya Manusia Yang Menghuni ^ Eadaan Geografi Sekitarnya Sudah Candi Borobudur, Mendut dan Ngawen Tinjauan Arkeologi§ dan Konsepsi Keagama^n Oleh: Dr. A^s Aris Munandar Fakultas Ilmu Bydaya Universitas Indonesia Pengantar candi t e jr s e b u t adalah monolit besar yang mengesankan. Sailendra\vangsa dan kaum Area di tengah menggambarkan Telah banyak para ahli yang kerabatnya. jvlereka rela bekerja tokoh Siddharta Gautama dengan memperbincangkan perihal Candi keras dibant^ rakyatnya mudra dharmmacakra,menandakan Borobudur, Pawon dan Mendut, membangun monumen keagamaan ia sedang berkotbah. Mungkin dan terdapat pula hipotesa yang megah derr^ untuk kepentingan khotbah yang pertama kalinya di ^engemukakan bahwa ketiga candi peribadatan dan tanda pengabdian taman kijang di Benares, sebab di tersebut terdapat hubungan antara yang mendalam kepada Sang bagian bawah alas kaki area tersebut satu dengan yang lain. Di masa silam Buddha. Maka menjelmalah satu terdapat relief yang ^^tiga bangunan yang bernafaskan bangunan yaog unik tiada duanya di menggambarkan roda yang diapit Buddha Mahayana itu sangat dunia ini, yaitu suatu bentuk oleh dua ekor kijang. Kaitan antara J^ungkin dihubungkan dengan jalan perpaduan antara teras-teras hutan bambu dengan Siddharta ^pacara, berawal dari Candi Mendut bertingkat dati bermacam bentuk bahwa di sekitar taman kijang dan berakhir di Borobudur. stupa dalarn berbagai ukuran. Di tersebut terdapat hutan bambu puncak teras-teras tersebut terdapat yang tumbuh dengan lebat (De Hipotesa menarik juga mahkota stupa besar yang pejal Casparis 1950:184—188) P^tnah dikemukakan oleh Van tanpa rongga, stupa besar simbol Berita selanjutnya dalam l^ieuwenkamp bahwa ketiga candi dari keagungan agama Buddha dan Prasasti Karangtengah berbunyi itu dahulu dibangun di tepian danau juga lambang pertemuan antara "mudah-mudahan raja Indra yang Putba. Dinyatakannya juga bahwa dunia manusia dan dunia dewa- telah mendirikan bangunan di Candi Borobudur didirikan di dewa. Wenuwana ini akan menaiki 'ajung tanjung yang menjorok ke tingkatan Boddhisattva yang ^^^gah danau, jadi seperti bunga Prasasti Karangtengah dan sepuluh (Dasaboddhi ^^tatai mekar yang mengambang di Candi Borobudur sattvabhummi). Dalam ajaran ^^"^gah danau menunggu Buddha Hinayana tujuan menjadi kedatangan sang Maitreya, manusia Dalam uraian Prasasti Buddha untuk keperluan dirinya Buddha yang akan datang. Setelah Karangtengah yang berangka tahun sendiri agar lepas memasuki ^akukan penelitian mendalam oleh 824 M diuraikan adanya kaitan nirwana, namun dalam Buddha para ahli geologi, dapat diketahui antara ketiga candi Buddha Mahayana tujuan memasuki Bahwa danau purba di sekitar Mahayana tersebut. J.G.De Casparis nirwana itu untuk menolong Borobudur itu dahulu memang ada, adalah sarjana pertama yangberhasil sesamanya agar orang lain dapat tetapi jauh di masa silam sebelum mengungkapkan bahwa adanya 2 memasuki nirwana bersama-sama. ^danya manusia yang menghuni orang raja Buddha Mahayana yang Oleh karena itu bangunan ^lau Jawa. Dengan demikian pada memerintah di Jawa bagian Tengah Wenuwana atau Candi Mendut ^aktu Borobudur dibangun sekitar akhir abad ke-8 hingga tersebut merupakan simbol dari ^eadaan geografi sekitarnya sudah