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OPERA Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Masarykianae Spisy #461 OPERA FACULTATIS PHILOSOPHICAE UNIVERSITATIS MASARYKIANAE SPISY FILOZOFICKÉ FAKULTY MASARYKOVY UNIVERZITY Mono_vietnam_novejsi_12_2016.indd 1 9.3.2017 12:25:24 Mono_vietnam_novejsi_12_2016.indd 2 9.3.2017 12:25:24 Vietnam v éře západních velmocí Michal Schwarz • Ondřej Srba FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA MaSarykOva univerzita #461 BrnO 2016 Mono_vietnam_novejsi_12_2016.indd 3 9.3.2017 12:25:24 KATALOGIZACE V KNIZE – NÁRODNÍ KNIHOVNA ČR Schwarz, Michal Vietnam v éře západních velmocí / Michal Schwarz, Ondřej Srba. -- Vydání první. -- Brno : Filozofická fakulta, Masarykova univerzita, 2016. -- 190 stran. -- (Spisy Filo- zofické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity, ISSN 1211-3034 ; 461) Anglické resumé ISBN 978-80-210-8492-6 94(597) - Vietnam -- dějiny -- 16.-21. století - kolektivní monografie 94(59) - Dějiny států jihovýchodní Asie [8] Kniha vznikla v návaznosti na projekt MUNI/FR/1652/2014 (2014) a v rámci řešení grantu GAČR (GA15-12215S). Recenzovali: prof. RNDr. Jaroslav Malina, DrSc. (Masarykova univerzita) PhDr. L’ubica Obuchová (Univerzita Karlova) © 2016 Masarykova univerzita ISBN 978-80-210-8492-6 ISSN 1211-3034 DOI: 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.M210-8492-2016 Mono_vietnam_novejsi_12_2016.indd 4 9.3.2017 12:25:24 OBSAH Poděkování ...................................................................................................................... 9 0 ÚVOD ......................................................................................................................... 11 0.1 Metodické poznámky ........................................................................................ 12 1 PRVNÍ KONTAKTY EVROPANŮ S VIETNAMEM ............................................... 13 2 VIETNAM V 16. A 17. STOLETÍ ............................................................................. 15 2.1 Celková perspektiva a mocenské vztahy rodů Lê, Mạc, Trịnh a Nguyễn ...... 15 2.2 Úpadek dynastie Lê na počátku 16. století ..................................................... 16 2.3 Vítězství rodu Mạc ........................................................................................... 18 2.4 Restaurace dynastie Lê .................................................................................... 20 2.5 Hospodářství a vláda rodů Trịnh a Nguyễn .................................................... 25 2.6 Linie hlavních představitelů obou rodů .......................................................... 27 2.6.1 Rod Nguyễn – s dvorem v Phú Xuânu a Huế ......................................... 27 2.6.2 Rod Trịnh ................................................................................................. 29 2.7 Kontext války rodů Nguyễn a Trịnh a konec dynastie Lê .............................. 32 2.7.1 Dodatek – přehled panovníků dynastie Lê .............................................. 33 2.8 Povstání a dynastie rodu Tây Sơn (1778–1802) .............................................. 34 3 SITUACE V REGIONU NA POČÁTKU KOLONIÁLNÍHO OBDOBÍ ................... 39 3.1 Vztah Vietnamu k Číně na počátku koloniálního období ............................... 39 3.2 Vývoj v Laosu a vztahy s Vietnamem na počátku koloniálního období ......... 40 3.3 Vývoj v Kambodži a vztahy s Vietnamem na počátku koloniálního období .. 42 3.4 První evropští misionáři ve Vietnamu ............................................................ 43 3.5 Reakce Vietů na křesťanství a podmínky v křesťanských misiích ................ 45 3.6 Nová dynastie Nguyễn ..................................................................................... 46 3.7 Následníci Minh Mạnga ................................................................................... 51 Mono_vietnam_novejsi_12_2016.indd 5 9.3.2017 12:25:24 4 KOLONIÁLNÍ ÉRA .................................................................................................. 55 4.1 Zahájení dobývání Vietnamu Francií .............................................................. 57 4.2 Válka Francie a Číny o Vietnam ...................................................................... 59 4.3 Významní francouzští velitelé vojsk při dobývání Indočíny ........................... 61 4.4 Přehled francouzsko-vietnamských smluv z 18. a 19. století ......................... 62 4.5 Struktura koloniální správy ............................................................................ 64 4.6 Limity rozvoje Vietnamu v rámci koloniální správy ...................................... 65 4.6.1 Vzdělání .................................................................................................... 66 4.6.2 Rozvoj a investice ..................................................................................... 67 4.6.3 Kultura ..................................................................................................... 