pertengahan abad ke-9 M. Kedua ajaran Mahakaruna (cinta kasih yang ^^perti sekarangspWciriincr adanya, danau raja itu ialah Indra dan besar kepada manusia) dari sang raja Ptirba itu telah lama mengering, Samarattungga ("piawai dalam Indra(Wirjosuparto 1964:73). ^^hingga keluarga raja Sailendra peperangan"). Disebutkan dalam ^^Pat membangun candi yang prasasti itu bahwa Raja Indra Beberapa Argumen Yang ^^gitu megah dan rumit dengan mendirikan bangunan yang disebut Mendasari Tafsiran Bahwa Wenuwana (hutan bambu). De Borobudur, Pawon dan Mendut ^tnamen. Casparis menyatakan bahwa Berada Dalam Satu Konsepsi Para ahli sejarah kuno dan bangunan Wenuwana itu tidak lain Keagamaan adalah Candi Mendut sekarang. a rk( ologi Indonesia telah ^•^rsepakat bahwa para pembangun dalam bilik candi terdapat 2 area Telah lama diketahui oleh A para ahli arkeologi bahwa terdapat Candi Mendut; Prayogamarga pada dalam candi yang berderet, beberapa argiimen yang mengarah Candi Pawon dan Lokottara walaupun memang didirikan kepada tafsiran bahwa ketiga candi disimbolkan pada Candi berderet dalam beberapa larik, tersebut mempunyai hubungan Borobudur. Candi itu terletak di yang begitu dekat. Beberapa butir namun candi-candi itu bukan permukaan bukit sebagai lambang merupakan candi utama yang penghubung ketiga candi itu adalah: "dunia atas" dan terdiri dari 10 menjadi sasaran pemujaan. 1. Ketiga candi itu terletak di suatu tingkat lambang dari garis lurus 2. Ketiganya bernafaskan agama Dasabhoddhisattvabhumi Candi Ngawen bernafaskan (Wkjosuparto 1964:76—77). Buddha Mahayana sebagaimana Buddha Mahayana 3. Dihias dengan bentuk halnya Borobudur, Pawon dan Wirjosuparto tidak memper Mendut, karena di dalam kompleks komponen arsitektur dan bincangkan 1 candi lagi, yaitu Candi tersebut masih ditemukan area ornamen yang sama, misalnya Ngawen yang ternyata dari Tathagata Amitabha (penguasa hiranyagarbha, sulur daun, perspektif arkeologis mempunyai kalpataru, kalasa dan lainnya mata angin barat) dan beberapa persamaan dengan Candi Ratnasambhawa (penguasa mata lagi. Mendut, Pawon, dan Borobudur. angin utara) dari batu, semua area 4. Tangga naik utama Candi Persamaan itu terlihat pada Tathagata itu telah terpenggal Borobudur berada di sisi timur, komponen arsitekturnya dan juga di arah tersebut terdapat Candi kepalanya. Arca-arca Tathagata lain pada ornamen yang diterakan pada tidak lagi ditemukan, mungkin telah Pawon dan Mendut. Jadi candi tersebut. Candi Ngawen seakan-akan menghadap ke arah dirusak orang sejak lama, namun secara hipotetis mempunyai terdapat dugaan bahwa setiap kedatangan para peziarah masa hubungan dengan ketiga candi bangunan di percandian Ngawen silam dari arah Candi Mendut Buddha Mahayana lainnya itu yang dahulu biliknya diisi oleh salah satu dan Pawon. diuraikan pada bagian berikut. Demikian beberapa area Tathagata. Tentunya arca-arca argumen yang dapat membawa ke Tathagata itu dahulu bersemayam di Candi Ngawen: Gerbang Paling pentas persajian yang menempel di arah kesimpulan bahwa ketiga Timur bangunan suci Buddha itu di masa bagian belakang dinding bilik candi. silam, ketika masih berfungsi Mungkin sekali, di sisi kanan-kirinya Kelompok Candi Ngawen terdapat juga arca-arca Dhyani mempunyai hubungan yang erat. terdiri dari 5 bangunan yang berjajar Bhoddhisattwa lainnya, Berdasarkan hal itu pula dapat dari utara ke selatan, kelimanya diduga bahwa Borobudur, Pawon sebagaimana halnya yang dijumpai menghadap ke arah timur dalam di dalam bilik Candi Mendut, yang dan h^endut didirikan pada era yang situs seluas kurang lebih 800 meter s3-ma, sekitar abad ke-8 h*!. M^enurut sekarang tidak ada. R.M.Sutjipto Wirjosuparto (1964), persegi. Pada waktu ditemukan di dalam ajaran Buddha Mahayana^ awal abad ke-20, candi-candi itu Meni l ik bentuk terdapat dua konsep penting, yaitu tidak ada yang utuh lagi, salah satu bangunannya, kelompok Candi Lokottara dan Laukika. Seseorang candi, yaitu candi nomor II dari Ngawen mempunyai beberapa ciri yang akan menjadi Buddha harus utara pada tahun 1927 berhasil yang sama dengan Candi Mendut, melalui dua jalan di dunia dulu, 2 dibinaulang dari bagian kaki hingga Pawon dan Borobudur. Persamaan jalan Laukika, yaitu (a) atap. Hanya bagian kemuncaknya tersebut terdapat baik dari segi Sambharamarga dan (b) (puncak atap) yang tidak arsitektural ataupun dari segi Prayogamarga. Adapun Lokottara diselesaikan pemugarannya ornamental. Segi arsitektur misalnya merupakan dunia di atas dunia berhubung data yang berkenaan dapat dilihat dari adanya bentuk manusia, dunia dewa-dewa yang dengan bagian itu tidak mencukupi. pagar langkan (vedi) tinggi yang Hal yang menarik adalah bangunan dijumpai di Candi Ngawen ataupun terdiri dari 10 tingkatan kebuddhaan candi yang dibuat sejajar atau Dasabhoddhisattvabhumi. di Candi Borobudur, sedangkan di menghadap ke suatu arah tidak Lokottara adalah dunia tujuan akhir Candi Mendut pagar langkan banyak, selain Candi Ngawen, tersebut tidak terlalu tinggi. Bukti- dari para pemeluk Buddha sebelum terdapat juga Candi Barong yang mencapai tingkat keBuddhaan yang bukti arkeologis yang masih dapat terdiri dari dua bangunan berderet diamati di Candi Ngawen II, dapat tertinggi. Pada bangunan candi, menghadap ke arah barat. Candi- diduga bahwa dahulu candi itu Sambharamarga disimbolkan pada candi Peru'ara tidak termasuk ke dilengkapi dengan pagar langkan A tinggi di tepian lantai kecil-kecil saja, namun memang dengan maksud tertentu. pradaksinapathanya (selasar candi, nyata terlihat. Agaknya bentuk gerigi Keempatnya (bukan 3 bangunan puncak kaki candi tempat berdirinya itu hendak mengungkapkan simbol lagi), yaitu Candi Ngawen, Mendut, tubuh candi). Jika seseorang sedang permata keras (vajra) yang Pawon dan Borobudur) merupakan berjalan mengitari tubuh candi di merupakan keteguhan inti ajaran bangunan yang didasarkan pada pradaksinapatha, orang tersebut Tantrayana Buddha. Pelipit seperti konsep keagamaan Buddha yang tidak akan terlihat dari sisi bawah itu tidak pernah dijumpai lagi di paling mendasar, yaitu Catur Arya (luar) bangunan candi, begitupun candi-candi Buddha lainnya baik di Satyani. Candi Ngawen sebaliknya orang itu tidak dapat wilayah Jawa bagian tengah atau pun melambangkan nafsu dan hasrat melihat ke arah halaman candi. timur, jadi dapat dikatakan khas dari manusia, Candi Mendut adalah Keadaan demikian terdapat di keempat candi Buddha Mahayana di simbol trsna, Candi Pawon adalah Candi
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