69 4.6.4 Ekonomika a demografie ......................................................................... 70 4.6.5 Pozitiva a negativa ................................................................................... 73 4.6.6 Zajímavosti ............................................................................................... 74 4.7 Vztah koloniální správy k národnostním menšinám ..................................... 75 4.8 Přehled nejvýznamnějších oficiálních představitelů Francie v Indočíně ...... 76 4.8.1 Představitelé do ovládnutí roku 1885 ..................................................... 76 4.8.2 Generální guvernéři po roce 1885 ........................................................... 78 4.9 Vietnamská státnost v 19. století a za francouzské koloniální správy .......... 81 4.9.1 Vietnamští císařové pod francouzskou nadvládou ................................. 82 5 PROTIFRANCOUZSKÁ POVSTÁNÍ A VIETNAMSKÝ NACIONALISMUS ........ 85 5.1 Ozbrojená povstání první fáze do roku 1900 ................................................... 87 5.2 Povstání přechodové fáze v letech 1900–1925 ................................................. 88 5.3 Povstání po roce 1925 ....................................................................................... 91 5.4 Začátky vietnamského komunismu ................................................................. 93 5.5 Národnostní menšiny v koloniální a antikoloniální politice .......................... 98 5.6 Hlavní představitelé vietnamského komunismu ............................................ 99 5.6.1 Generální tajemníci perzekuovaní a popravení do roku 1945 ............... 99 5.6.2 Druhá generace působící po represích v severovietnamské vládě ....... 100 5.6.3 První představitelé nové generace působící v politice až po roce 1945 101 6 VÁLKY V INDOČÍNĚ ............................................................................................. 103 6.1 Konec druhé světové války, posílení nacionalismu a obnovení vlivu zahraničních států .............................................................. 103 6.2 První válka v Indočíně z vnější perspektivy ................................................. 106 6.2.1 Konference v Ženevě .............................................................................. 107 6.2.2 Důsledky první války v Indočíně .......................................................... 108 6.3 1945–1954: Vietnamský komunismus od vyhlášení VDR a první válka v Indočíně z vnitřní perspektivy .................................................................... 109 6.3.1 Srpnový převrat a obsazení Indočíny zahraničními vojsky ................. 109 6.3.2 Dvojvládí, bezvýchodná diplomacie a první fáze války do roku 1949 ....... 110 6.3.3 Obrat ve válce ........................................................................................ 111 6.4 Rozdělení na severní a jižní Vietnam ............................................................ 112 6.5 Vývoj v jižním Vietnamu (v Republice Vietnam) .......................................... 115 6.5.1 Počáteční politický vývoj ........................................................................ 115 6.5.2 Vývoj ve společnosti a ekonomice .......................................................... 118 6.6 Exkurz k buddhismu ve 20. století ................................................................. 121 Mono_vietnam_novejsi_12_2016.indd 6 9.3.2017 12:25:24 6.7 Vývoj v severním Vietnamu (ve Vietnamské demokratické republice) ........ 122 6.7.1 Počáteční vývoj ....................................................................................... 122 6.7.2 Přehled severovietnamských politických orgánů .................................. 124 6.7.3 Severovietnamští politici 50. a 60. let ................................................... 125 6.8 Širší mezinárodní vztahy v Indočíně ............................................................. 127 6.9 Americká válka v Indočíně ............................................................................. 129 1963 .................................................................................................................. 130 1964 ................................................................................................................. 131 1965 ................................................................................................................. 132 1966 ................................................................................................................. 133 1967 ................................................................................................................. 134 1968 ................................................................................................................. 135 1969 ................................................................................................................
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